Inclined slicing and weld-deposition for additive manufacturing of metallic objects with large overhangs using higher order kinematics

This paper presents an automated tool path planning for deposition of overhanging features using GMAW-based weld-deposition. Overhanging features, although possible to a certain extent in power-bed process like SLS, remain a challenge in deposition-based processes. Deposition processes like weld-deposition-based AM realised smaller overhangs by exploiting the inherent overhang capability of the weld bead; but the same cannot be applicable for complex geometries with large overhangs. This paper explains an efficient way of depositing the overhanging features through weld-deposition, without use of supports, based on inclined slicing and deposition. This approach uses higher order kinematics, that is, adding extra degrees of mobility to workpiece. The methodology used for realising these inclined slices based on an in-house MATLAB code has also been presented. While this concept is implemented in the context of weld-deposition, it can be extended for any other metallic deposition processes as well.     

Digital holographic scanning of large objects using a rotating optical slab

Simple optical glass is used in digital holographic set up to scan and record holograms of a large object. Dimension of the object is such that it does not satisfy sampling theorem. Experimental results and calculations illustrate that an optical slab can be used to scan the surface of the large object by this method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 16, 258–261, 2006     

Optimizing phase-space scanning for a dynamic system monitoring chaotic media

Phase-space scanning principles are examined for dynamic and turbulent chaos acting on a tracking system. Studies are made on the performance, interference immunity, and response rate of scanning algorithms. __________ Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 1, pp. 3–6, January, 2006.     

An automatic alignment system for measuring optical path of transmissometer based on light beam scanning

This paper proposes a novel alignment system based on the measurement of optical path using a light beam scanning mode in a transmissometer. The system controls both the probe beam and the receiving field of view while scanning in two vertical directions. The system then calculates the azimuth angle of the transmitter and the receiver to determine the precise alignment of the optical path. Experiments show that this method can determine the alignment angles in less than 10 min with errors smaller than 66 μrad in the azimuth. This system also features high collimation precision, process automation and simple installation.     

Classification of test objects for use in calibration of scanning electron microscopes in the nanometric range

A classification of test objects for use in calibration of scanning electron microscopes in the nanometric range is created. The shape of the relief profile of the elements of the test objects and the relationship of the profile to the physical mechanisms underlying the formation of the signal generated by a microscope functioning in a mode for the collection of secondary slow electrons is used as the basis of the classification. Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 2, pp. 22–26, February, 2009.     

面向微加工的虚拟光刻系统建模与实现

提出了一种面向微加工的虚拟光刻系统Litho3D.该系统采用傅立叶光学成像模型、光刻胶曝光及显影模型,实现了投影式光学光刻的三维模拟.它拥有标准的GDSII、CIF版图格式接口和支持各种光学参数(包括数值孔径、波长、离焦量,光刻胶厚度、表面折射率等)的模拟设置.模拟结果的显示采用了体绘制与网格相结合的方法,增强了结果的可视性.此外,光刻模拟结果可以直接导入到虚拟工艺系统ZProcess中作为刻蚀工艺的掩膜输入,实现了光刻工艺与其他微机电系统(MEMS)工艺模拟的无缝集成.一系列模拟结果验证了该系统的可行性.     

Optical scanning system for quality control of GEM-foils

An optical scanning system was commissioned and further developed in the Detector Laboratory of Helsinki Institute of Physics and University of Helsinki. It was designed to automatically scan, perform on-line analysis and to classify the overall quality of GEM-foils especially of the GEM-TPC detectors for Super-FRS at FAIR. The optical scanning system consists of precision positioning table, lighting, optics and operating system with analysis software. It has active scanning area of 95×95 cm² and it can study this area with the minimum resolution of 128 lp/mm. Performance of the system and first results from the GEM-foil uniformity and quality analysis are presented.     

Simulation-based regression analysis for the rack configuration of an autonomous vehicle storage and retrieval system

In this paper, a simulation-based regression analysis for the rack configuration of an autonomous vehicle storage and retrieval system (AVS/RS) is presented. The aim of this study is to develop mathematical functions for the rack configuration of an AVS/RS that reflects the relationship between the outputs (responses) and the input variables (factors) of the system under various scenarios. In the regression model, we consider five outputs: the average cycle time of storage and retrieval transactions, the average waiting time for vehicle transactions, the average waiting time of vehicles (transactions) for the lift, the average utilisation of vehicles and the average utilisation of the lifts. The input variables are the number of tiers, aisles and bays that determine the size of the warehouse. Thirty regression models are developed for six warehouse scenarios. The simulation model of the system is developed using ARENA 12.0 commercial software and the statistical analyses are completed using MINITAB statistical software. Two different approaches are used to fit the regression functions–stepwise regression and the best subsets. After obtaining the regression functions, we optimise them using the LINGO software. We apply the approach to a company that uses AVS/RS in France.     

