生长抑素在大鼠脑室管膜中定位分布的免疫组织化学和原位杂交的研究

采用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法和地高辛－碱性磷酸酶标记原位杂交组织化学方法观察生长抑素（ＳＳ）在大鼠脑室管膜中的定位分布。首次证实含ＳＳ的室管膜伸长细胞存在于下丘脑视前区第三脑室腹侧壁上，含ＳＳｍＲＮＡ的室管膜细胞在下丘脑视前区和视上区分布，为研究室管膜在脑－脑脊液神经体液回路中的作用，及ＳＳ在中枢神经系统中的生理功能提供了化学神经解剖学和分子生物学依据     

大鼠第四脑室外侧隐窝与外侧孔之间室管膜的扫描电镜观察

目的　探讨第四脑室外侧孔与外侧隐窝之间的室底结构扫描电镜观察特点。　方法　将 34只正常雄性SD大鼠分为幼年、成年及老年 3组 (2周龄～ 10 8周龄 ) ,以扫描电镜术对上述区域进行观察。　结果　在外侧孔与外侧隐窝之间的室底区为一少纤毛区 ,但有较丰富的室管膜上结构 :1 有两种室管膜上纤维 ,一种纤维位于纤毛上方 ,常粘合成纤维索 ,交织成纤维网 ;另一种纤维穿行于纤毛簇之间 ,紧贴室管膜细胞表面 ;纤维之间不粘合也不交织成网 ,单根纤维清晰可见 ,全长粗细基本一致。 2 室管膜上细胞可见 2种类型 ,1种为吞噬细胞样细胞 ,位于纤毛簇上方 ;另一种为神经元样细胞 ,紧贴于室管膜细胞表面上。 3 与幼年和成年动物相比 ,老年大鼠室管膜细胞的纤毛和微绒毛明显减少 ,而室管膜上结构明显增多。　结论　该区符合室周器官扫描电镜观察特点 ,其室管膜上结构随加龄而增多     

人胚胎海马发育的形态学研究 Ⅴ.室管膜的发生

运用HE和Nissl染色、免疫组织化学法、透射电镜及扫描电镜，对60例6周至足月的人胚胎海马室管膜上皮变化进行了观察。发现胚胎发育过程中室管膜发生了剧烈变化。最早室管层神经上皮细胞为假复层柱状，随着未分化细胞向外迁徙，海马室管膜层神经上皮细胞迅速增殖，形成复层上皮。当室管膜层细胞停止迁徙时，室管膜开始向假复层柱状及单层柱状上皮转变。电镜观察，胚胎早期神经上皮细胞由未分化细胞构成；其特点是，细胞质内各种特化细胞器匮乏，但糖原丰富。15周左右未分化细胞开始向长突细胞及室管膜细胞分化。长突细胞电子密度高，底部有细长突起，表面有微绒毛，胞质内微丝丰富；而室管膜细胞电子密度低，底部无突起，但表面有丰富的纤毛。对长突细胞及免疫组化染色的GFAP阳性细胞进行形态和发育特征的比较，提示两者属同一类细胞。扫描电镜下，15周前室管膜表面微绒毛较多，以后纤毛逐步发育，大量密集纤毛布满于室管膜表面。此外，还能见到一类接触脑脊液神经元，这类神经元可为多极或双极，并有突起伸入室管膜上皮内。     

生长抑素在大鼠脑室管膜中定位分布的免疫组织化学和原位杂交…

采用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法和地高辛－碱性磷酸酶标记原位杂交组织化学方法观察生长抑素（ＳＳ）在大鼠脑室管膜中的定位分布。首次证实含ＳＳ的室管膜伸长细胞存在于下丘脑视前区第三脑室腹侧壁上，含ＳＳｍＲＮＡ的室管膜细胞在下丘脑视前区和视上区分布，为研究室管膜在脑－脑脊液神经体液回路中的作用，及ＳＳ在中枢神经系统中的生理功能提供了化学解剖学和分子生物学依据。     

