生物羊膜亚慢性毒性研究

根据国家标准GB/T16886．11：全身毒性试验及GB/T16886．6植入后局部反应试验的方法及指导原则．对生物羊膜进行亚慢性毒性试验，为期92天。对所有动物每天进行观察，在试验期结束时进行血液、生化和组织病理学检查．将试验组和对照组进行对比．评价引发全身毒性的可能性。试验组和对照组进行对比．大鼠的一般行为、体重增长、进食、尿常规、血液学、血生化、脏器重量及病理学检查均未见显著性差异。生物羊膜植入皮下组织92天后．没有导致毒性效应的特异性变化，不会引起慢性毒性。在严格控制质量的前提下可形成规模生产．其开发前景可观。     

仲丁灵原药对大鼠的亚慢性毒性试验

目的为了解新型除草剂仲丁灵原药的毒性及其亚慢性毒性的阈作用剂量和最大无作用剂量，并为长期毒性试验提供充分的毒理学资料。方法按照GB19570-1995的要求进行。每日经口灌胃染毒1次，连续90d。对照组给予等量2％吐温水溶液。每周用电子称称量大鼠体重。试验前及90d后进行血液细胞学、血液生化、尿液及病理学检查。各项数据采用SPSS统计软件进行方差分析。结果各染毒组大鼠体重、血液细胞学、血清生化、尿液检查各项指标及脏器系数与对照级比较差异均无显著性。病理组织学检查可见，高剂量组部分动物肝组织出现肝细胞点状坏死，少数肝细胞浊肿，部分汇管区可见慢性炎细胞浸润；睾丸组织结构正常，部分曲细精管明显变薄，管腔增大，各级精母细胞数量变少，精子细胞及成熟精子数量级减少。结论高剂量组部分动物肝组织及睾丸组织出现病理组织学改变，低剂量对大鼠未产生比较明显的毒性作用。初步确定大鼠90d亚慢性经口最大阈剂量雌、雄大鼠均为625．0ms／ks，最大无作用剂量，雌、雄大鼠均为312．5mg／kg。     

牛初乳粉对肿瘤病人免疫调节的临床对照研究

目的:研究牛初乳粉对放、化疗肿瘤病人的免疫调节作用。方法:选择我院放疗科进行放、化疗的肿瘤病人为研究对象,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组各30例,试验组每人每天早、晚各服4粒牛初乳粉胶囊(0.1g/粒),连续1个月;对照组采用空白对照。结果:服用牛初乳粉胶囊后试验组的NK细胞和CD3细胞活性显著增高,与对照组比也显著增高。试验组体液免疫指标中IgA与对照组相比差异有统计学意义。结论:肿瘤放、化疗病人服用牛初乳粉胶囊可改善肿瘤病人的免疫功能,有利于治疗和康复。     

杀虫安的最大无作用剂量

目的研究杀虫安对大鼠的亚慢性毒性，求出最大无作用剂量。方法按照GB15670—1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》中亚慢性90天毒性方法，雌雄性大鼠均设低（7．5mg／kg）、中（30mg／kg）、高（120mg／kg）3个剂量组和1个对照组，测试指标包括血液学、尿液、血液生化检查，病理学检查，每周1次测定体重、进食量，到期解剖，测定脏器重量，对结果进行统计学处理。结果杀虫安中剂量组ALP低于对照组，肝、肾脏重量、肝／体、肾／体比高于对照组；高剂量组ALP低于对照组，心脏重量高于对照组，雌性大鼠心／体比、肾／体比、 肝／体比高于对照组，雄性大鼠脑、肝、脾、肾、心脏重量、脾／体、肝／体比高于对照组。组织病理学检查显示中、高剂量组肝、肺的病变率较高。结论杀虫安原药最大无作用剂量雌性为（0．62±0．03）m/（kg．d），雄性为（0．56±0．03）m/（kg．d）。     

