CD64在急性白血病免疫分型中的意义

目的探讨CD64在急性白血病免疫分型中的意义。方法应用直接荧光标记法,经流式细胞术对116例急性髓系白血病(AML)和70例急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)进行免疫表型的检测。结果 AML组CD64的表达阳性率明显高于ALL组(41.4%vs 2.9%,P<0.01)。CD64在M5和M4的表达阳性率最高,分别为77.1%和55.6%。CD64的阳性表达率在M0(0)、M1(0)、M2(7.9%)明显低于M3(47.1%)、M4与M5(P<0.01)。各亚型CD64阳性病例中,M4、M5的CD64阳性细胞表达率分别为(62.5±24.7)%、(68.7±25.9)%,均明显高于M2(28.3%±5.7%)、M3(34.3%±6.3%)(P<0.01)。CD64对诊断AML的灵敏度优于CD14,其特异度优于CD117、CD33及CD13。虽然CD64诊断M4\M5的特异度较CD14稍差(82.5%vs 100%),但是灵敏度高于CD14(69.8%vs 41.5%)。结论 CD64可作为辅助诊断AML的髓系标志抗原,有助于提高M4/M5的检出率及其与其他AML亚型的鉴别诊断。     

多参数流式细胞术鉴别诊断单核细胞相关性白血病的意义

目的：用多参数流式细胞术（FCM）鉴别诊断单核细胞相关性白血病（MLIL）。方法：采用CD45／SSC散点图设门多参数流式细胞术分析179例白血病细胞CD14及其它相关抗原的表达情况。结果：CD14在179例白血病中的表达，AML25．6％（30／117），CML5．9％（1／17）。CMML100％（3／3）；ALL、CLL、AUL、BAL CD14都阴性。117例AML中，AML-M4 CD14阳性占75．0％（15／20），AML-M5a 22．2％（2／9），AML-M5b 92．9％（13／14）。CD14在AML-M4／M5的阳性率无明显差异（P=0．486），而AML-M5a／M5b中有显著性差异（P〈0．001）。AML-M0、M1、M2、M6、M7中CD14全部阴性。在AML组中CD14的表达与CD117、CD34呈负相关。与CD64、HLA-DR、CD4、CD36、CD15、CD11b呈正相关。在CD45／SSC、CD71／CD33、CD15／CD11b散点图中M4／M5的粒细胞和单核细胞克隆位点明显不同。结论：CD14对单核细胞相关性白血病具有高特异性，敏感性不足；联合其它抗体不但可以区别单核细胞相关性白血病，而且可以鉴别AML-M4／M5亚型；CD45／SSC、CD71／CD33、CD15／CD11b三幅散点图有助于鉴别粒细胞和单核细胞克隆。     

成人急性髓性白血病细胞CD表型与预后的关系

分析成人急性髓细胞性白血病(AML)初诊免疫表型与完全缓解(CR)率及缓解期的关系。采用直接免疫荧光标记单克隆抗体(McAb)及流式细胞仪(FCM)检测骨髓白血病细胞免疫表型。显示在AML中各髓系抗原的表达率依次为CD13>CD33>CD45>CD38>CD11b>CD117>CD14;干/祖细胞分化抗原CD34表达率为46%,以M2和M4为最高(63%和66%);M3几乎不表达CD34和HLA-DR;淋系抗原在部分AML中表达阳性;CD117+病例较阴性组具有明显低CR率和短CR期。提示免疫表型的相关研究将提高AML诊断准确性,并将有助于指导AML治疗和判断其预后。     

CD16+56在急性髓系白血病中的表达及其意义

为探讨CD16 56抗原在急性髓系白血病(AML)中的表达及其临床意义,本文用流式细胞仪检测42例AML患者的骨髓细胞,分析其细胞形态学(FAB)分型、免疫表型和临床特点。结果显示:42例AML患者中CD16 56阳性7例(16.6%),1例部分表达(2.4%),34例没有表达(80.9%)。CD16 56阳性的AML患者中,FAB分型、免疫表型和临床表现各有特点,多见于M2、M5,髓外浸润常见,大多数预后不良。     

