冻融循环作用下尾矿坝的力学响应特征

寒区冻融环境条件下,尾矿砂的冻融、缩胀、损伤破坏给寒区尾矿坝工程造成极大的危害。为探究冻融循环作用下尾矿坝变形规律,揭示其变形机制。采用自主设计的尾矿坝相似模型试验装置,开展不同冻结温度（-5、-25、-45℃）条件下,尾矿坝的变形规律模型试验。借助土压力、激光位移、孔隙水压力传感器,采用动态数据采集仪采集相关数据,分析冻融循环过程中尾矿坝各关键位置应力、变形、孔隙水压力的动态变化规律。试验结果表明：坝体内应力随冻结温度的降低而增大,在冻融循环前期,尾矿坝各关键位置应力增长速度明显高于冻融循环其他阶段。坝体内孔隙水压力随冻结温度的降低而减小,坝体越深,孔隙水压力的变化幅度越大,周期性更强,也更具有规律性。冻结温度具有明显的位置效应,越靠近尾矿坝边缘,坝体变形量越大,变形速度越快。     

重塑红土强度的三轴试验研究

采用三轴试验研究不同压实度下红土的应力变形规律,获得了不同压实度下红土的邓肯-张模型参数。结果表明:红土粘聚力及内摩擦角随着压实度增大而增大;其切线模量及体积模量也增大。初始压实度低的土样在剪切过程中均出现先剪缩再剪胀现象;而对初始压实度较高土样,只有在低围压下才出现剪胀现象,高围压下仍表现剪缩现象。     

不同卸荷速率下天津滨海软土的力学特性研究

为了研究海积软土在不同剪切速率条件下的力学特性,采用WF应力路径试验仪进行了卸荷状态下不同加载速率的三轴固结不排水试验,探讨了卸荷状态下剪切速率对海积软土的变形特性、强度特性以及孔隙水压力变化规律的影响.试验结果表明:剪切速率对土体抗剪强度大小有明显影响,抗剪强度随着剪切速率的增大而增大.土体孔隙水压力的变化不仅与剪切速率有关,还与土体结构屈服有关.卸荷过程中黏聚力随剪切速率变化不明显,而内摩擦角随着剪切速率的增大而增大.     

橡胶砂力学性能的三维离散元数值模拟

为揭示橡胶砂混合料强度特性、偏应力-轴向应变曲线及体应变-轴向应变曲线的变化规律,利用颗粒流软件,对三轴压缩状态下橡胶砂混合料的力学特性进行了三维离散元数值模拟,从宏观、微观两方面分析质量配比、粒径比和围压对橡胶砂力学及变形特性等方面的影响。分析结果表明：当ω(橡胶)<10%时,橡胶砂表现出类砂力学特性,即先剪缩后剪胀,应力-应变曲线呈软化型,当ω(橡胶)≥20%时,橡胶砂表现出类橡胶力学特性,试样单调剪缩,应力-应变曲线呈硬化型。随着橡胶含量的增加,橡胶砂应力-应变曲线峰值降低。胶砂粒径比对橡胶砂应力-应变关系存在一定的影响,主要表现为随着平均粒径比的增大,体应变增大,应力-应变曲线降低,抗剪强度减小。随着围压的增加,低橡胶含量的橡胶砂剪胀和应变软化特性得到抑制,而高橡胶含量橡胶砂剪缩和应变硬化特性增强。混合料抗剪强度的降低主要归因于软橡胶颗粒的加入所引起的橡胶砂试样刚度损失,而其膨胀反应受到抑制的原因是橡胶颗粒容易被挤压而产生体积收缩。     

砂土弹塑性-损伤本构关系的数值建模

认为岩土介质变形中出现的剪胀现象实质上是一个损伤过程.通过中密砂的三轴压缩试验,发现其在剪胀后,弹性模量和剪切模量大幅度下降,这进一步证实了剪胀的确是个损伤演化过程.引进了一个损伤变量描述这个过程,结果表明,损伤程度相对塑性体积应变的变化速率与初始固结压力相关,且随压力增大而减小.同时利用数值建模方法建立了砂土的弹塑性-损伤模型,考虑了弹塑性变形与损伤的耦合效应,获得了相应的应力应变关系及它的三维曲面.     

