贵州二叠系茅口组顶部锰矿沉积特征及矿床成因研究

通过对遵义、纳雍营盘等地含锰岩系沉积特征及沉积地球化学特征研究,结果表明,锰矿体形态主要以层状、似层状、透镜状、脉状产出,具有角砾状构造、递变层理等,常夹硅质岩和凝灰岩,具有热水喷流沉积构造特征。锰矿层位于玄武岩之下,夹于茅口组灰岩顶部,说明锰矿成矿在玄武岩喷发之前。含锰岩系中的矿物组合有浸染状黄铜矿,黄铁矿,重晶石,天青石,菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、锰方解石、黄铜矿、蓝铜矿、褐铁矿、绿泥石、石英及其他碳酸盐岩矿物等,这些矿物组合与热水沉积矿物组合类似。对含锰岩系进行微量元素、稀土元素、碳同位素分析测试表明,含锰岩系富集As、Co、Cu、Cr、Mo、Ni、Pb、U和V等元素,Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti及Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值,Fe-Mn-(Cu+Co+Ni)×10三角图解等均显示锰矿属于热水沉积成因。锰矿石碳同位素值δ~(13) C介于+4.17‰~-18.53‰,氧同位素δ~(18) O介于-6.98‰~-10.05‰显示,碳同位素组成具有热水沉积特征。含锰岩系稀土配分曲线与峨眉山玄武岩稀土配分曲线类似,表明锰矿成矿物质来源与峨眉地幔热柱密切相关。     

重庆秀山小茶园大塘坡组含锰岩系地球化学特征及地质意义

本文根据矿石特征和岩石地球化学特征分析了重庆秀山小茶园一带锰矿床含锰岩系的物质来源、沉积环境和成因。该含锰岩系赋存于南华系大塘坡组一段。元素地球化学特征表明,主成矿元素Mn与Al_2O_3、SiO_2呈明显负相关,与MgO、CaO呈明显正相关,Ag、As、Sb平均含量明显偏高,显示研究区含锰岩系为热水沉积成因;Co/Zn-(Co+Ni+Cu)图解、(Co+Ni+Mn)×10-Fe-Mn图解和Y×P_2O_5图解均显示该含锰岩系具有热水沉积的特征;HREE亏损,LREE富集,且Eu负异常的特征,以及δCe值,暗示该区锰矿形成于被动大陆边缘区;V/Cr和V/(V+Ni)值指示含锰岩系形成于厌氧和缺氧环境。     

安徽贵池地区二叠纪孤峰组含锰岩系稳定同位素特征

安徽贵池地区沉积锰矿床赋存于二叠纪孤峰组。该矿床包括沉积作用形成的碳酸锰矿和经后期氧化作用形成的氧化锰矿。稳定同位素分析表明，含锰岩系的O、C稳定同位素具有较大的变化范围，δ^13C为-4．1‰-5．0‰，δ^18O为-3．40‰-21．40‰。古温度普遍偏高，一般在50-65℃之间，说明其时沉积水体较深，古盐度分析结果（Z=124-133）显示均为正常海相沉积，氧化环境下氧同位素分馏作用表明形成氧化锰矿需要大量的大气降水。     

贵州松桃千公坪锰矿地质地球化学特征

"大塘坡式"锰矿是南方重要的锰矿床类型之一,对其成因认识尚有较大分歧。在野外地质调查的基础上,分析了大塘坡组底部菱锰矿沉积及顶底板围岩的地质、地球化学特征,指出矿石的内碎屑结构及条带状构造、块状构造的配置规律是热水沉积的典型结构构造,是热水喷发旋回的产物。含锰岩系微量元素Sr/Ba值反映锰矿发育于滞留浅海环境,U-Th相关图、Fe-Mn-(Cu+Co+Ni)三角图、Co/Zn-(Co+Ni+Cu)相关关系图上显示其明显的热水沉积特征。球粒陨石标准化的稀土配分模式显示重稀土亏损、中等Eu负异常、弱Ce正异常的特点。矿区样品在北美页岩标准化稀土元素配分模式中,曲线呈基本平滑型,具弱的Ce正异常,反映还原的沉积环境。结论:千公坪锰矿属于海底热水沉积产物,区内找矿应沿北东向断裂及热水沉积盆地展开。     