大鼠第三脑室室管膜内谷氨酸免疫阳性结构的研究

为探讨一般室管膜在脑－脑脊液之间信息传递的作用，用ＰＡＰ免疫组织化学方法观察了成年大鼠下丘脑第三脑室室管膜内谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）免疫反应结构。首次在大鼠下丘脑第三脑室室管膜内观察到两种不同类型的Ｇｌｕ免疫反应结构：（１）Ｇｌｕ免疫反应性室管膜细胞，胞体呈椭圆形，常聚集成群；（２）Ｇｌｕ免疫反应神经细胞，胞体呈圆形或椭圆形，散在分布于室管膜细胞间，突起明显可见，多平行于室管膜表面行走。此外，在室管膜细胞间尚可见到Ｇｌｕ免疫反应神经纤维及膨体。其中部分纤维伸向室管膜表面。以上结果表明，部分室管膜细胞具有合成或摄取Ｇｌｕ的能力，而室管膜内的Ｇｌｕ能神经元可能是位于室管膜内的触液神经元。推测这些室管膜内的Ｇｌｕ免疫反应结构与脑－脑脊液之间的信息传递有关。     

人胎儿脑室系统接触脑脊液神经元的扫描电镜观察

用扫描电镜较全面地观察了人胎儿脑室系统－侧脑室、第三脑室和第四脑室壁的超微结构。结果发现人和某些动物一样，几个脑室室管膜表面都覆盖着大量的纤毛和微绒毛。纤 的分布在区域上有一定的差别。并证实了３个脑室内存在着接触脑脊液神经元的胞体、树突和轴突该神经元的胞体为梭形或球形，可见到一个或两个以上的突起。室管膜上神经纤维发自神经细胞或自室腔外穿入而来。另外，在室管膜下还观察到了神经胶质样细胞和类组织细胞。     

大白鼠第四脑室底的扫描电镜观察

用扫描电镜观察到大白鼠第四脑室底满布纤毛和微绒毛。纤毛的分布在区域上有一定的差别。并证实了第四脑室底存在室管膜上神经元样细胞,神经胶质样细胞和类组织细胞。神经纤维发自神经元样细胞或自脑室外穿入室腔而来。室腔内尚有树突末梢。本文并对上述各种结构的功能进行了探讨。     

大白鼠脊髓中央管室管膜的超微结构——透射电镜和扫描电镜观察

本文通过对12只大白鼠脊髓中央管室管膜的透射电镜和扫描电镜观察表明:室管膜主要由室管膜细胞、伸张细胞和神经细胞组成。室管膜细胞为柱状或立方状,表面有纤毛和微绒毛,纤毛可与Reissner氏纤维接触。室管膜细胞之间借粘着小带和闭锁小带连接,胞浆内有丰富的线粒体及泡状结构。伸张细胞胞体细长,嵌于室管膜细胞之间,其顶部有微绒毛,但无纤毛;底部发出基突伸向灰质并靠近毛细血管;胞浆内有丰富的微丝和微管。本文报告大白鼠脊髓中央管的室管膜含有接触脑脊髓液的神经元,它们属于室管膜上或室管膜下型,为小型多极神经元,其树突和轴突均可见于中央管腔内,偶尔可见神经纤维的末梢与“触液”树突接触。上述资料提示室管膜可能具有感受、吸收、分泌和调整的功能,并为神经一体液调节的途径提供了新的形态学依据。     

第四脑室外侧隐窝室管膜与哺乳关系的形态学观察

目的观察哺乳期雌性小鼠第四脑室外侧隐窝室管膜形态的变化与哺乳之间的关系.方法HE染色和扫描电镜法.结果光镜下对照组外侧隐窝室管膜细胞单层稀疏排列,哺乳早、中期外侧隐窝室管膜细胞密集,常呈双层或多层排列,在室管膜细胞增厚区上可见均质的絮状物,以哺乳中期最明显,此改变与对照组比较具有显著的差异（P〈0.05）.扫描电镜下对照组外侧隐窝处纤毛稠密,呈簇状分布;哺乳早期纤毛黏连成束,纤毛肿胀增粗,室管膜表面可见到密集的、大小不一的分泌囊泡;哺乳中期分泌囊泡比早期小,囊泡在室管膜表面黏连在一起,成层分布;哺乳末期室管膜细胞的纤毛和微绒毛与对照组相似.结论小鼠第四脑室外侧隐窝室管膜细胞有旺盛的分泌现象,这种改变与哺乳周期密切相关.     