结构性吹填软土侧向变形真三轴试验研究

为了研究吹填软土在侧向变形条件下的力学与结构特性,利用真三轴试验机以及WF应力路径试验仪进行了不排水条件下的侧向卸荷试验,并与常规三轴试验结果进行了对比分析.试验结果表明：与常规三轴剪切试验应力-应变关系曲线表现的硬化特性不同,真三轴卸荷试验表现出应变软化现象.随着初始围压的增大,土体由剪缩向剪胀变化.由于中主应力的影响,真三轴卸荷状态下土体的结构屈服应力值明显大于WF卸荷状态以及常规三轴试验下的数值,其随着中主应力系数bd的增大而成非线性增长.真三轴侧向卸荷条件下土体抗剪强度指标大于WF卸荷条件,与常规三轴试验结果也明显不同,其内摩擦角增大,粘聚力减小.     

超塑性拉伸变形过程中颈缩扩散的力学解析

超塑性材料拉伸变形不同于一般韧性金属材料,变形过程中颈缩的产生扩散直接影响着变形的稳定性,研究颈缩的扩散速率对于掌握超塑性材料拉伸变形规律有着重要的意义。本文先回顾了在此方面的研究成果,然后研究了在不同变形路径下颈缩的扩散速率。     

桩锚支护体系中锚杆冻胀响应规律试验研究

为研究桩锚支护体系中锚杆在冬季冻胀作用下的作用机理,保障深季节冻土区基坑越冬施工的安全,采用物理模拟试验方法和准分布式光栅串测试技术,研究了锚杆受力随着冻深发展的演化规律.结果表明:冻结初期,随着冻结时间增加,冻深基本呈现线性增加规律(33.6μm/min);冻结变形增大之前,即冻结前期230min内,会经历一个锚杆应变整体缩小的阶段,即冻缩现象,最大冻缩应变量约200×10-6;冻结过程中,从自由段到锚固段,随着锚杆受到的约束不断增大,锚杆变形逐渐减小.桩锚支护体系中锚杆的受力随着环境温度的改变会经历受力反复增减的过程,且冻结引起的锚杆受力大约是静止阶段的10倍以上,需要考虑冻结对桩锚支护体系整体稳定性影响.     

盾构隧道壁后注浆浆体变形特性

利用浆体变形单元体模型试验装置,研究了不同浆体压力、不同围岩土质条件以及不同地下水压作用下的盾构壁后注浆体的变形规律。试验研究表明,较高的浆体压力有利于加快浆体排水固结速率并增大浆体的最终变形量。土体的渗透系数是影响浆体变形的重要因素。在砂性土体中,地下水压对浆体的变形影响较大,在粘性土体中,浆体压力对浆体的变形影响较大。该装置可以用于研究浆液注入盾尾空隙后的受力状态、浆体的变形特性,有助于更深入地明确壁后注浆控制地层应力释放和地层变形作用。     

不同结构面倾角节理岩体三轴试验力学特性

为了掌握贯穿型节理岩体的变形和破坏规律,对人工制备的不同倾角模拟节理岩体圆柱试样进行了系列静力三轴试验,得到了相关的应力应变曲线结果和破坏特征,进而分析了结构面倾角对节理岩体试样力学特性的重要影响.结果表明:1)随着结构面倾角的变化,节理岩体试样的应力应变曲线将不全为典型的四阶段曲线,在结构面倾角较大时结构面的变形特征十分显著,峰前曲线发生了明显转折,结构面变形占据了主导作用.2)峰值强度、残余强度和峰前线性阶段变形模量随结构面倾角增大而单调降低,而试样的脆性和剪胀性强弱、压密阶段的变形模量以及体胀、体缩量最大值等与结构面倾角的变化关系则均为非单调的.3)结构面的倾角大小影响了其与基质的相互作用规律,使得结构面或基质或者两者一起控制了节理岩体试样的变形、强度和破坏,从而形成了节理岩体试样显著不同的变形、强度和破坏特征,其变形和强度各向异性与破坏模式随结构面倾角变化而不同.     

Mechanical properties and failure modes of stratified backfill under triaxial cyclic loading and unloading

Multiple filling of gobs will lead to a layered structure of the backfill. To explore the influence of layering structure on the mechanical properties and failure modes of backfill, different backfill specimens were prepared with a cement/sand ratio of 1:4, a slurry concentration of 75%, and backfilling times of 1, 2, 3 and 4, separately. Triaxial cyclic loading and unloading experiments were carried out. The results show that with an increase in backfilling time, the peak strength of backfill decreases as a polynomial function and the peak strain increases as an exponential function. The cyclic load enhances the linear characteristic of backfill deformation. The loading and unloading deformation moduli have a linear negative correlation with the backfilling time. The unloading deformation modulus is always slightly higher than the loading deformation modulus. The failure modes of stratified backfill are mainly characterized by conjugate shear failure at the upper layer and tensile failure across the layer plane, and there is usually no damage in the lower layer away from the loading area.     

