应用超声声压透射系数谱反演薄板的弹性模量

基于超声波在层状介质中传播规律,建立理论声压透射系数Tp与材料弹性模量E的相关性.采用超声水浸技术测定微米厚薄板的双透射信号,通过信号分析获得实验声压透射系数Te,应用非线性最小二乘法反演薄板的弹性模量,并与声速法测量得到的弹性模量进行比较.结果表明:将反演的弹性模量代入到Tp中,发现在有效频带范围内Tp与Te吻合较好;反演获得的弹性模量值与声速法测定结果较接近,偏差介于1.4%和8.2%之间;实验证明了该方法可作为薄层材料弹性模量检测方法的一种补充.     

基于超声波水浸点聚焦探头测量材料弹性模量的方法

弹性模量是表征与评定材料力学性能的基础,本文基于超声波斜入射至异质界面时的波型转换原理,提出了测量材料弹性模量的方法.当超声纵波以小于第一临界角的角度入射至材料时,可在材料的底面和水的界面产生反射纵波与反射横波.通过计算材料表面回波与反射纵波、反射横波之间的声时差,并结合材料的厚度值可计算得到材料的纵波声速与横波声速,进而获得弹性模量与泊松比的数值.本文对厚度约2 mm的轧制铝和镍试样进行了超声测量,结果表明:弹性模量、泊松比的测量值与理论值之间的相对误差分别小于2%,6%.     

基于自适应滤波的薄层厚度超声测量方法

针对应用超声脉冲回波法测量三层结构中的硅橡胶薄层厚度时回波混叠的问题,提出一种基于RLS(recursive least square)自适应滤波的解决方法。该方法将硅橡胶层下界面回波发生混叠的信号作为输入信号,将无硅橡层时的回波信号作为期望信号,通过RLS自适应滤波算法的处理提取出相互分离的有效下界面回波信号,实现硅橡胶薄层的测厚。研究不同滤波器阶数和遗忘因子对信号分离及测厚精度的影响,以输出信号的信噪比为指标选择最优的滤波参数。结果表明:该方法能够有效分离出发生混叠的硅橡胶薄层界下界面回波,能够测量0.15,0.17,0.19,0.21 mm 4种厚度的硅橡胶薄层,对回波部分混叠和完全混叠两种情况均有良好的适用性。     

基于超声导波反演参数定征皮质骨骨质状况研究

骨质疏松发生时，人体皮质骨层的孔隙度将增大。为研究皮质骨参数（厚度、横波速度、纵波速度）与骨质疏松症的关系，文章利用有限元方法对不同孔隙度（0∶3%∶27%）的单层皮质骨进行仿真，以3个周期的高斯包络正弦波作为激励，将采集到的超声导波信号先后经过二维傅里叶变换和Burg算法处理后得到频散数据，与基于FloquetBloch理论建立的理论频散曲线数据库进行匹配反演，得到皮质骨厚度、横波速度、纵波速度参数。结果显示皮质骨厚度反演准确，皮质骨孔隙度与横波速度和纵波速度呈负相关，横波速度敏感度为19.0%，纵波速度敏感度为5.5%。横波速度敏感度更高，临床诊断潜力更大。并对6组牛胫骨进行了离体实验，结果显示，反演得到的皮质骨厚度与其实际测量值的平均相对误差为4.0%，且实验频散曲线与理论频散曲线相吻合，验证了文中算法在真实皮质骨参数反演上的可行性和准确性。文中的研究在骨质疏松超声检测中具有应用潜力。     

超薄弹性层低频超声频域定征方法

本文提出一种定量无损估计超薄弹性层声速、厚度和密度参数的低频超声波频域定征方法。这里“超薄”的概念是指材料厚度远小于材料中声波波长，导致在时域上材料前后界面的多次回波信号相互混迭。本文采用超声纵波垂直入射超薄层材料，分析了水浸耦合和耦合剂耦合两种情况下，材料反射波和透射波的组成，定义和推导了材料的反射与透射传递函数，提出了在最小二乘误差意义上分别使用材料传递函数幅度谱、相位谱和复谱对各参数进行反向估计的算法，分析了影响估计准确性的各种因素，研究了灵敏度函数在误差传递中的意义。实验结果表明该方法能够对厚度小于百分之一声波波长的超薄弹性层进行无损定征。     