抗AML特异性T细胞的诱导、扩增及功能研究

目的:体外培养抗急性髓性白血病(AML)细胞的特异性T细胞,并研究其生物学特性和功能.方法:取12例AML患者的外周血或骨髓,分离单个核细胞(MNCs)后接种于96孔板,加入组合细胞因子,诱导AML细胞来源的树突细胞(DC)生成,培养过程中用倒置显微镜进行形态学观察,并在7天后用流式细胞术检测免疫学表型.培养第7天时将组合细胞因子培养液换为高IL-2因子培养液,促进抗AML细胞的特异性T细胞生长,培养4～5周后测定T细胞表型,并采用乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放法进行T细胞杀伤活性测定.结果:AML细胞经组合细胞因子诱导后,大部分细胞呈现树突状细胞的典型形态,而且CD80、CD86和HLA-DR较培养前明显上调(P＜0.01);高IL-2因子培养液培养4～5周后,82.5%的培养孔内CD3+T细胞占孔内细胞总数99%以上;LDH释放法进行T细胞杀伤试验表明培养出的T细胞对自体AML有较强的杀伤作用,而对异体AML细胞杀伤力弱.结论:在体外可以成功诱导出抗AML细胞的特异性T细胞,且培养出的T细胞对自体AML细胞有特异性杀伤作用.     

AML-M5患者外周血naive T细胞水平和TCR Vβ谱系利用特点

目的　了解急性髓性白血病M5亚型 (AML -M5 )患者T细胞受体重排删除DNA环 (TRECs)的含量和TCRVβ基因谱系利用和克隆性 ,从而了解AML患者的胸腺近期输出功能和TCRVβ亚家族T细胞增殖特点 .方法　利用实时定量PCR(TaqMan)方法检测 5例M5患者外周血单个核细胞TRECs的水平 ,并根据外周血中CD3阳性率计算CD3细胞中TRECs水平 .利用RT -PCR和基因扫描分析患者外周血单个核细胞的TCRVβ2 4个亚家族基因表达和克隆性 .9例正常人外周血作为对照 .结果　M5患者外周血中TRECs含量为 0 .76± 1.2 1/ 10 0 0CD3 细胞 ,明显低于正常人TRECs水平 (6 .84± 4 .71/ 10 0 0CD3 细胞 ,p <0 .0 5 ) .5例患者外周血T细胞表达不同数量Vβ亚家族 (2 - 16个 ) .基因扫描分析显示 4例病人外周血中的一些Vβ亚家族出现克隆性T细胞 ,Vβ1,Vβ15和Vβ2 1克隆性T细胞均分别见于 3例病人中 .结论　率先报道了AML -M5型患者胸腺近期输出naiveT细胞功能明显降低 ,尽管整体T细胞免疫功能低下 ,患者仍存在优势利用和克隆性增殖Vβ亚家族T细胞 ,提示其具有一定地对白血病细胞相关抗原产生特异性免疫反应的能力     

流式细胞术在我院急性白血病免疫分型中的应用

目的探讨本实验室所用13种单抗对白血病免疫分型的应用价值。方法应用流式细胞术（FCM）使用13种单抗对99例急性白血病进行免疫分型,与形态学分型相比较。结果使用13种单抗从99例急性白血病中分出髓系白血病（AML）59例、淋系白血病（ALL）27例、混合型（MAL）5例、未分化型（AUL）2例,诊断率达93.9%（93/99）。AML中各抗原表达情况：CD13〉CD33〉CD14、CD7〉CD2、CD19〉CD10〉CD5〉CD20,其中多表达CD13、CD33;ALL中各抗原表达情况：CD19〉CD13〉CD10〉CD20〉CD33〉CD5〉CD7〉CD2、CD14,其中CD10、CD13、CD19、CD20表达率较高。免疫分型与形态学分型结果相比较,AML二者的吻合率为90.5%（57/63）、ALL二者的吻合率为76.5%（26/34）;其中1例M0免疫分型为B/M混合、1例M1免疫分型为T/M混合、1例M2a免疫分型为T/M混合、1例L1免疫分型为B/M混合、1例L2免疫分型为T/B混合、1例L2免疫分型为Ly＋-AML、2例L2免疫分型为AUL;1例形态学为浆细胞白血病的免疫分型为AML、1例淋单混合型白血病CD7、CD13、CD14阳性。结论白血病细胞、免疫分型各具特征,形态学相同的白血病免疫分型未必相同,形态学不同的白血病免疫分型未必不同;本实验室所选单抗组合基本能满足白血病的免疫分型,对于一些混合型和未分化型白血病的诊断亦能明确。     

急性髓系白血病177例免疫分型特点及预后分析

目的:探讨急性髓系白血病(AML)患者免疫分型的特点及临床意义.方法:采用CD45/SSC双参数散点图设门方法对177例急性髓系白血病患者进行三或四色流式细胞术免疫分型分析.结果:177例AML显示,CD33,CD38,CD117,CD13及HLA-DR高度表达,阳性率分别为92.66%,81.36%,75.14%,68.93%和67.80%.40.7%的AML患者伴有淋系抗原表达,最常见的是CD7(22.6%),其次是CD19(7.91%).结论:多色流式细胞仪术免疫分型对AML的诊断及预后具有重要意义.     

