苯胺类污染物的电子束辐照降解研究

苯胺及其衍生物是一类主要的环境污染物，许多已被我国及欧洲国家列为优先污染物。本工作研究了苯胺、对硝基苯胺和间氯苯胺水溶液的电子束辐照降解过程。三种溶液初始浓度均为0．5mmol／L，其辐照前后稀释五倍的紫外可见吸收光谱表明，苯胺在230nin的吸收峰，对硝基苯胺在380nm的吸收峰，以及间氯苯胺在236nm的吸收峰，均随辐照吸收剂量的增加而逐渐降低。辐照吸收剂量为23kGy时，     

辐照对盐酸克伦特罗降解效应的初步研究

采用电子束辐照处理盐酸克伦特罗,应用液相色谱串联质谱、红外光谱等技术研究盐酸克伦特罗辐照降解规律及辐解产物的结构,分析辐照对盐酸克伦特罗的降解效应。实验结果表明,原始浓度为18 mg·kg–1和45 mg·kg–1的盐酸克伦特罗水溶液浓度随吸收剂量增加而降低,且在吸收剂量为5 kGy和10 kGy时降解率达到90%以上;在低剂量下(≤5 kGy)盐酸克伦特罗分子的-OH和-Cl基团脱落,随着剂量的增加-OH,-NH2,-NH-和-C(CH3)3等基团也发生了不同程度的改变或脱落,表明电子束辐照可有效降解盐酸克伦特罗。     

4-氯酚的γ射线辐照降解研究

利用^60Coγ射线(2．2—14．9kGy)辐照4-氯酚水溶液，研究了其辐照降解特性。通过对辐照前后4-氯酚的紫外可见光谱、有机氯脱除率、化学需氧量(Chemical oxygen demand,COD)去除率的研究，探讨了吸收剂量、H2O2加入量、初始浓度、溶液pH值对降解效果的影响。结果表明，这一辐射技术能有效降解4-氯酚，有机氯脱除率可达100％，COD去除率可达65．8％。     

活性艳蓝染料KNR的辐照降解研究

用Coγ射线辐照活性艳蓝KNR水溶液,研究活性染料的辐照降解特性。以脱色率和化学需氧量COD60(Chemicaloxygendemand)去除率为降解指标,研究了活性艳蓝KNR水溶液在受辐照前后的紫外可见光谱变化,并探讨了吸收剂量、H2O2加入量、初始浓度、溶液pH值和溶液在不同气体饱和下对降解效果的影响。结果表明,辐射技术能有效降解活性艳蓝染料,脱色效果十分理想,COD去除率可达80%以上。     

甲基橙溶液的辐射降解研究

以60Coγ射线为辐射源,对偶氮染料甲基橙进行了γ射线辐射降解研究,探讨了H2O2加入量、吸收剂量、初始浓度和溶液pH值对辐射降解结果的影响。结果表明,γ射线辐射能有效降解甲基橙,化学需氧量(CoD)去除率可达80％以上,脱色效果显著。H2O2加入量、吸收剂量、初始浓度均与甲基橙的降解效率有关,而溶液的pH值对降解影响不大。实验证实,利用γ射线辐射降解技术处理染料废水是一种可行的方案。     

茜素红的辐射降解研究

用60Co γ射线辐照茜素红水溶液,研究该染料的辐射降解特性.通过对辐照前后茜素红的紫外可见光谱、脱色率、总有机碳(Total organic carbon,TOC)去除率的研究.探讨了吸收剂量、初始浓度、溶液pH值、H2O2加入量、在不同气体饱和条件下对茜素红溶液降解和矿化效果的影响.结果表明,辐射技术能有效降解茜素红染料,在空气饱和双氧水浓度为4mmol/L的条件下,吸收剂量为7.5kGy时,茜素红脱色率可达98%,TOC去除率可达70%.     