超薄覆层低频超声类瑞利波定征方法

本文提出低频超声类瑞利波定征方法来估计覆层／基层层状复合结构超薄覆层的纵波声速,横波声速,厚度和密度等参数。这里“超薄”的概念是指覆层厚度ｈ远小于覆层中的声波波长λ,导致在时域上覆层前后界面的各次回波信号相互混迭。文章采用水楔耦合方式,利用超声漏类瑞利波频域分析方法获取层状复合结构超声类瑞利波色散曲线,提出以色散特性为基础的低频超声类瑞利波覆层定征方法和在最小二乘意义下以色散曲线为基础的反向算法对     

基于声管测量的粘弹性介质动态力学参数辨识方法

提出一种通过声管测量粘弹性覆盖层反射系数,识别粘弹性动态力学参数的方法。分别设计实心覆盖层和圆柱空腔覆盖层,测量实心覆盖层的反射系数可以计算得到粘弹性介质的复纵波声速,测量圆柱空腔覆盖层的反射系数、并结合求解粘弹性圆柱管的特征方程可以获得粘弹性介质的复剪切波声速,进而计算复杨氏模量和复泊松比。最后,对某种橡胶材料进行了声管测试,并对粘弹性动态力学参数的识别结果进行了分析和讨论。     

基于反射系数测量的黏弹性材料动态力学参数反演方法

提出一种通过测量声学覆盖层的反射系数,并反演黏弹性材料动态力学参数的方法。分别测量圆柱空腔覆盖层在两种不同背衬条件下的反射系数,根据圆柱空腔覆盖层反射系数与其材料动态力学参数之间的解析关系,利用二元非线性方程组求根的牛顿迭代法,求解方程组可以获得黏弹性材料的复纵波声速和复剪切波声速,进而计算复杨氏模量和复泊松比等其它黏弹性动态力学参数。最后,对某种橡胶材料进行了声管测试,并对黏弹性动态力学参数的测量结果进行了分析和讨论。     

超声导波频散曲线反演皮质骨参数的研究

皮质骨参数的变化可以反映骨质的健康状况,因此文章提出了一种频散能量匹配算法来反演皮质骨参数。首先,通过频散特性方程计算出预定义参数下的频散曲线数据库;其次,利用时域有限差分算法建立皮质骨声场模型,将仿真的时域信号通过功率谱估计得到频散能量信息,并与数据库进行匹配,通过分析匹配结果的能量从而得到皮质骨的厚度、纵波速度和横波速度。仿真结果显示：与理论值相比,厚度的平均相对误差为3.8%,纵波速度与横波速度的平均相对误差分别为0.6%、0.9%。对三组离体牛胫骨皮质骨进行反演,离体实验结果显示：与真实值相比,厚度相对误差为4.9%,且实验频散曲线与反演得到的理论频散曲线吻合。因此文中所提出的反演算法可以有效获取皮质骨的厚度,横波速度和纵波速度,从而为评价骨质的健康状况提供可靠的依据。     

基于波包分解技术的铁基非晶涂层厚度超声检测与评价

在强摩擦和强腐蚀的环境中,铁基非晶涂层可以为钢质设备提供防护,但是对于铁基非晶涂层质量的无损检测与评价仍然没有有效的方法。针对涂层质量检测需要,提出一种涂层质量高频超声检测与评价方法。通过建立三轴超声扫查系统,完成对超音速火焰喷涂(high-velocity oxygen-fuel, HVOF)铁基非晶涂层信息的高频超声扫查;然后针对信号中的界面回波混叠情况,设计母波包,对各检测信号进行卷积、波包分解和窄脉冲替换等处理,分离和提取各界面回波,提高检测信噪比;最后将重构检测信号成像,直观观察涂层厚度和质量,并与扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)结果对照,相对误差约为3.2%。     

Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement of Multilayered Aluminum Foam Precursor Material

Metallic foams are prospective materials for use in the aerospace and automotive industry for crash energy absorption safety parts or lightweight constructions. During manufacturing, artifacts in the foamable precursor material or material quality variations can influence the foam structure after the foaming process; thus, such a process requires quality control. The advantage of ultrasonic techniques is the possibility to perform noncontact and one-sided access measurements online. A three-layer system consisting of a layer of aluminum foam precursor sandwiched between two aluminum sheets has been investigated. The problems of ultrasonic nondestructive characterization of such materials are due to the very similar density and ultrasound velocity of the adjacent layers, which produce very weak reflections of ultrasonic waves, and the thin layers also give overlapped reflections in the time domain. The objective of this paper was to develop an ultrasonic technique that is suitable for measurement of the total thickness and the thickness of individual layers. The proposed technique is based on the identification of object parameters. The numerical iterative deconvolution technique was investigated, analyzed, and adapted to measure the thickness of individual layers with similar density and ultrasound velocity of the multilayered aluminum foam precursor material. Theoretical analysis and experimental investigations have shown that application of the proposed numerical iterative deconvolution enables the thickness measurement of individual layers with the expanded uncertainty of less than $pm 10 muhbox{m}$.      

不同厚度碳纤维布/环氧树脂复合材料孔隙率超声衰减模型

复合材料中孔隙的存在造成了材料性能的下降,因此,对材料孔隙的检测至关重要。本文利用异丙醇(IPA)添加量的不同,制备了不同层数、不同孔隙率含量的碳纤维(CF)布/环氧树脂层合板试件。采用脉冲反射法测试计算了CF布/环氧树脂层合板试件的超声衰减系数,通过金相显微分析对孔隙的分布、形状及尺寸进行了表征,运用MATLAB对金相显微图进行分析得到试件的孔隙率。讨论了孔隙率对材料的声速、声阻抗及超声衰减系数的影响规律,利用4组不同层数样本试件的孔隙率和超声衰减量的试验数据,给出了基于模型的孔隙率与材料层数、超声衰减量的拟合公式。结果表明,随着IPA添加量的增加, CF布/环氧树脂层合板(2 mm)孔隙率从1.09%增加到4.16%,材料的声速和声阻抗均下降,超声衰减系数从2.51 dB/mm增大到5.34 dB/mm。孔隙率为1%时,厚度从2 mm (8层)增加到5 mm(20层),衰减系数增大了0.54 dB/mm。     

激光增材制造合金钢力学性能超声纵波定量无损评价

目的研究采用超声无损检测方法定量评价激光增材制造合金钢的布氏硬度和抗拉强度。方法通过搭建高精度超声纵波声时测量系统,采用脉冲反射回波法测量不同热处理状态激光增材制造24CrNiMo合金钢标定试件的超声纵波传播声时,计算超声纵波声速;在考虑激光增材制造合金钢各向异性和成形界面对超声纵波传播特性影响的基础上,研究标定试件微观组织对超声纵波声速的影响,建立标定试件激光扫描方向布氏硬度、抗拉强度、微观组织与超声纵波声速之间的映射关系。结果建立了超声纵波评价硬度及抗拉强度的标定模型,并对标定模型预测误差进行验证,硬度及抗拉强度标定模型预测误差均小于10%,满足工程应用误差指标要求。结论采用超声纵波声速可以实现激光增材制造合金钢硬度及抗拉强度的定量评价与表征。     

CFRP随机孔隙模型及孔隙率超声检测数值模拟

基于炭纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)随机孔隙模型,提出采用时域有限差分法对CFRP孔隙率超声衰减检测进行数值模拟。针对孔隙率P=0.065%~4.96%,厚度2mm,纤维质量分数69%±3%的多层预浸料热压成型炭纤维单向增强环氧树脂基复合板,进行了数值模拟与实验测试。所得到的CFRP孔隙率与超声衰减系数间关系,在模拟与实验中展现了相似的规律。结果表明:利用随机孔隙模型结合时域有限差分法进行CFRP孔隙率超声检测数值模拟具有可行性。     

Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers based on PZT thin films

This paper describes fabrication and characterization results of piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (pMUTs) based on 2-microm-thick Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47O3) (PZT) thin films. The applied structures are circular plates held at four bridges, thus partially unclamped. A simple analytical model for the fully clamped structure is used as a reference to optimize design parameters such as thickness relations and electrodes, and to provide approximate predictions for coupling coefficients related to previously determined thin film properties. The best coupling coefficient was achieved with a 270-microm plate and amounted to kappa2 = 5.3%. This value compares well with the calculated value based on measured small signal dielectric (epsilon = 1050) and piezoelectric (e3l,f = 15 Cm(-2)) properties of the PZT thin film at 100 kV/cm dc bias. The resonances show relatively large Q-factors, which can be partially explained by the small diameters as compared to the sound wavelength in air and in the test liquid (Fluorinert 77). A transmit-receive experiment with two quasi-identical pMUTs was performed showing significant signal transmission up to a distance of 20 cm in air and 2 cm in the test liquid.     

Ultrasonic couplants for acoustic microscopy of low speed materials

A method is presented for estimating the compression wave velocities of organic fluids, based only on their density and molecular properties. The method is applied to a search for very low-speed ultrasonic couplants, suitable for 250 MHz acoustic microscopy studies of epoxy materials. Experimental measurements confirmed that acoustic velocity could be predicted within 3% for simple fluorine-containing organic compounds, and within 10% for those with a more complex molecular structure. The compound 2-dichloropentafluoropropane (C(3 )HCl(2)F(5)), with a compression wave velocity of C(L)=638 m/s and acceptably low attenuation coefficient, was identified as a good coupling agent for acoustic microscopy studies of low speed materials.     

碳纤维复合材料孔隙率超声声阻抗法检测

基于复合材料孔隙率与材料密度、超声波纵波声速之间的内在联系,采用超声水浸底波反射回波法,利用5 MHz平探头测量碳纤维单向增强复合材料超声声阻抗。借助金相显微镜测试复合材料孔隙率,并利用实验进行参数标定后,建立了超声声阻抗与碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料孔隙率P的经验公式。对0.03 %≤P≤2.21%同批复合材料试样进行实验验证,发现声阻抗法测量结果与金相法测量结果相符。利用该方法测量孔隙率,无须测量材料声速和密度,且测量结果受孔隙形貌影响较小,易于实现,在复合材料孔隙率无损检测方面具有可行性。     

面向医学内窥诊断的数字超声多普勒成像系统

研究基于现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）的超声多普勒内窥成像系统,针对内窥系统超声探头体积小、回波信号微弱的特点,设计了具有较高增益和较低噪声的超声信号前端接收电路.在FPGA中对微弱信号进行全数字化处理,实现了正交解调与频谱分析等功能,系统具有电路匹配性好、信噪比高、处理速度快及体积小等优势;搭建基于多普勒物理模型的实验平台进行实验验证,分析对比不同实验条件下的声谱,验证了系统及信号处理方法的合理性和正确性.     

Modified Ultrasonic Technique to Study Gd-Doped ZnO Films

Normal ultrasonic transducers of 0.5, 1, and 2 MHz are modified using delay lines which are made of Quartz. Such modification is to ameliorate the capability of the transducer to investigate Gd-doped ZnO thin films whose thickness is too thin. The normal transducers cannot test materials that have too thin thickness due to the near fields of these transducers. The near field is considered as blind area of the transducer. Therefore, the specimen under test must have thickness bigger than the near field of the used transducer, or instead delay lines can be used. Samples of Gd-doped ZnO thin films are prepared using sol gel technique. The ultrasonic pulse echo method is used at room temperature. Flaws are found in different prepared specimens. Results show that such delay lines are suitable to ameliorate the ultrasonic transducer to test Gd-doped ZnO thin films.