氯化镍对大鼠离体肝脏的毒性研究

应用大鼠离体肝灌流技术，研究了氯化镍对大鼠离体肝脏的毒性损害。结果发现：在１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ氯化镍染毒组即可导致离体大鼠肝脏某些生化指标异常改变，流出液丙氨酸转氨酶（ＡＬＴ）活性显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），总蛋白（ＴＰ）、白蛋白（ＡＬＢ）的含量显著低于对照组（（Ｐ＜０．０１）。不同剂量染毒组间的ＡＬＴ酶活性呈现明显的剂量－效应和时间－效应关系（ｒ＝０．７４２７，ｒ＝０．５４２１，Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＴＰ、ＡＬＢ含量也呈现明显的剂量－效应关系（ｒ＝－０．７７４９，ｒ＝－０．７４０３，Ｐ＜０．０１）。病理学检查发现，肝细胞明显浊肿变性，并有不同程度的灶性细胞坏死，表明较低剂量的氯化镍即可对离体大鼠肝脏产生毒性作用。     

铜绿对大鼠的急性毒性作用

[目的]探讨铜绿对大鼠的急性毒性，计算其半数致死剂量（LD50）。[方法]选用90只健康成年SD大鼠，雌雄各半，染毒剂量依次为0、217．3、325．9、488．9、625．0、733．3、1100．0、1250．0和1775．0mg／kg。经口24h内3次灌胃染毒，观察14d，记录大鼠的毒性反应和死亡数，以改良寇式法计算LD50，并进行肝、胃、肾病理学检查。[结果]染毒后不同时间，大鼠自由活动减少，摄食和饮水下降，出现腹泻等症状。铜绿的LD50及95％可信区间（95％CI）为732．82（870．96-615．18）mg／kg。病理学检查发现存活动物均出现肝细胞浊肿、坏死等。在本次实验剂量下，铜绿未引起胃和肾脏的病理改变。[结论]铜绿的毒性属于低毒．肝脏为铜绿的急性毒性靶器官。     

转FBP7-iaaM基因棉籽对大鼠的亚慢性毒性研究

目的 观察转FBP7-iaaM基因棉籽对大鼠的亚慢性毒性.方法 将Wistar大鼠按体重随机分为7组,即FBP7-iaaM基因棉籽3个剂量(1.25％,2.5％,5％)组,非FB P7-iaaM基因棉籽3个剂量(1.25％,2.5％,5％)组和1个常规基础饲料对照组.分别喂饲相应饲料90 d,自由进食饮水,观察大鼠体重、进食量、血液学、血生化、脏器系数及脏器组织病理学检查.结果 各实验组动物的体重增长正常,血液学和血生化个别指标虽有统计学差异,但并无生物学意义.转基因棉籽组及亲本组脏器系数与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),主要脏器病理学检查未发现明显异常.结论 现有实验结果不能证实该FBP7-iaaM基因棉籽对大鼠有亚慢性毒性作用.     

北冬虫夏草喂养大鼠90天的试验研究

目的研究北冬虫夏草食用安全性,观察对大鼠的影响。方法对不同性别大鼠分别设低、中、高3个剂量组(2.0 g/kg·BW、4.0 g/kg·BW和8.0 g/kg·BW)及空白对照,连续喂养SD大鼠90 d,试验第45天、第90天采血测生化血常规指标,第90天取脏器称重做组织病理学检查。结果试验期间各组动物生长活动正常,北冬虫夏草对大鼠体重、食物利用率及脏体比无明显影响;血常规、血生化指标值均在正常值范围内;组织病理学检查未发现与受试样品有关的特异性病理改变。结论在本试验条件下,北冬虫夏草未见明显毒性。     

转Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj和G10evo(EPSPS)基因抗虫耐草甘膦玉米对大鼠的亚慢性毒性研究