~(60)Co γ射线辐照五种常见渔药在水溶液中降解作用的研究

本文采用0—10kGy的60Coγ射线对水溶液中的磺胺二甲基嘧啶、噁喹酸、氯霉素、呋喃唑酮、土霉素进行处理,并测定了环境的酸碱性、空气、温度对辐照降解率的影响。结果表明,60Coγ射线辐照处理能显著降解五种常见渔药在水中的残留,吸收剂量越大,渔药的降解率越高;初始浓度越低,越有利于渔药的去除。当吸收剂量为8kGy时,五种渔药(初始浓度100mg/L)的降解率均达到90%以上,酸碱性和空气环境对不同种类的渔药降解率影响有一定的差异,降低温度对渔药降解有明显抑制作用。     

4–氯酚的γ射线辐照降解研究

利用 Co γ射线(2.2—14.9kGy)辐照 4-氯酚水溶液,研究了其辐照降解特性。通过对辐照前后 4-氯 60酚的紫外可见光谱、有机氯脱除率、化学需氧量(Chemical oxygen demand, COD)去除率的研究,探讨了吸收剂量、H2O2加入量、初始浓度、溶液 pH 值对降解效果的影响。结果表明,这一辐射技术能有效降解 4-氯酚,有机氯脱除率可达 100%,COD 去除率可达 65.8%。     

γ辐射降解高浓度氨氮条件下苯酚的研究

采用60 Coγ射线辐射降解苯酚,通过分析辐照前后苯酚去除率与化学需氧量(COD)的变化,研究了苯酚浓度、氨氮质量浓度、吸收剂量、初始pH值和自由基清除剂对苯酚的辐射降解效果的影响。结果表明:γ辐射技术能有效降解高浓度氨氮环境中的苯酚,苯酚及其COD去除率随着吸收剂量的增加而增大,苯酚的辐射降解符合准一级动力学方程;吸收剂量相同时,苯酚初始浓度越高,苯酚去除率越低;氨氮质量浓度对γ辐射去除水溶液中苯酚未见显著影响,辐照前后氨氮质量浓度变化不大;弱酸性条件更利于溶液中苯酚的去除;苯酚的辐射降解机理以·OH氧化为主。     

对氯苯胺水溶液的紫外光降解研究

用185nm/254nm紫外光灯对4-氯苯胺水溶液进行光照降解,研究了该物质的辐照降解特性.通过对4-氯苯胺去除率、总有机碳(TOC)去除率、脱氯等过程的研究,探讨了4-氯苯胺初始浓度、pH值、不同通气条件、投加H2O2等因素对4-氯苯胺溶液降解和矿化效果的影响规律.结果表明,紫外光辐照能有效降解4-氯苯胺,在空气饱和、H2O2浓度为10 mmol/L的条件下,辐照时间为2 h时,4-氯苯胺的降解率可达99%,TOC去除率可达50%.     

EB degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in aqueous solution

Electron beam (EB) degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in aqueous solutions was studied.It suggested that PFOA and PFOS degradation followed the pseudo-firstorder kinetics,and degradation rates increased with increasing initial pH.Radical scavengers' experiments indicated that hydrated electron and hydrogen radical were important in the electron beam degradation of PFOA and PFOS,especially hydrated electron.The decomposition efficiencies were 95.7％ for PFOA and 85.9％ for PFOS,by EB irradiation in an anoxic alkaline solution (pH =13).The potential degradation pathways of PFOA and PFOS by electron beam irradiation through defluorination and the removal of CH2 unit were proposed.     

电子束辐照处理模拟甲苯废气实验研究

以甲苯作为挥发性有机化合物的代表物质,在800keV电子束的辐照下,模拟甲苯废气的气量在0.5—1.2m3/h范围内,研究了甲苯初始质量浓度为1600—4630mg/m3时吸收剂量、甲苯初始浓度和湿度对于甲苯分解效率的影响。实验结果表明,电子束辐照可有效去除甲苯,甲苯初始质量浓度为1600mg/m3,辐照10kGy和40kGy,甲苯去除率分别为46.5%和72.2%;增加湿度也可提高甲苯去除率。用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)和离子色谱仪(IC)定性研究了辐解产物。甲苯辐解产物比较复杂,主要含有苯甲醛、甲酸等物质。也探讨了电子束辐照处理甲苯气体的主要机理,讨论了O2和.OH对于电子束辐照分解甲苯中的重要作用。     