黔东松桃地区李家湾锰矿床地质、地球化学特征及成因信息

李家湾锰矿床是黔东松桃地区较为典型的"大塘坡式"锰矿床之一,也是近年来在该地区新发现的一个大型隐伏锰矿床,是杨立掌锰矿体在外围的深部延伸。笔者在野外地质调查的基础上,重点对该矿床的锰矿石及其围岩开展系统的地质和地球化学特征研究,探讨锰矿床的成矿物质来源、成因和成矿环境。该矿床主要的矿石形态有块状、条带状、花斑状3种,主要锰矿物为菱锰矿和钙菱锰矿。锰矿层中MnO、CaO、MgO含量较高,TiO_2、Al_2O_3、K_2O、Na_2O含量较低,含锰岩系富集Rb、Ba、Th、Cs、Zr、Ga等元素;SiO_2/Al_2O_3值显示其物质来源并非正常的陆源,通过Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、(Fe+Mn)/Ti、Fe/Ti、Y/Ho、Nb/Ta、U/Th值,Fe-Mn-(Cu+Co+Ni)×10图解表明,锰矿具有热水沉积特征;Mn/Fe、Sr/Ba、V/(V+Ni)值揭示锰矿沉积环境为浅海、还原环境。稀土元素总量较高,轻稀土富集,含锰岩系Eu、Ce的异常、La/Ce值、ΣREE和ΣHREE总量反映锰矿沉积过程受热水活动影响,大地构造环境处于被动大陆边缘。由此表明,李家湾锰矿形成于较强的还原环境,锰矿形成是由热水沉积和正常沉积的混合作用形成,属于热水沉积成因。     

广西东平富Ga含锰岩系碳、氧同位素特征及意义

在广西东平碳酸锰矿含锰岩系中发现Ga含量高异常,Ga含量为5.16×10-6~82.80×10-6,平均含量为33.76×10-6,达到了Ga矿资源工业品位标准要求,但目前还未见有产Ga锰矿床的报道.为了提升对此富Ga现象的认识,对其进行了碳、氧同位素特征研究.结果显示:矿石和围岩δ13C_PDB值分别为-6.40‰~-2.20‰、-8.90‰~0.90‰,δ18O_PDB值分别为-9.00‰~-7.90‰、-9.90‰~-3.90‰.研究表明:（1）有机质参与了碳酸锰矿形成;（2）含锰岩系为热水沉积成因,Ga来源与海底热液活动密切有关;（3）海底热液活动一方面为形成锰碳酸盐直接或间接提供了大量有机质,另一方面为形成富Ga含锰岩系带来了大量Ga,被锰的氧化物或氢氧化物、海洋生物（多为热液微生物）所吸附、富集,经复杂的成岩、成矿作用而最终赋存于含锰岩系之中形成富Ga含锰岩系.      

滇东南中三叠统法郎组含锰岩系稀土元素和铀、钍元素的特征及意义

对滇东南中三叠统法郎组含锰岩系进行了系统采样,用ICP-MS法分析了17件锰矿样品和两件含锰灰岩样品中的稀土元素组成。研究表明,所有样品REE配分模式皆为富LREE型,锰矿样品表现较弱的Ce（δCe值0.79～1.29）异常和Eu（δEu值0.84～1.20）异常;而含锰灰岩则显示出强烈的负Ce异常和较弱的负Eu异常。并通过logTh-logU图解分析,得出滇东南中三叠统法郎组含锰岩系普遍经受了多期次的热液的作用。     

湖南省沉积型锰矿床地球化学特征

湖南省锰矿资源丰富,类型多样,沉积型锰矿是最重要的类型,主要沉积成锰期集中在早南华世大塘坡期、中奥陶世烟溪期及晚二叠世孤峰期。通过对三个主要成锰期代表性锰矿石电子探针分析显示,三个主要成锰期所成锰矿床,矿石组分类似,组成矿石的锰矿物主要为锰的碳酸盐,包括菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、镁菱锰矿、锰白云石、锰方解石等。三个主要成锰期代表性锰矿石及地层稀土元素地球化学标准化参数与配分模式显示,各成矿期含锰地层与锰矿石之间无显著差异,暗示了它们是相似的沉积环境下形成的产物,为正常沉积与热水沉积的复合。一方面,各成矿期岩、矿石稀土元素总量中等偏高,表现为正常沉积物的稀土元素特征。另一方面,在北美页岩标准化配分曲线上,呈现出水平或重稀土相对富集的左倾配分曲线,Ce的负异常,又是典型热水沉积成因呈现出的稀土元素地球化学特征。δCe异常特征,指示了成锰作用处于波动的缺氧还原/氧化沉积环境。     