目的研究喂饲转Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj和G10evo(EPSPS)基因抗虫耐草甘膦玉米对大鼠的亚慢性毒性。方法将Wistar大鼠按体重随机分为7组,即转基因玉米3个剂量组(12.5%,25.0%,50.0%),亲本玉米3个剂量组(12.5%,25.0%,50.0%)和1个常规基础饲料对照组。分别喂饲相应饲料90 d,自由进食饮水,观察大鼠体重、进食量、血液学指标、血生化指标、主要脏器系数及组织病理学检查。结果各剂量组大鼠的体重增长正常,血液学和血生化个别指标虽有统计学差异,但并无生物学意义。转基因玉米剂量组大鼠脏器系数与对应亲本组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),主要脏器组织病理学检查未发现明显异常。结论现有试验结果不能证实该转Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj和G10evo(EPSPS)基因抗虫耐草甘膦玉米对大鼠有亚慢性毒性作用。     

壳寡糖亚急性毒性试验研究

目的研究了解壳寡糖的毒性。方法将大鼠分为阴性对照组及低、中、高3个剂量组。连续喂养30d后,采血作血常规及生化指标测定,取出肝、肾、脾、睾丸称重,并对肝、肾、脾、胃肠、睾丸、卵巢作组织病理学检查。结果各剂量组大鼠每周体重及其增重、总进食量、总食物利用率、脏体比与对照组差异无统计学意义。血生化中雄性低剂量组谷丙转氨酶、中剂量组尿素、血糖低于对照组;血常规中雄性高剂量组中性粒细胞、各剂量组单核细胞与对照组差异有统计学意义,但均在本实验室正常值范围内,故认为无生物学意义;其他各剂量组动物各项血生化、血常规指标与对照组差异无统计学意义。对受检脏器作组织病理学检查,未见特异性病变。结论服用壳寡糖30d不产生亚急性毒性,对机体未见不良影响。     

The effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in active men and women

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 8 wk of bovine colostrum supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in active men and women. Subjects were randomly assigned to a placebo (whey protein) and colostrum group (20 g/d in powder form). Each subject participated in aerobic and heavy-resistance training at least three times per wk. Body composition was assessed via dual x-ray absorptiometry analysis. Treadmill time to exhaustion, one repetition maximum strength (bench press), and the total number of repetitions performed during one set to exhaustion at a submaximal load for the bench press (50% and 100% of body weight for women and men, respectively) were ascertained. The whey protein group experienced a significant increase (P < 0.05) in body weight (mean increase of 2.11 kg), whereas the colostrum group experienced a significant (P < 0.05) increase in bone-free lean body mass (mean increase of 1.49 kg). There were no changes in any of the other parameters measured. Thus, supplementation with bovine colostrum (20 g/d) in combination with exercise training for 8 wk may increase bone-free lean body mass in active men and women.     

Bovine colostrum supplementation's lack of effect on immune variables during short-term intense exercise in well-trained athletes

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of bovine colostrum to attenuate postexercise decline in immune function. The authors evaluated the time course of a number of immune variables after short-term intense exercise in 9 male athletes after 10 d of supplementation with either colostrum or skim-milk powder. To increase the stress on the immune system subjects performed a glycogen-depletion trial the evening before the endurance trial (90 min at 50% Wmax). Blood samples were taken before the glycogen-depletion trial, before and after the endurance trial, and the next morning, ~22 hr after cessation of the exercise. Plasma cortisol levels increased over time, reaching the highest level directly after exercise, and were still elevated ~22 hr after exercise compared with baseline values (p < .001). Neutrophil cell count was increased after exercise and dropped below starting values 22 hr after exercise (time effect p < .001). Circulating immunoglobulins did not change over time. A significant time effect was seen for interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-1-receptor agonist, and C-reactive protein, with levels being higher directly after exercise (p < .05). Other cytokines (interferon-γ, IL-1a, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-a) did not show a time effect. No differences were seen between colostrum and skim-milk powder in any of the investigated variables. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that intense exercise affects several variables of the immune system. Colostrum did not alter any of the postexercise immune variables compared with skim-milk powder, suggesting no role for bovine colostrum supplementation in preventing postexercise immune suppression after short-term intense exercise.     