性激素对小鼠第三脑室壁表面微细结构的影响——扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜观察了NMRI小鼠第三脑室壁表面的微细结构和性激素对这些结构的影响。第三脑室壁可分为满布纤毛的背外侧部和以微绒毛为主的腹底部以及两者之间的过渡区。正中隆起区的室管膜表面缺乏纤毛和微绒毛,但有许多泡状结构,雌激素可使其明显增大,摘除卵巢则使之变小并与雄性者相似。泡状结构破裂后,向室腔排出微粒状物质,雌激素有促进此种微粒排出的作用。促垂体区的室管膜细胞具有较长的微绒毛,摘除卵巢可使其数目减少,给以雌激素则使其明显增多。微绒毛减少是细胞体积增大的结果,表明摘除卵巢可加强室管膜细胞的吸收功能。在乳头体前区,于微绒毛之间常有散在的小气球状结构,雌激素可使它们明显增大,数目增多,其机能意义不明。还见到一些室管膜上细胞的波浪状胞膜在细胞的一侧伸展很长,表明至少有一部分室管膜上细胞具有吞噬细胞功能,有迹象表明此种细胞穿过室管膜而进入脑室。     

室管膜和室管膜上超微结构

脑脊液是中枢神经系统的一种特殊内环境,又是全身体液系统的一部分。结合大量的动物实验和临床观察,有学者提出了由这种物质和信息交流所构成的一种特殊的信息交流网络—“脑-脑脊液神经体液回路”。本文对“脑-脑脊液神经体液回路”的主要结构基础—室管膜和室管膜上超微结构的形态学特点及功能进行综述。     

Fourth ventricular floor in human embryos: Scanning electron microscopic observations

The ultrastructural surface features of the normal fourth ventricular floor of seven human embryos ranging from Carnegie stage 14 to stage 19 (crown-rump length: 7.6–16.2 mm) were examined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Low-power SEM views showed the median sulcus, sulcus limitans, and neuromeres, transient structures characteristic of the earlier embryonic period. High-power SEM observation revealed supraependymal cells (SE cells) and supraependymal fibers (SE fibers) which exhibited a characterisitc localization, as well as generalized surface-membrane modifications such as microvilli and cilia. SE cells could be classified into two major groups. The type 1 SE cells seem to possess neuronal functions, as deduced from morphological similarities to their counterparts in adults and the specialized distribution closely related to neuromeres. The type 2 SE cell morphologically resembled the phagocytic SE cell described in related literature. SE fibers ran a course either rostrocaudally in the median sulcus or mediolaterally on the neuromeres, most frequently near the interneuromeric cleft; they made contact with type 1 SE cells and ependymal surface modifications and then penetrated the ependymal layer.     

Development of the chorqid plexus anlage and supraependymal structures in the fourth ventricular roof plate of human embryos: Scanning electron microscopic observations

The developing anlage of the choroid plexus and supraependymal structures in the fourth ventricular roof plates of nine normal human embryos ranging from Carnegie stages 14 to 19 were investigated with scanning electron microscopy. In the human embryos at stage 18, the first semimacroscopic choroidal anlage developed in the form of bilateral evaginations that ran dorsomedially and caudally from the bilateral corners of the rhombencephalon. The anlage became evident with even smaller and parallel ridges in the embryo at stage 19. Embryos at earlier stages exhibited surface membrane modifications such as convexity, microvilli, cilia, and spherical protrusions at the middle one-third of the rhombencephalon, which corresponded to the future choroidal anlage region. Two morphologically different groups of supraependymal cells (SE cells) were elucidated throughout the stages examined. Type 1 SE cells has spindle or teardrop-like bodies, frequently with one or more long cy-toplasmic processes. Type 2 SE cells were globular, with numerous fine pseudopodial processes. Type 1 SE cells were distributed mainly at the future choroidal anlage regions or on the anlage itself and were less frequently located at the rostral end of the roof. We found no general pattern in the distribution of type 2 SE cells. Supraependymal fibers (SE fibers) wete seen as fine processes that were distributed similarly to type 1 SE cells and extended transversely for a long distance.     