Mechanical property and permeability of raw coal containing methane under unloading confining pressure

Based on domestic-developed triaxial servo-controlled seepage equipment for thermal–hydrological–mechanical coupling of coal containing methane, an experimental study was carried out to investigate mechanical property and gas permeability of raw coal, under the situation of conventional triaxial compression and unloading confining pressure tests in different gas pressure conditions. Triaxial unloading confining pressure process was reducing confining pressure while increasing axial pressure. The research results show that, compared with the peak intensity of conventional triaxial loading, the ultimate strength of coal samples of triaxial unloading confining pressure was lower, deformation under loading was far less than unloading, dilation caused by unloading was more obvious than loading. The change trend of volumetric strain would embody change of gas permeability of coal, the permeability first reduced along with volumetric strain increase, and then raised with volume strain decrease, furthermore, the change trends of permeability of coal before and after destruction were different in the stage of decreasing volume strain due to the effect of gas pressure. When gas pressure was greater, the effective confining pressure was smaller, and the radial deformation produced by unloading was greater. When the unloading failed confining pressure difference was smaller, coal would be easier to get unstable failure.     

加载方向对层状构造冻结粉土抗压强度的影响

在不同温度和应变率条件下分别垂直和平行冰层对层状构造冻结粉土进行了单轴抗压强度试验,分析了2种不同加载方向对层状构造冻结粉土力学性质的影响.结果表明：垂直冰层加载时层状构造冻结粉土的应力-应变关系呈弹塑型,平行冰层加载时应力-应变关系呈黏弹塑型;相同条件下垂直冰层加载比平行冰层加载时的抗压强度和破坏应变大,二者抗压强度的差异程度与温度和应变率无关,破坏应变的差异程度与温度无关,但随着应变率降低差异程度逐渐增大;层状构造冻土的破坏主要受控于分凝冰,不同加载方向下层状构造冻土的损伤演化过程存在显著差异.     

冻融饱和粉砂动力性能试验

在软土地区,例如上海,98%的地铁联络通道、地下泵房以及越江隧道采用冻结法施工,但土体的冻胀融沉对地下建筑及周围环境的影响显著.尽管冻土的物理、力学特性得到较多关注,关于饱和冻融土动力特性的研究还不是很充分.试验设计了制样-脱模装置和饱和-冻融方法,采用动三轴系统进行冻融饱和粉砂动力试验.结果表明:制样-脱模装置和冻融、饱和方法满足粉砂制样、冻融和饱和要求.重塑粉砂高度、体积冻胀率随温度降低而增大,原状粉砂规律不明显.轴向应变与动孔隙水压力密切相关,动孔隙水压力前期迅速增加,随后震荡调整,约275次附近出现峰值,随后下降并维持一个相对恒定值.冻结温度-30℃时,土样累积塑性变形最大,冻结温度-20℃时,土样累积塑性变形最小,-10℃取得中间值.总体上,累积塑性应变随振动频率增加而减小,围压增大、动应力幅值减少能显著减小粉砂的累积塑性变形.提出的改进Stewart半对数累积塑性变形模型可以预测冻融饱和粉砂的累积塑性变形.     

Strength and elastic properties of sandstone under different testing conditions

A laboratory experimental program performed on Wuhan sandstones was presented under monotonic loading, partial cyclic loading during loading path and sine wave cyclic loading with different strain rates to compare uniaxial compression strength and elastic properties （elastic modulus and Poisson ratio） under different conditions and influence of pore fluid on them. When the loading strain rates are 10^-5, 10^-4 and 10^-3/s, uniaxial compression strengths of dry sandstones are 82.3, 126.6 and 141.6 MPa, respectively, and that of water saturated sandstones are 70.5, 108.3 and 124.1 MPa, respectively. The above results show that the uniaxial compression strength increases with the increase of strain rate, however, variation of softening coefficient is insignificant. Under monotonic loading condition, tangent modulus increases with an increment of stress （strain） to a maximum value at a certain stress level, beyond which it starts to decline. Under the partial cyclic loading during loading path condition, unloading or reloading modulus is larger than loading modulus, and unloading and reloading moduli are almost constants with respect to stress level, especially unloading modulus. Under the sine wave cyclic loading condition, tangent modulus and Poisson ratio display asymmetric ‘X＇ shape with various strain, and the average unloading modulus is larger than the average loading modulus.     

