胶州湾石油烃污染物环境容量计算

根据石油烃污染物在多介质海洋环境中分布动力学模型建立了胶州湾海域石油烃污染物海洋自净容量(SPCo)计算方法。模型运行表明，该模型可以很好地模拟胶州湾海水中石油烃污染物年均浓度的年际变化。根据该模型，分别计算了胶州湾石油烃污染物SPCo，以及在不同海水水质标准条件下胶州湾石油烃污染物标准自净容量(SPCo^(s))、环境容量(ECo)和剩余环境容量(SECo)。根据运算结果可以推断，今后胶州湾在保持一级海水水质标准条件下可再接纳200t左右石油烃污染物，在二级海水水质标准条件下可再接纳600t左右石油烃污染物。     

莱州湾石油烃海洋环境容量计算——基于非线性规划的排海通量最优化法

排海通量最优化法是近年来常用于计算海域污染物环境容量的方法。对于石油烃这种非保守物质,本文提出了基于非线性规划的排海通量最优化法(简称非线性规划法)。首先,验证了石油烃点源的线性叠加性;其次,分别选用基于线性规划的排海通量最优化法(简称线性规划法)及非线性规划法,对莱州湾石油烃的环境容量进行计算。结果表明,在I/II类海水水质标准下,线性与非线性规划法计算出的年环境容量分别为6 101.8 t和4 576.1 t。按照线性规划法进行点源的石油烃最优排放规划时,将高估湾内石油烃的自净能力,从而对海域内生态系统造成破坏;非线性规划法则不会出现水质点浓度超标的情况,可对海域的生态环境保护起到更好的指导作用。     

2008年奥运会帆船赛场海域环境质量状况

于2003年8月28日对奥运帆船赛场海域海水水质要素进行了现场调查,并以无机态氮（DIN）、无机态磷（PO4-P）、化学耗氧量（COD）、溶解氧（DO）为化学指标参数,探讨了该海域的富营养化状况。结果表明,奥运会帆船赛场海域除石油烃外,大部分海域符合国家一类海水水质标准,石油烃平均含量超过国家二类水质标准。该海域调查海区PO4-P、DIN主要受陆源排放影响,特别是浮山湾至石老人沿岸海域含量较高。部分区域已经开始呈现轻微富营养化状态,富营养化状况主要受陆源排放等因素的影响。整体上奥运会帆船赛场海域水质良好,污染较轻。     

山东半岛南部近海海水及动物石油烃污染状况

根据2007年11月对山东半岛南部近海海水和动物体的石油烃污染水平检测结果,分析表层海水及动物体石油烃含量分布特征,评估该海域受石油烃污染程度。结果表明,调查海区表层海水中石油烃含量范围为(0.017~0.069)mg/L,平均含量为0.031 mg/L,鱼类体内石油烃含量范围为(2.24~30.31)×10-6,平均为11.59×10-6;软体类含量范围为(4.19~36.49)×10-6,平均为19.83×10-6;甲壳类含量范围为(8.41~49.07)×10-6,平均为18.47×10-6。海水和动物体石油烃含量分布特征,均呈近岸高、离岸低趋势。虽然调查区域海水和动物体石油烃污染状况为轻度,但日照港和胶州湾海域污染状况却不容忽视。     

东海赤潮频发区石油烃的季节分布特征

根据2002年4月～2003年3月对东海赤潮高发区表层海水中石油烃污染状况进行的四季现场调查,探讨了该海区石油烃的季节分布特征.结果表明,该海域受到了石油烃的轻度污染,表层海水中石油烃的含量具有明显的时间差异.石油烃的平均浓度夏季最高(0.124 mg/L),春、秋季居中(约0.08 mg/L),冬季最低(0.032 mg/L).并根据调查区域油类污染物排海量及水文情况,对各季节石油烃的水平分布特征进行了初步的分析.     