鄂西长阳锰矿稳定同位素特征及其地质意义

长阳锰矿位于扬子陆块北缘,赋存于南华系大塘坡组含锰黑色岩系中,含锰矿物主要是菱锰矿。通过对含锰岩系C、O同位素及黄铁矿单矿物S同位素的分析表明:δ13C、δ18O值分布范围和平均值分别为﹣6.2‰～﹣2.1‰、﹣2.9‰和﹣7.9‰～﹣5.3‰、﹣6.8‰,δ34S介于38.41‰～66.85‰,平均值为60.95‰。研究认为:长阳锰矿炭质主要来源于无机碳,在沉积过程中有有机质碳的加入。通过O同位素反演的古温度一般在39.4℃～58.2℃,均值为48.9℃,古温度偏高说明其沉积时水体较深。研究区古盐度Z值大部分大于120,为古盐度较高的海相沉积环境,有部分降水和陆源淡水进入沉积区。长阳锰矿含锰层位中黄铁矿具有异常高的δ34S值,δ34S介于38.41‰～66.85‰,平均值为60.95‰,沉积盆地的封闭性和冰川事件使海水浓度降低并富集重硫同位素,随着海水硫酸盐和硫化物之间的硫同位素分馏的减小,使黄铁矿的δ34S达到异常高值。     

扬子东南缘“湘潭式”锰矿的地球化学特征及成矿机制北大核心CSCD

湖南“湘潭式”锰矿是华南扬子地块东南缘南华纪沉积型锰矿的重要组成部分。含锰岩系赋存于大塘坡组底部碳酸锰层中,矿石类型主要为致密块状、条带状和互层状碳酸锰矿石。菱锰矿呈显微“球粒”状,多具3层圈层构造,类似“薄皮鲕”的特征。锰矿石MnO含量为12.08%~40.02%,平均28.93%,具有较低的Fe/Mn值(0.01~0.32)和较高的P含量(0.058%~0.190%),从工业用途的角度,属低Fe高P型锰矿。“湘潭式”锰矿石微量元素相对PAAS具有明显的Co、Mo、Sr富集和V、Cr、Ni、U等亏损,中稀土元素相对轻、重稀土元素富集,呈“帽式”配分模式。“湘潭式”锰矿与黔东“大塘坡式”锰矿具有相似的微量元素富集亏损特征和稀土元素配分模式,反映了它们可能存在相似的成矿背景。“湘潭式”锰矿石较低的Al/Mn(0.02~0.35)、Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值(<0.35)和较高的(Fe+Mn)/Ti值(>25),表明锰质主要来源于海底热液活动,但锰矿石Ce正异常及弱的Eu负异常表明其并非典型的海相热水沉积,且Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)图解显示锰矿石为正常海水沉积。综合认为,“湘潭式”锰矿的锰质来源于非成矿期的海底热液活动。锰矿石Fe、Mn分离显著,U、V亏损和Mo富集的特征表明Mn沉淀时水体环境可能较为氧化。锰矿石具有明显的Ce正异常,且Ce/Ce^(*)值与Mn含量之间表现为显著正相关关系,表明Mn是在氧化环境中,以氧化物或氢氧化物的形式沉淀富集,具有与现代海底水成Fe-Mn结核类似的沉淀成因机制。与“大塘坡式”锰矿床类似,“湘潭式”锰矿具有负的δ^(13)C_(carb)值(−9.9‰~−4.3‰),锰矿石中Mn含量和δ^(13)C_(carb)值具有显著相关性,同时考虑到锰矿石S元素的陆源特征、黄铁矿的缺乏和新元古代海水中较低的SO_(4)^(2−)含量,有机质早期成岩阶段,锰氧化物作为主要电子受体氧化有机质为锰碳酸盐岩沉淀提供了HCO_(3)^(−)。但锰矿石δ^(13)C_(carb)明显高于其有机碳库δ^(13)C_(org)(−34.4‰~−32.58‰),且比地质历史时期重要碳酸锰矿床的δ^(13)C_(carb)值更为集中,说明海水可能提供了更多的碳源,锰碳酸盐岩沉淀可能发生在靠近海水–沉积物界面的位置。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.