冻融抗原负载树突状细胞诱导细胞毒性T淋巴细胞特异性杀伤急性白血病细胞的实验研究

我们应用基因重组人白介素 4 (rhIL 4 ) ,基因重组人粒 /单细胞集落刺激因子 (rhGM CSF)联合培养体系自健康志愿者骨髓单个核细胞诱导产生DC ,使其负载急性髓系白血病 (AML)细胞冻融抗原 ,体外诱导细胞毒性T细胞 (CTL) ,观察负载AML细胞冻融抗原后DC的状态对所激发的T淋巴细胞表型及功能的影响及CTL对AML细胞特异性杀伤活性。我们发现负载AML冻融抗原后DC的CD1a、CD83、CD86、CD11C、HLA DR表达率为较培养前明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,且负载AML冻融抗原的DC诱导的CTL中CD3 CD8 T细胞比例 ,较诱导前明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,而负载AML细胞冻融抗原的DC诱导CTL对AML细胞有较强的杀伤作用 ,明显强于加或不加IL 2培养的T细胞对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,而对K5 6 2细胞无明显的杀伤活性。通过以上实验我们认为经rhGM CSF ,rhIL 4培养产生的DC为CD14CD1a DC ,能诱导CTL对AML细胞产生明显的特异性杀伤作用 ,另外 ,负载AML细胞冻融抗原DC诱导的CTL中CD3 CD8 T细胞比例明显增高 ,提示CD8 T细胞在抗肿瘤免疫中具有极其重要的作用。     

六例伴t(6;9)(p23;q34)急性髓细胞白血病患者的临床和实验研究

目的 探讨伴t(6;9)(p23;q34)急性髓细胞白血病(acute myeloid leukemia,AML)患者的临床和生物学特点.方法 抽取骨髓细胞按常规制备染色体标本,采用R显带技术进行核型分析;采用标准流式细胞仪和一组单抗检测白血病细胞的抗原表达;应用6号与9号全染色体涂染探针进行染色体荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)分析;应用逆转录-PCR技术进行DEK/CAN融合基因和FLT3-ITD突变的检测.结果 t(6;9)易位主要见于M2和M4(M2 4例,M4 2例).所有病例的原始细胞均高表达CD13、CD33,其中4例同时表达HLA-DR、3例同时表达CD34和CD117,1例同时表达CD38,1例同时表达CD15.涂染证实6例患者均涉及6和9号染色体的易位,逆转录-PCR检测显示6例患者的DEK/CAN融合基因均为阳性,其中3例同时存在FLT-ITD突变,6例中的3例经治疗后死亡,生存期分别为3、5和6个月,其余病例仍在缓解中.结论 t(6;9)(p23;q34)为AML少见的再现性异常,伴有t(6;9)(p23;q34)易位的AML具有独特的生物学特征和临床特点,预后大多不良.     

Usefulness of anti-CD117 in the flow cytometric analysis of acute leukemia

We assessed the diagnostic usefulness of adding anti-CD117 to our existing flow cytometric profile in the analysis of 150 consecutive cases of acute leukemia (de novo or relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia [AML], AML arising in myelodysplastic syndrome, blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia [CML], acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute unclassifiable leukemia, and biphenotypic leukemia). CD117 was expressed on more than 10% of blasts in 64% of de novo AMLs (42/66), 95% of relapsed AMLs (19/20), 75% of AMLs arising from a myelodysplastic syndrome (6/8), and 25% of myeloid blast crisis in CMLs (1/4). CD117 was not expressed in acute lymphoblastic, acute biphenotypic, or unclassified leukemia or lymphoid blast crisis of CML. The specificity, positive predictive value, sensitivity, and negative predictive value of CD117 for AML were 100%, 100%, 69%, and 62%, respectively. CD117 is a specific marker for myeloblastic leukemias. Sensitivity is greatest in French-American-British M2 and relapsed AML. Intensity of CD117 expression is dim. Despite the high specificity and positive predictive value, the addition of anti-CD117 to our panel did not prove essential for the assignment of blast lineage.     