Combined effects of bovine colostrum and glutamine in diclofenac-induced bacterial translocation in rat

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The aim of this study was to examine whether the combined administration of bovine colostrum and glutamine was able to prevent the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gut damage and bacterial translocation (BT) in the rats. METHODS: The animal model population of the study consisted of six groups; control group, diclofenac group, diclofenac with milk group, diclofenac with colostrum group, diclofenac with glutamine group and diclofenac with colostrum and glutamine group. The animals with milk, colostrum or glutamine were fed with low fat milk, liquid colostrum or glutamine by orogastric gavage for 5 days before the diclofenac administration. Intestinal permeability, serum biochemical profiles and intestinal adhesion for assessment of the gut damage, and enteric bacterial overgrowth and BT at the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen and systemic blood were measured. RESULTS: Diclofenac caused the increase in gut damage, enteric bacterial numbers and BT. Supplements with colostrum or glutamine reduced these changes induced by diclofenac, but this result was not seen for supplementation with low fat milk. Combined administration of colostrum and glutamine reduced diclofenac-induced gut damage and BT as compared to the use of bovine colostrum alone or glutamine alone. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that the combined administration of bovine colostrum and glutamine might effectively reduce NSAID-induced gut damage and BT in the rat.     

牛初乳粉预防大鼠高血糖的实验研究

目的: 探讨牛初乳粉(BCP)对大鼠糖尿病的预防作用。方法: 给大鼠灌胃三个不同剂量的BCP(BCP)溶液15 d后,腹腔注射链脲霉素(STZ)55 mg/kg。注射后D7测定体重、血糖;D14除上述指标外,还测定血脂、肝肾组织SOD、GSH-Px、NOS及MDA(饮水量在注射后D 6、13 测量)。结果: 注射STZ后D7、D14 ,中剂量BCP组的血糖均显著低于STZ组(P﹤0.05, P﹤0.01)。D13 中剂量组的饮水量少于STZ组。D14 BCP各组的体重、胸腺指数与 STZ组相比差异均无显著性,5个组之间的血脂、肝MDA、肝肾SOD、GSH-Px、NOS差异均无显著性。 结论: 预防性给与中剂量BCP可缓解STZ所致的高血糖,并使STZ大鼠饮水量减少。     

Milk immunoglobulins and complement factors

The importance of colostrum for the growth and health of newborn offspring is well known. In bovine colostrum, the antibody (immunoglobulin) complement system provides a major antimicrobial effect against a wide range of microbes and confers passive immunity until the calf's own immune system has matured. Bovine serum and lacteal secretions contain three major classes of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgM and IgA. The immunoglobulins are selectively transported from the serum into the mammary gland, as a result of which the first colostrum contains very high concentrations of immunoglobulins (40-200 mg/ml). IgG1 accounts for over 75 % of the immunoglobulins in colostral whey, followed by IgM, IgA and IgG2. All these immunoglobulins decrease within a few days to a total immunoglobulin concentration of 0.7-1.0 mg/ml, with IgG1 representing the major Ig class in milk throughout the lactation period. Together with the antibodies absorbed from colostrum after birth, the complement system plays a crucial role in the passive immunisation of the newborn calf. The occurrence of haemolytic or bactericidal complement activity in bovine colostrum and milk has been demonstrated in several studies. This review deals with the characteristics of bovine Igs and the complement system to be exploited as potential ingredients for health-promoting functional foods.     