Galanin-like immunoreactivity in hippocampal afferents in the rat, with special reference to cholinergic and noradrenergic inputs

The distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampal formation (hippocampus and dentate gyrus) was studied and its origins were determined using various lesioning techniques. Special reference was made to the known cholinergic and noradrenergic hippocampal inputs from the septum-basal forebrain complex and locus coeruleus, both of which have previously been shown to co-contain galanin-like immunoreactivity at the cell body level. Galanin-immunoreactive fibers in the hippocampal formation were of at least three different morphological types: (1) Fine, slender, faintly immunoreactive fibers were seen throughout the hippocampal formation. (2) A strongly fluorescent varicose fiber population was observed mainly in the strata radiatum and oriens of the ventral CA3 region. (3) A population of fine, faint puncta was seen within the granule and pyramidal cell layers throughout the hippocampal formation. Knife cut lesions of the dorsal afferent pathways resulted in almost complete disappearance of all fiber types, except for the ventral fine fibers. Lesions of the fimbria affected mainly the coarse and punctate fiber types, while lesions of the supracallosal striae depleted mainly the fine fibers. Cuts anterior and ventral to the hippocampal formation caused a decrease in ventral fine fibers. Furthermore, lesions of the dorsal bundle caused an almost complete disappearance of the fine fibers in all regions of the hippocampal formation. Neurotoxin lesions of the diagonal band/septal complex resulted in decreases in faintly immunoreactive puncta within the granule cell layer and adjacent fine fibers. It is concluded that most fine galanin-positive fibers originate in the lower brain stem, presumably the locus coeruleus, and appear to reach the hippocampal formation primarily through the supracallosal striae and the ventral route. The fimbria seems to contain a large proportion of the fibers giving rise to the coarse strongly fluorescent innervation, which appears to originate rostral to the pons. The galanin-immunoreactive fibers originating in cholinergic somata of the diagonal band, medial septal nuclei, previously shown to project to the hippocampal formation, seem to give rise to faintly labeled puncta within the granule and pyramidal cell layers, and to a small proportion of the fine fibers bordering the cell layers, as revealed by immunohistochemistry using our antibody.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

大鼠脑脊髓不同部位室管膜上皮细胞表面的超微结构特征--扫描电镜观察

目的 研究大鼠脑脊髓室管膜上皮细胞的区域性结构特征，并初步探讨其功能。方法 采用扫描电子显微镜观察法。结果 侧脑室壁室管膜上皮细胞游离端呈不规则多边形，可见纤毛及微绒毛，偶见分泌泡。侧脑室脉络丛上皮细胞游离端呈不规则多角形、梭形或三角形，微绒毛、分泌泡丰富，纤毛少见，可见“丛上细胞”。第Ⅲ脑室室管膜上皮细胞具明显区域性，脑室底部上皮细胞微绒毛短小、散在，有少量分泌粒，无纤毛；侧壁分泌泡较多，纤毛丰富；均可见“丛上细胞”。第Ⅲ脑室脉络丛上皮细胞可见大量细长微绒毛，分泌泡及“丛上细胞”较少。室问孔室管膜上皮呈梭形，长轴与室间孔平行，游离面罕见微绒毛，“丛上细胞”较多。穹窿下器及终板处室管膜细胞纤毛少见，而正中隆起处可见大量纤毛及微绒毛，并可见单个散在的纤毛上皮细胞。中脑导水管壁具有平行走向的纵嵴，游离面可见大量纤毛、微绒毛及分泌泡。第Ⅳ脑室室管膜上皮具大量长纤毛及微绒毛，分泌泡罕见。第Ⅳ脑室脉络丛上皮游离面呈多型性，可见短小密集的微绒毛及处于不同分泌周期的分泌泡，以及形态各异的“丛上细胞”，偶见纤毛上皮细胞及特殊的单鞭毛上皮细胞。脊髓中央管结构较简单，游离面可见大量长纤毛、微绒毛及分泌泡。结论 大鼠脑脊髓室管膜不同部位上皮细胞游离面超微结构差异，可能与其功能不同有关。分泌泡、纤毛及微绒毛的大小及多寡，可能是脑脊液的分泌、流动及代谢活性中分别有区域性不同的形态学基础。