CD80，CD86和ICAM-1在急性白血病细胞上的表达及意义

目的通过流式细胞术检测初诊患者急性自血病细胞上共刺激分子CD80、CD86以及黏附分子ICAM．1的表达，以了解其表达规律。方法通过流式细胞仪检测60例初治急性白血患者白血病细胞上CD80、CD86和ICAM-1的表达率；男37例，女23例，年龄2～85岁，中位年龄28岁；其中ALL20例，AML40例（M16例、M27例、M37例、M415例、M55例）。结果ALL组中的CD86的表达为（32．880±6．665）％，显著高于正常对照（P〈0．01），而CD80与正常BM对照比较无统计学意义；CD80、CD86在AML（M1、M2和M3）细胞上的表达分别为（0．766±0．187）％、（27．210±7．581）％，均显著高于相应的正常骨髓对照（P〈0．01）；在AML（M4和M5）细胞上CD80、CD86的表达与正常对照比较均无统计学意义。ICAM-1在ALL组中的表达与正常BM对照比较无统计学意义；在AML（M1、M2和M3）细胞上（63．820±7．484）％，显著高于相应的正常骨髓对照（P〈0．01）：而AML（M4和M5）细胞上表达为（50．590±7．092）％，显著低于相应的正常骨髓对照（P〈0．01）。结论CD80、CD86和ICAM．1在初治ALL和AML白血病细胞上的表达呈一定变异性，CD86在ALL上呈高表达，CD80、CD86和ICAM-1在AML（M1、M2和M3）上均呈高表达，而ICAM-1在AML（M4和M5）上均呈低表达。     

Immunophenotypic profile of adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML): analysis of 267 cases in Thailand

Little data exists in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries regarding the biological characteristics of adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, we performed a flow cytometric analysis of 267 Thai adult AML cases to delineate the pattern of leukemic cell surface antigens. Forty-eight cases (18%) were identified as acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3) and 219 cases as non-M3. The most frequent subtype of AML in Thailand was M1/M2 and the least frequent was M7. M3 immunophenotypes were characterized by their unique lack of expression of CD34 and HLA-DR as contrast to the high mean expression of 50% and 70%, respectively, in non-M3. Overall, 60% of cases expressed CD34. Aberrant lymphoid antigens were uniquely seen in specific subtypes of Thai AML, including CD19 (33% of non-M3 vs 23% of M3) and CD2 (12% of M3 vs 2% of non-M3). CD56 was frequently expressed in both M3 and non-M3 while CD16 appeared to be associated with M4/M5 (24% of cases) and CD7 with M1/M2 (21% of cases). Eighty-one percent of non-M3 expressed CD38 while only 53% of M3 did. We found that most Thai adult AML patients were on average 15-20 years younger than those of the West or Japan with only 25% of Thai cases over 60 years of age, although the immunophenotypes were not markedly different. Biological studies of acute leukemia in various countries should help to provide epidemiological clues that play a role in the pathogenesis of leukemia in different geographic regions of the world. Our study represents the largest series of AML ever investigated in the Southeast Asian region.     

Immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and clinical features of 192 AML patients in China

Immunophenotypic characterization of the leukemic cells has been widely used as a tool for diagnosis, classification and prognosis of leukaemia. A total of 192 Chinese patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Among the 192 patients enrolled in this study, 125 cases were also subjected to karyotype analysis by G-banding technology. We found that CD33, CD13, MPO and CD117 were the most commonly expressed antigens in AML. A combination of intensive autofluorescence, both CD34⁻ and HLA-DR⁻, and high expression of CD13, CD33 and MPO had significant value for M3 diagnosis. CD14 was expressed only in M4 and M5, and both intensive positivity of CD64 and CD15 with high expression of HLA-DR may suggest great possibility for diagnosis of M5. Lymphoid markers expression was documented in 47.9% of the 192 AML cases analyzed. CD56 (26.0%) and CD7 (20.8%) were the most commonly expressed lymphoid markers in AML patients. Abnormal karyotypes were detected in 76 out of 125 (60.8%). Higher CD34 positivity was found in LymAg⁺ group (77.2%) than in LymAg⁻ group (48.0%). Our results indicate that immunophenotype analysis was useful for AML diagnosis and classification and the immunophenotype did have relevance to the abnormal cytogenetic changes and clinical features in AML.     

Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) or MUC1 expression in monocytes and monoblasts