转人α-乳清白蛋白基因奶粉亚慢性毒性试验

目的研究转人α-乳清白蛋白基因奶粉对Wistar大鼠的亚慢性毒性。方法取初断乳Wistar大鼠140只,雌雄各半,按照体重随机分为7组。分别喂饲含有转人α-乳清白蛋白比例为15%、30%和60%成分奶粉的配制饲料,添加比例为15%、30%和60%普通奶粉的配制饲料和基础饲料,喂饲90天。在实验中期(第45天)和实验结束时(第90天)采血检测血液学和血液生化指标。实验结束时处死实验动物,测定脏器绝对重量,计算脏器指数,并对主要脏器进行病理组织学观察。结果转人α-乳清白蛋白基因奶粉组与普通奶粉组和基础饲料组比较,未发现转人α-乳清白蛋白基因奶粉对动物体重、食物利用率、血液学、血液生化、脏器系数和病理组织学观察有生物学意义的改变。结论给予大鼠转人α-乳清白蛋白基因奶粉90天未发现该奶粉对实验动物有毒性作用。     

Bovine colostrum enhances natural killer cell activity and immune response in a mouse model of influenza infection and mediates intestinal immunity through toll-like receptors 2 and 4

Oral administration of bovine colostrum affects intestinal immunity, including an increased percentage of natural killer (NK) cells. However, effects on NK cell cytotoxic activity and resistance to infection as well as a potential mechanism remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of bovine colostrum (La Belle, Inc, Bellingham, WA) on the NK cytotoxic response to influenza infection and on toll-like receptor (TLR) activity in a primary intestinal epithelial cell culture. We hypothesized that colostrum would increase NK cell activity and that TLR-2 and TLR-4 blocking would reduce interleukin 6 production by epithelial cells in response to contact stimulation with colostrum. Four-month-old female C57BL/6 mice were supplemented with 1 g of colostrum per kilogram of body weight before and after infection with influenza A virus (H1N1). Animals were assessed for weight loss, splenic NK cell activity, and lung virus titers. Colostrum-supplemented mice demonstrated less reduction in body weight after influenza infection, indicating a less severe infection, increased NK cell cytotoxicity, and less virus burden in the lungs compared with controls. Colostrum supplementation enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity and improved the immune response to primary influenza virus infection in mice. To investigate a potential mechanism, a primary culture of small intestine epithelial cells was then stimulated with colostrum. Direct activation of epithelial cells resulted in increased interleukin 6 production, which was inhibited with TLR-2 and TLR-4 blocking antibodies. The interaction between colostrum and immunity may be dependent, in part, on the interaction of colostrum components with innate receptors at the intestinal epithelium, including TLR-2 and TLR-4.     

牛初乳对改善婴幼儿感染性疾病的调查研究

目的了解武汉市婴幼儿营养健康状况及牛初乳对感染性疾病的改善情况。方法对1 083名婴儿、1 257名幼儿(1～3岁),进行一般情况、出生情况、喂养方式、服用牛初乳对呼吸道和消化道疾病的影响等内容进行问卷调查。结果武汉市婴幼儿出生基本情况尚可,婴儿母乳喂养率偏低;牛初乳对婴幼儿腹泻、呼吸道感染的发病情况如发病频率、病程、用药效果均具有显著改善作用(P<0.01)。结论牛初乳具有明显改善婴幼儿腹泻、呼吸道感染的发病情况,因而具有增强婴幼儿对疾病的抵抗功能。     

牛初乳对改善婴幼儿感染性疾病的调查研究

目的了解武汉市婴幼儿营养健康状况及牛初乳对感染性疾病的改善情况。方法对1 083名婴儿、1 257名幼儿（1～3岁）,进行一般情况、出生情况、喂养方式、服用牛初乳对呼吸道和消化道疾病的影响等内容进行问卷调查。结果武汉市婴幼儿出生基本情况尚可,婴儿母乳喂养率偏低;牛初乳对婴幼儿腹泻、呼吸道感染的发病情况如发病频率、病程、用药效果均具有显著改善作用（P〈0.01）。结论牛初乳具有明显改善婴幼儿腹泻、呼吸道感染的发病情况,因而具有增强婴幼儿对疾病的抵抗功能。