富集分离火焰原子吸收光谱法测定食盐中铜锌镉铁

目的建立食盐中铜、锌、镉、铁的原子吸收分析方法。方法食用盐用少量硝酸消化后溶于水中，用1-[2-吡啶偶氮]-2萘酚（PAN）分离富集铜、锌、镉、铁，三氯甲烷萃取，硝酸反萃取，原子吸收光谱法测定。结果检出限分别为0．030、0．010、0、017、0．20μg／g；线性范围均为0．00～0．6μg；测定样品中四种金属离子的相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为0.97％～2.67％、3．06％～4．17％、0．73％～1.01％、1．09％～2．7％；四种样品加标回收率平均为93.0％、110．0％、105．5％、96．6％。结论食盐中微量铜、锌、镉、铁用PAN富集分离后，用原子吸收光谱法测定，灵敏度、准确度均达到分析要求。     

微波消解-原子吸收法测定全血中铁锌钙镁铜铅镉

目的：探索出一种快速检测全血中铁、锌、钙、镁、铜、铅和镉微量元素的方法。方法：微波消解血样，用火焰原子吸收法测定铁、锌、钙、镁和铜，石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅和镉。结果：方法的最低检测浓度分别为5．00、0．10、3．50、0．30、0．05μg／ml，5．00和0．50ng／ml。加标回收率分别为93．5％～96．0％，100．0％-105．0％，94．0％～99．0％，98．0％～99．0％，100．5％～103．0％，96．0％～102．0％和100．0％～110．0％。RSD分别为4．30％～5．24％，0．86％～1．35％。5．58％～7．14％，2．59％～3．09％，0．86％～1．04％，4．33％～7．52％和2．56％～4．77％。结论：测定方法结果满意。     

模拟曲线原子吸收光谱法测定人胆结石中13种微量金属元素的研究

近年来胆石症患者普遍增多，对于胆结石中微量金属元素的测定已有了不少报道。本研究采用微量注射进样模拟曲线原子吸收光谱法测定胆结石中铜、锌、铁、锰、钙、镁、铅、镍、钴、铬、镉、锶、铝等13种元素的含量，并对匹配基本溶液模拟曲线的测定条件进行了探讨。方法回收率为95％－103．5％，相对标准偏差小于5％，测定结果满意。1仪器与试剂1．1日立180-80型原子吸收分光光度计1．2可调微量进样器1．3铜、铁、锌、锰、钙、镁、铅、镍、钴、铬、镉、锶、铝的空心阴极灯。1．450％甘油1·5硝酸1．6标准溶液；准确称取铜、铁、锌、锰、钙、镁…     

牙膏中铅、镉、铜、锌、锶同时测定的原子吸收法

目的 探讨牙膏中铅、镉、铜、锌、锶同时测定的原子吸收法。方法 样品采用硝酸-过氧化氢浸提,用石墨炉原子吸收法测定牙膏中铅、镉、铜、锶含量,用火焰原子吸收法测定牙膏中锌含量。结果 铅、镉、铜、锌和锶的原子吸收测定法的线性范围分别为0．0125-0．0500,0．0040-0．0160,0．050-0．200,0．5-2．0,0．025-0．075μg,／ml;相关系数分别为：0．9946,0．9939,0．9993,0．9958,0．9992;检出限分别为0．234、0．204、0．078、0．348、0．048μg／g;回收率分别为81．3％和90．2％,73．4％和88．9％,89．6％和93％,93．1％和105％,104％和111％;RSD为3．50％-9．08％。结论 该方法简便,灵敏度、精密度、准确度较好,适合对牙膏样品进行多元素分析。     

高压消解法同时消化测定奶粉中11种金属元素

目的：建立一次消化液可供测定奶粉中铅、镉、汞、砷、钾、钠、铜、铁、锌、钙、镁11种元素的方法。方法：采用全密封的聚四氟乙烯消化罐高压消解奶粉样品。铅、镉石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定，钾、钠、铜、铁、锌、钙、镁火焰原子吸收光谱法测定，汞、砷氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定。结果：各元素变异系数在0．40％-4．16％之间，各元素回收率在92．0％-105％之间，符合测定要求。结论：此方法准确、快速、可靠，前处理所需设备只需烘箱、高压罐，特别有利于大批量样品的测定。     

干燥箱溶样火焰原子吸收法测定头发中锌、铁、铜、钙、镁含量

[目的]建立火焰原子吸收法快速测定头发中锌、铁、铜、钙、镁含量的方法。[方法]采用干燥箱溶样，火焰原子吸收法测定头发中锌、铁、铜、钙、镁含量。[结果]方法回收率为86．2％～104．0％，相对标准偏差为1．2％～6．2%。[结论]该法具有省时、简便、可靠、快速的特点。     

原子吸收光谱法测定进口葡萄酒中的铁、锰、铜、锌

本报道了用原子吸收光谱法测定葡萄酒中的铜、铁、锰、锌的方法，探讨了在进口干红、干白葡萄酒中的大致范围，精密度试验发现，相对标准偏差(RSD)为3．4％(Fe)～7．4％(Zn)，回收率为95％(Mn)～105．4％(Fe)。国家标准中只有铁和铜的测定方法和铁的限量，利用本方法，我们从天津口岸进口的葡萄酒中，检出了上述四种金属元素含量超标的样品。     

十年人指甲中七种微量元素含量测定

在十年内按季度收集了人指甲样品41份，应用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了人指甲样品微量元素的含量。中位数值与国内外人指甲正常值范围相符合。具有良好的精密度和准确度，变异系数为2．12％～7．88％，回收率在86．4％～108．9％之间。用本法测定了人指甲样品微量铁、钻、镍、锰、铜、锌和钢，获得了满意的结果。1实验部分［1，2］1．1仪器与试剂仪器：AA－670原子吸收分光光度计日本岛津，铁、钻、镍、锰、铜、锌和银空心阴极灯（日本岛津），不锈钢压力罐，聚四氟乙烯压力溶样器，烤箱等。试剂：优级纯的硝酸、高氨酸，铁、钻、镍、锰、铜…     

柳枝、柳叶中锌、铜、铁、锰含量分析

本文利用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了柳枝、柳叶中锌、铜、铁、锰4种微量元素的含量。结果表明柳枝、柳叶含有丰富的微量元素，具有较高的药用价值。     

放射性作业人员血清中某些微量元素水平的分析

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定放射性作业人员血清中铜、锌、铁，用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定血清中锰，并和无射线接触史正常组作对照，把测得结果进行统计检验。表明铜、铁二组无明显差异，锌、锰二组有显著性差异，结果显示，长期从事放射性作业人员体内微量元素锌、锰水平低于对照组。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.