A domain-extension method for quantitative detection of cavities by infrared scanning

A domain-extension method for quantitative detection of irregular-shape cavities inside irregular-shape bodies is presented. An auxiliary problem is introduced in the solution of the cavities. In the auxiliary problem, the original body domain at the cavity side is extended so that the original cavity walls become interior points. The position of the cavities can then be found by solving the temperature field in the extended domain and matching the temperatures and heat fluxes at the interior points to the conditions imposed on the cavities. A boundary-element method is used for the solution of the auxiliary problem, and by means of four examples, the accuracy of the domain extension method is established. The paper provides the details for the numerical solution of the cavities. Limitation of the method in the detection of multiple cavities is also explored. The domain-extension method has shown to be highly effective in quantitative detection of cavities in single-cavity bodies.     

Method for automatic alignment recovery of a spur gear

This paper deals with the development of an online methodology for the automatic control and alignment of spur gears. The proposed methodology works on a set of points acquired on the workpiece surfaces by means of a manufacturing machine equipped with a set of sensors for dimensional measurements. A mathematical algorithm is developed to correct the position of the gear; it constitutes the main part of the developed monitoring and control system: it is able to real-time analyse the collected data of each measure and provide the orientation parameters that minimise the residual positioning errors. The methodology is first tested on simulated data-sets and the final workpiece configuration exhibits a good reproducibility. The tests executed on real data, acquired both through a coordinate measuring machine and the sensor system integrated into the manufacturing machine, confirm this result. The employment of this automation system allows to shorten the time necessary for the alignment process and improves the precision of the final positioning, leading to enhanced quality of the products and higher process flexibility, compared to the currently employed manual operation.     

Infrared scanning thermography for a quantitative detection of cavities in a plane slab and a rectangular prism

An approach for treating nondestructive testing as the solution of inverse problems in mathematical physics has been used for the detection of cavities. The approach is developed based on the use of an additional boundary condition of scanned temperature on the surface to solve for the cavity geometry. For the present study, the condition at the cavity side is taken to be that of a specified temperature, and the experiment is carried out to meet this condition. Two specimens are tested in this paper, a plane slab and a rectangular prism. In both bodies the cavity is rectangular in shape. For the testing of the plane slab, the method is able to detect the cavity wall with high accuracy, whereas the cavity depth error is larger (6%). The detection of the cavity position in the rectangular prism has an error ranging from –9.7 to 7.7%. Errors in the experiment are attributed to the uncertainties in the measurements of temperature and the Biot number. The former is read off from the analog data output of the infrared scanner. The latter is not measured separately, but is computed from the scanned data and thus becomes a portion of the total nondestructive testing output. A final note is also made in this paper to relate how the presented method can be used in actual practice.     

高速旋转物体的频闪结构光三维面形测量系统

提出了一个用于测量高速旋转物体三维面形的频闪结构光照明系统。系统自动跟踪检测旋转物体的转动信息,再用该信息同步控制光源发光和摄像系统工作,记录下旋转物体在闪光时刻的瞬间“静止”图像。使用该系统产生持续时间为424s的同步频闪结构光,对转速为每分钟1080转的家用电风扇旋转叶片三维面形进行测量,证明该系统能够准确地获得旋转叶片的瞬间静止图像,便于重建旋转叶片每个瞬间时刻的三维面形。同时,该系统还具备人工设定光源发光频率的功能,可以拓宽应用到无重复特征信号的高速运动物体三维面形测量。     

A dynamic technique for measuring normal spectral emissivity of electrically conducting solids at high temperatures with a high-speed spatial scanning pyrometer

A dynamic (subsecond) technique is described for measuring normal spectral emissivity of electrically conducting solids at high temperatures, primarily in the range 1800 K up to near their melting point. The basic method involves resistively heating a tubular specimen from ambient temperature through the temperature range of interest in less than 1 s by passing an electrical current pulse through it, while using a high-speed spatial scanning pyrometer to measure spectral radiance temperatures along a 25-mm length on the specimen. This portion of the specimen includes a small rectangular hole that approximates a blackbody cavity. Measurements of spectral radiance temperature of the specimen surface as well as specimen true temperature enable the determination of the normal spectral emissivity of the surface via Planck's law. The applicability of the technique is demonstrated by measurements performed on molybdenum in the range 1900–2850 K.     