AIMS: Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) or MUC1 belongs to a heterogeneous group of heavily glycosylated proteins and is expressed in most normal and epithelial neoplastic cells. EMA is also expressed in plasma cells, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (Ki-1 antigen), malignant histiocytosis and erythroleukaemia. In 1996, Cheong et al. (Hematology 1996; 1: 223) demonstrated the positive expression of EMA in monoblasts. Since there were very few useful markers for differentiating subtypes of acute myeloid leukaemia with a monocytic component from the those without, a study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of EMA expression and its relationship with known markers for monocytic-macrophage lineage (CD11c, CD14 and intracellular CD68) in monocytes and monoblasts. METHODS: EMA detection was performed by flow cytometry in monocytes and monoblasts. EMA expression was compared with other known markers of monocytic-macrophage lineage (CD11c, CD14 and intracellular CD68). Samples of purified monocytes were obtained from 20 healthy volunteers. Twenty-two cases of monocytic AML (M4 and M5) were studied and controls were selected from 20 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and 18 cases of non-monocytic AML (M0, M1, M2, M3, and M7). RESULTS: EMA was shown to be expressed strongly on the surface of all purified monocytes. EMA expression was observed on blast cells in 18/22 (81.8%) cases of AML M4 and M5, but not in that of non-monocytic AML or ALL. In this study EMA monoclonal antibody has demonstrated a strong association (P<0.001) with all the other known markers of monocytic-macrophage lineage in acute leukaemia subtypes. EMA had also shown 100% specificity and 81.8% sensitivity in the diagnosis of AML M4 and M5. CONCLUSIONS: The monoclonal antibody EMA (clone E29) is a useful marker in the classification of acute myeloid leukaemia and can be used as a supplementary analysis for the diagnosis of acute leukemia with monocytic involvement.     

Increased incidence of trisomy 8 in acute myeloid leukemia with skin infiltration (leukemia cutis).

Anecdotal literature reports and the authors' own observations suggest an association between chromosome 8 aneuploidy and leukemia cutis. The authors investigated this potential association by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) directly on skin infiltrates in a series of 11 patients with acute monocytic leukemia (AML). Seven of the 11 patients were aneuploid for chromosome 8 by FISH which was confirmed by dual color hybridization. Six of these seven patients were AML-M4 or M5 and one was M1. The majority of the cases with leukemia cutis expressed CD4 (90% of cases), CD14 (60%), and/or CD56 (50%) in bone marrow leukemic cells. The data show the utility of examination of skin infiltrates by FISH for the detection of trisomy 8 in leukemia cutis. They also suggest the importance of trisomy 8 as a factor in predisposition to skin infiltration in AML.     

CD79 alpha expression in acute myeloid leukemia. High frequency of expression in acute promyelocytic leukemia.

CD79 alpha is a subunit of an intracytoplasmic protein reported to be specific for B lymphocytes, including immature B lineage cells. To evaluate expression of the CD79 alpha antigen in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we studied forty-eight cases of AML by paraffin section immunohistochemistry. The cases included four MO, nine M1, nine M2, ten M3, ten M4, and six M5 AMLs using criteria of the French-American-British cooperative group. Eleven cases demonstrated cytoplasmic staining for the CD79 alpha antigen, including one M1, nine M3, and one M5 AML. These CD79 alpha-positive cases represented 5% of all non-promyelocytic AMLs and 90% of all acute promyelocytic leukemias studied. All acute promyelocytic leukemias had the characteristic t(15;17)(q24;q21), including two cases of the microgranular variant (M3v). No other B-lineage-associated antigens were found in the CD79 alpha-positive cases, with the exception of a subpopulation of CD19-positive leukemic cells in one patient. The two non-promyelocytic leukemias that expressed CD79 alpha had no evidence of t(15;17) and did not express any additional B-lineage-associated antigens that might suggest a mixed lineage proliferation. This study demonstrates that CD79 alpha expression in acute leukemia is not restricted to B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemias and that CD79 alpha expression is frequently associated with t(15;17) acute myeloid leukemia.     

伴11号染色体异常的急性髓系白血病的临床和细胞遗传学研究

目的 研究11号染色体异常在急性髓系白血病中的发生率及与临床和预后的关系.方法 采用R带常规显带技术进行染色体检查,对356例急性髓系白血病患者的核型进行分析.结果 356例急性髓系白血病患者中检出11号染色体异常患者34例,占9.55%;其中20例(58.8%)涉及11q23,7例11p15易位(20.6%),5例-11(14.7%),其他少见的核型改变有:+11,t(11;14).11q23中,M4、M5占70%;且有10例同时合并有其他染色体异常.30例进行正规化疗的患者,13例缓解,缓解率低于同期急性髓系白血病的总缓解率(43.3% vs64.0%);伴11q23的急性髓系白血病的缓解率低于染色体正常的急性髓系白血病患者(45% vs67%);11q23伴其他染色体异常的缓解率低于伴单纯11q23者(30% vs60%).7例涉及11p15易位患者3例缓解,2例早期复发.5例-11患者缓解2例.结论 11q23是11号染色体异常中最为常见的核型改变,且多见于急性髓系白血病的M5型,并可能与急性单核细胞白血病的发病有关;伴11号染色体异常的急性髓系白血病患者预后较差.