Viscous property of dried clay

One dimensional and triaxial compression tests of air-dried and oven-dried Fujinomori clay and Pisa clay were carried out. Water content is less than 4.5% and 1.0% for air-dried and oven-dried clay specimens, respectively. In all tests, axial strain rate was changed stepwise many times and drained creep tests were performed several times during monotonic loading at a constant strain rate. Global unloading （and also reloading in some tests） was applied during which creep loading tests were performed several times. Cyclic loading with small stress amplitude and several cycles was also performed to calculate the modulus of elasticity of the clay in tests. Local displacement transducer was used in triaxial compression test to increase measuring accuracy of axial strain. The results show that air-dried and oven-dried clay have noticeable viscous properties; during global unloading, creep deformation changes from positive to negative, i.e. there exist neutral points （zero creep deformation or no creep deformation point） in global unloading part of strain-stress curve; viscous property of Fujinomori clay decreases when water content decreases, i.e. viscous property of air-dried Fujinomori clay is more significant than that of oven-dried Fujinomori clay.     

Mechanical properties of deep-buried marble material under loading and unloading tests

The mechanical properties are essentially different when rock material is subjected to loading or unloading conditions. In this study, loading and unloading tests with various confining pressures are conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of marble material samples taken from the deep diversion tunnels of Jinping II Hydropower Station. The stress-strain relationship, failure characteristics and strength criterion are compared and analyzed based on the experiment results. The results show: in the loading and unloading test, peak strength, lateral strain, axial strain and plastic deformation increase significantly as the confining pressure increases. Lateral strain increased significantly and obvious lateral dilatancy can be observed to the change of confining pressure; The fracture mode is mainly the single shear fracture for the triaxial compression test and post-peak test, angle between the failure surface and the ends of the rock material becomes smaller as the confining pressure increases. Hoek-Brown strength criterion reflects the strength characteristics of marble material under two different unloading conditions, and has some supplementary effects to the rock material of mechanical field.     

砂土的次加载面动本构模型

基于临界状态土力学框架,建立了一个适用于往返循环荷载作用的砂土次加载面本构模型。模型采用无弹性域假设,认为土体受到反向荷载的瞬时就产生塑性变形,砂土的弹性区域退化为一个点。根据试验结果,屈服面采用倒子弹头型。由于砂土的孔隙比与固结压力不存在唯一的关系,这样使得屈服面大小与孔隙比不能直接耦合,因而硬化规律不是剑桥模型的体变硬化,而是采用增量形式的塑性偏应变硬化表达式。流动法则采用加入状态参数概念的修正的Rowe应力剪胀关系。该模型能考虑砂土变形特性对密度和固结压力的双重依赖型,能合理地模拟砂土动荷载下的应力-应变关系曲线的光滑性、变形积累性、滞洄性。     

循环荷载下考虑滞回效应的混凝土损伤模型

针对高混凝土坝地震过程中复杂的材料非线性问题,建立循环荷载下考虑滞回效应的混凝土损伤模型。模型分别选取符合混凝土实际变形特性的拉伸与压缩骨架线以考虑材料拉压异性,骨架线中含有软化段系数以适应试验结果的离散性。采用不依赖于骨架线形状的滞回效应加卸载特征点表达式,搭建能够反映混凝土循环荷载作用下软化段滞回效应的卸载路径与重新加载路径,并建议设立残余应变临界值解决残余塑性应变与卸载应变比值随应变增长的持续发散问题。模型将复杂多轴问题转化至单轴等效应变空间中求解,计算参数少,数学表达式简单,并通过混凝土循环荷载试验与Koyna重力坝的震害模拟验证了模型在非线性问题求解上的正确性与高效性。     

盐岩损伤测试中卸载模量研究

利用MTS815 Flex Test GT岩石力学试验系统,对盐岩和大理岩进行了单轴压缩下的7级加卸载试验和低周循环加卸载试验测试,对盐岩和大理岩的卸载模量进行了探讨。低周循环试验加载波形采用正弦波,频率1Hz,循环应力幅值小于其平均抗压强度,单级应力幅值为30个振动循环。通过试验,得到了盐岩应力应变滞回环均为条带状,大理岩则均为尖叶状;盐岩在加卸载部位具有较大不可逆变形,对应弹性响应较慢,大理岩则反之;盐岩卸载模量变化趋势受加载测试方法影响较大,而大理岩在2种试验条件下得到的卸载模量变化趋势相似;加载应力幅值比加卸载循环数对盐岩不可逆变形增量影响更加显著。损伤变量研究结果表明,利用低周循环加卸载方法测试具有显著时间效应变形岩石的损伤弹性模量,能更真实反映其损伤特征。