Effect of electron beam irradiation on the viscosity of carboxymethylcellulose solution

In this study, the effects of an electron beam irradiation on the viscosity of a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution were investigated. The viscosity of the CMC solution was decreased with an increase in the irradiation dose. Interestingly, the extent of the degradation of the CMC was found to decrease with an increase of the CMC concentration in the solution. The change of the average molar mass confirmed the decrease in the viscosity due to the degradation of the polymer. The energy of the electron beam also affected the degradation of the CMC. Lower degradation of the CMC was obtained with a decreasing electron beam energy due to its lower penetration. Addition of vitamin C as a radical scavenger to the solution and an irradiation at −70 °C were shown to be moderately effective in preventing a decrease in the viscosity of the solution by irradiation.     

甲醛水溶液的电子束辐射分解

介绍了在电子能量3~5 MeV、最大束流功率约0.8 kW电子加速器直接辐照下,3种不同初始浓度(25、500、11 000 mg/L)甲醛水溶液的辐射分解过程,并用紫外(UV)吸收谱和液相色谱(LC)法分析了辐解样品。结果显示：溶液中剩余甲醛的质量分数随吸收剂量的增大呈指数衰减,其主要辐解产物至少有4种,其中3种为包括甲酸在内的可确认结构的小分子产物,1种为大分子产物。此外还发现添加辐解助剂NaOH后,甲醛水溶液电子束辐解效率提高近2倍。以上结果表明,电子束辐射有望成为辐解各种浓度甲醛水溶液的高效手段。     

电子束辐射技术在粘胶工业中的应用

在粘胶纤维的陈化工艺中,纤维素分子的氧化裂解较难控制,而纤维素分子的电子束辐射裂解的优点很明显,介绍了电子束辐射技术在粘胶纤维工业中应用的可行性,并从技术、工艺、经济和环境保护等方面讨论了用电子束辐射技术代替纤维素分子氧化裂解工艺的可行性。介绍了国个电子束技术用于粘胶生产的研究进展。     

Axial effect analysis of relativistic electron beam propagation in vacuum

In geostationary orbits and other quasi-vacuum environments, relativistic electron beams are affected by the initial emittance and space charge effects during the propagation process, resulting in beam quality degradation. Furthermore, axial energy distribution change in the beam and the axial transient electromagnetic effect caused by current changes in the head and tail regions of the beam also cause the beam to expand and affect its quality. In this study, the particle-in-cell method was used to construct a long-range propagation model of a relativistic electron beam in a vacuum environment. By calculating and simulating the axial energy distribution of the beam and the changes in the transient electromagnetic field, the axial effect during the propagation process was analyzed, and the parameter change law of the effective propagation of the beam was explored. This provided a theoretical reference for a more accurate assessment of the beam quality during propagation.     

Self-focusing of Gaussian Laser Beam Through Collisionless Plasmas and Its Effect on Second Harmonic Generation

This paper presents an investigation of self-focusing of gaussian laser beam in a collisionless plasma and its effect on second harmonic generation. In the presence of gaussian beam, the carriers get redistributed from the high field region to low field region by ponderomotive force and transverse density gradient is established in plasma which in turn generates the plasma wave at pump frequency. This plasma wave interacts with incident laser beam and a second harmonic is generated. Furthermore, if the initial power of input beam is more than the critical power for self-focusing, the beam gets self-focused and hence the generated plasma wave and second harmonic which depend upon the background electron concentration and power of the main beam also get modified accordingly.     

Design of Electron Gun for 1.5 MW, 140 GHz Gyrotron

This paper presents the design of the triode type electron gun for a 140 GHz, 1.5 MW gyrotron with the transverse to the axial velocity ratio of the beam 1.4 and the transverse velocity spread 1.28%. The operating mode of the gyrotron is TE_24,8 and it is operated in the fundamental harmonic. The analytic trade-off equations for the electron gun design have been used to estimate the initial gun parameters. The electron trajectory tracing program has been used to optimize the electron gun design. The parametric dependences of modulating anode voltage, beam voltage and cathode magnetic field on the beam quality has also been studied.