一类(QL)型随机微分方程极值解的存在性

本文在非Lipschitz条件下,利用单调迭代法讨论了一类(QL)型随机微分方程极值解的存在性。     

一种光源闭环控制系统的设计与实现

研制出一种景象模拟器光源需要的照度精密控制系统。该系统由测试主机发出光强指令给灯泡,PLC 定时采集灯泡的照度值与预设的照度电压值比较,计算后发出驱动信号给模拟量输入输出模块,控制光源产生与测试主机光强指令相应的光,形成对光源的闭环控制,使灯的照度值满足景象模拟器的使用要求。该系统控制精度高,在需要严格控制光强的成像领域具有较强的实用价值。     

Comparison of algorithms for converting 3D objects into rolls,using a spiral coordinate system

The definition of a point’s location in volume by Cartesian, spherical and cylindrical coordinate systems requires three dimensions (x, y, z), (r, θ, ?) and (ρ, ?, z) accordingly. It is obvious that superfluity, only two dimensions and the constant (a point’s height or plane thickness) are enough because, when the plane is transformed into a roll, the third dimension appears. It is easy to convert a three-dimensional space to a two-dimensional one if you know the thickness of the spatial layer and the equation of equivalence between 3D and 2D spaces. This work discusses several advantages of conformal transformation methods to convert different volume objects into a ribbon, based on its symmetry and the spiral coordinate system for roll powder sintering (RPS) [Shulunov, V.R., 2014. A high performance, high precision, low cost rapid prototyping and manufacturing technology. AUSMT Copyright ©. International Journal of Automation Smart Technology, 4 (3). doi:10.5875/ausmt.v4i3.718, Shulunov, V.R., 2015a. A roll powder sintering additive manufacturing technology. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 789–790, 1212–1216. © Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.789-790.1212, Shulunov, V.R., 2015b. Several advantages of the ultra high-precision additive manufacturing technology, © Springer-Verlag London. International Journal of Advance Manufacturing Technology. doi:10.1007/s00170-015-7533-0] additive manufacturing technology. RPS requires slicing a 3D object with Archimedes spiral scanning. The proposed methods can be used to transform 3D objects into 2D objects.     

RTM专用双马来酰亚胺树脂体系化学流变特性

进行了RTM 工艺专用双马来酰亚胺(BMI) 树脂体系的化学流变特性及工艺过程研究。采用DSC 热分析技术和粘度测量手段, 研究了该树脂体系固化特性以及固化过程中粘度与温度的关系, 根据对等温粘度曲线的分析, 建立了双阿累尼乌斯粘度模型和工程粘度模型。对比所建立的两种粘度模型, 结果显示两种模型都可以适用于RTM 工艺注射阶段, 工程模型在粘度转折点附近的预测精度要优于双阿累尼乌斯粘度方程。同时建立了恒温温度-凝胶时间之间的数学关系。验证了所建立的工程模型在工程中的实用性, 并指出了工程粘度模型的使用范围在固化体系交联结构形成之前, 所建立的工程粘度模型能够有效地预测体系RTM 工艺的粘度变化和工艺过程, 为复合材料成型工艺模拟分析以及工艺参数的准确制定奠定了基础。      

Rheological behavior of a bismaleimide resin system for RTM process

The curing properties and rheological behavior of a bismaleimide resin system were studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis and viscometer measurements, respectively. A dual-Arrhenius viscosity model and an engineering viscosity model were established to predict the resin rheological behavior of this resin system. The two viscosity models were compared. The results show that the two models are both suitable for predicting the viscosity in the mold filling stage of resin transfer molding (RTM). However, the engineering model provides a more accurate prediction of the viscosity near the gel point. The effectiveness of the engineering viscosity model is verified both in isothermal and nonisothermal conditions. The limitation of the engineering model is that it cannot be used to predict the viscosity after cross-linking of the curing system. The engineering viscosity models can be used to predict the processing windows of different processing parameters of the RTM process, which is critical for the simulation and the optimization of composite manufacturing processes. Translated from Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2006, 23(1): 56–62 [译自: 复合材料学报]     

Development of a co-operative distributed process mining system for quality assurance

In this paper, a co-operative distributed process mining system (CDPMS) is developed to streamline the workflow along the supply chain in order to offer shorter delivery times, more flexibility and higher customer satisfaction with learning ability. The proposed system is equipped with the ‘distributed process mining’ feature which is used to discover the hidden relationships among each working decision in distributed manner. This method incorporates the concept of data mining and knowledge refinement into decision making process for ensuring ‘doing the right things’ within the workflow. An example of implementation is given, based on the case of slider manufacturer.     

空间绳系系统自由展开建模与仿真

运用Hamilton原理建立了空间绳系展开动力学模型,研究绳系展开过程中绕线盘出线、系绳振动以及末端质量的运动规律,并利用中心差分法、四阶Runge-Kutta和预估校正法等数值方法对绳系的自由展开过程进行仿真,仿真结果显示该模型可以较精确描述绳系系统在展开过程中的复杂非线性动力学行为,绳系自由展开不能满足稳定展开的要求,仿真数据可以为后续的绳系展开控制提供参考依据.