湛江军港海水石油污染来源及其治理

对湛江军港海水石油污染来源进行的分析表明：军港舰船油污水排放是主要石油污染源．在采取了一系列治理措施后，使港池污染物超标率由治理前的23％下降到3％．使港池整体水质由二类上升到一类海水水质标准，重要站位石油含量由原来的1．25mg／1下降到0.07mg／1，提高了17.68倍，有效地改善了军港水质。     

福建浮头湾海水及其沉积物的环境质量评价

2014年12月首次调查了福建浮头湾海域海水及其沉积物的环境质量。结果表明,海水中主要超标污染物为DIN,其含量范围为0294~0369mg/L;PO_4-P含量符合二类海水水质标准;其它指标均符合一类海水水质标准。研究海域水体已达到富营养化状态,且N为限制性因子。沉积物中各项指标均达到《海洋沉积物质量》(GB18668-2002)的一类标准。     

珠江口广州海域石油烃的分布特征

据2003～2007年春、夏、秋季珠江口广州海域海水与2007年夏季沉积物中石油烃含量的调查结果,分析了该海域表层水体和表层沉积物的石油烃分布特征。结果表明,调查海域海水中石油烃含量为0.02～0.81 mg/L,平均含量为0.13mg/L;沉积物中石油烃含量为(51～1 910)×10-6,平均含量为544.9×10-6,石油烃含量较高的海域主要分布在南沙港、黄埔港-莲花山及蕉门水道出海口海域。石油烃浓度夏季最高,秋季居中,春季最低。与15 a前相比,广州海域水样与沉积物样中的石油烃浓度都有较大幅度的上升。     

渤海石油烃输移扩散对水质污染影响数值模拟研究

根据2010年环渤海主要河流及海上油气平台的石油烃入海量,利用建立的与水动力模块相耦合的污染物输移-扩散模型,数值模拟了2010年渤海表层石油烃浓度分布以及主要入海河流、油气平台单独输入时对渤海石油烃浓度的影响及其分担率场。结果表明:莱州湾、渤海湾、辽东湾及渤海中部海域石油烃浓度范围分别在20~80μg/L,13~15μg/L,8~10μg/L及2~10μg/L之间;莱州湾中黄河的分担率(60%)最高,渤海湾中黄河的分担率(30%~50%)也是最高,辽东湾中辽河的分担率(20%~60%)最高,渤海中部黄河的分担率(20%~50%)最高;在莱州湾、渤海湾、辽东湾及渤海中部海域海上油气平台分担率分别为10%、10%~20%、20%~30%、10%~30%。     

雷州半岛近海海域夏季石油烃的分布特征

于2010年6月对雷州半岛海域进行了采样调查,研究分析了雷州半岛海域表层海水和沉积物中石油烃浓度的平面分布特征,并对石油烃与其它水质参数的相关关系进行了探讨。结果表明,雷州半岛海域表层海水石油烃质量浓度为0.013~0.093 mg/L,平均值为0.038 mg/L,基本属于一、二类水质,部分站位达到三类水质,所占比率为19.3%;水质等级属于影响,未达到污染。在地域分布上,呈现出东侧南侧西侧的分布趋势,且在东、南两侧海域,石油烃浓度明显呈现出由海洋向沿岸逐渐增大的分布趋势,而在西侧,此分布趋势并不明显。雷州半岛海域沉积物石油烃质量浓度为0.06~11.05μg/g,平均值为2.92μg/g,质量等级属于一类;底质等级属于良好,未受石油污染。在地域分布上,沉积物石油烃浓度呈现出东侧南侧西侧的分布趋势,且在东、南、西侧,石油烃浓度均呈现出明显的从海洋到沿岸逐渐增大的分布趋势。雷州半岛海域表层海水石油烃与p H、TOC呈现出一定正相关性,与水温、沉积物石油烃呈现出不显著负相关,与盐度、Eh和多环芳烃则无明显相关关系。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.