局部应用不同剂型氨甲环酸对初次全髋关节置换术围手术期失血量的影响

目的探讨不同剂型氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TXA)对降低单侧初次全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)围手术期失血量的有效性和安全性。方法将2016年10月至2018年10月180例行单侧初次THA手术的患者按随机数表法分为粉剂氨甲环酸组(粉TXA组)、水剂氨甲环酸组(水TXA组)、单纯静脉注射组,每组60例。粉TXA组患者于切皮前10 min静脉单次使用20 mg/kg的TXA,关闭关节腔前将2 g TXA粉剂直接倒入腔内;水TXA组患者同样于切皮前10 min静脉单次使用20 mg/kg的TXA,关闭关节腔前将2 g TXA溶于20mL生理盐水局部浸泡手术部位。记录各组术中出血量及术后引流量;复查术后1、3 d血常规,记录患者血红蛋白水平和红细胞比容,通过公式计算并比较患者术后绝对失血量;如患者血红蛋白低于70 g/L,则予以同型红细胞悬液2 U静脉输入;术后5 d复查双下肢静脉彩超,记录术后输血和深静脉血栓的发生率。结果各组患者术中出血量无差异;粉TXA组患者术后引流量、绝对失血量均低于水TXA组、对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);粉TXA组患者术后输血1例,水TXA组8例,对照组18例,各组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);粉TXA组患者术后发现1例下肢深静脉血栓,水TXA组、对照组患者未发现术后下肢静脉血栓,三组患者术后深静脉血栓发生率无明显差异。结论粉剂TXA局部关节腔内使用可以更加有效地减少THA围手术期的血液丢失及术后输血率,无需配药,减少操作环节,不增加下肢深静脉血栓的发生风险,粉剂TXA局部用于关节腔是THA围手术期控制血液丢失的安全、有效的方法。     

静脉滴注联合局部应用氨甲环酸可减少全髋关节置换后隐性失血

背景：氨甲环酸在减少人工关节置换后出血方面的应用越来越多,但其使用方法及剂量仍存在争议,是近几年研究的热点。 目的：观察静脉滴注联合局部应用氨甲环酸对减少初次全髋关节置换后隐性失血的有效性和安全性。 方法：将65例初次全髋关节置换患者随机分为试验组与对照组。试验组患者于置换术中使用0.5 g氨甲环酸静脉滴注,缝合后经引流管推注0.5 g氨甲环酸,保留6 h;对照组给予生理盐水静脉滴注,缝合后经引流管推注50 mL生理盐水,保留6 h。对比两组患者的术中出血量、置换后显性失血及隐性失血量、疼痛评分、输血率、深静脉血栓形成情况及住院日。 结果与结论：试验组置换后血红蛋白及红细胞压积均高于对照组(P < 0.05),置换后显性失血及隐性失血量均低于对照组(P < 0.05),输血率、住院日均少于对照组(P < 0.05);而两组术中出血量、疼痛评分、深静脉血栓形成发生率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。提示全髋关节置换过程中静脉滴注联合经引流管内注射氨甲环酸能降低患者置换后显性、隐性失血量及输血率,并且没有增加下肢深静脉血栓形成的风险。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

氨甲环酸联合不同抗凝药对全膝关节置换术围手术期失血量的影响

目的 探讨氨甲环酸与不同抗凝药联用对全膝关节置换术围手术期失血量的影响。 方法 纳入2014年10月至2019年10月初次行全膝关节置换术并符合标准的158例膝骨性关节炎患者,按氨甲环酸注射方法及术后使用抗凝药分为4组：A组,术中静脉注射氨甲环酸＋术后利伐沙班抗凝;B组,术中静脉注射氨甲环酸＋术后依诺肝素抗凝;C组,术中静脉＋局部注射氨甲环酸＋术后利伐沙班抗凝;D组,术中静脉＋局部注射氨甲环酸＋术后依诺肝素抗凝。各组患者一般情况、术前准备、手术方式及术后处理一致,比较其失血量、凝血功能、输血及围手术期不良事件的发生率。 结果 联合使用氨甲环酸的患者能有效控制总出血量、显性出血量、输血率及血浆D二聚体;术后使用利伐沙班或依诺肝素抗凝,出血量、输血率及围手术期不良事件发生率相当。 结论 TKA术中应用氨甲环酸静脉＋局部注射能有效减少围手术期的失血量、输血率及血浆D二聚体;术后使用利伐沙班或依诺肝素进行抗凝,两者对失血量及围手术期不良事件发生率的影响无明显差异。     

氨甲环酸静脉联合局部应用在初次全髋关节置换中疗效及安全性的Meta分析

背景:在全髋关节置换术中,静脉与局部应用氨甲环酸可显著减少围手术期的失血量和输血率,但目前在临床工作中对氨甲环酸的应用方式仍有争议。目的:应用Cochrane系统方法评价氨甲环酸静脉联合局部用药与单剂量静脉用药在全髋关节置换术中的应用效果及安全性。方法:计算机检索Cochrane Library,Pub Med,Ovid,EMBASE,CBM,万方,VIP,CNKI等数据库,检索时间从建库至2016年7月,检索有关全髋关节置换术中氨甲环酸静脉联合局部与单剂量静脉应用的随机对照试验文献,对2种用药方式的总失血量、术中失血量、术后失血量、输血率、血栓形成、手术时间、住院时间进行Meta分析。结果与结论:(1)共纳入7篇随机对照试验,包含620例患者;(2)Meta分析结果显示,静脉联合局部组在总失血量、术中失血量、术后出血量少、输血率方面较单剂量静脉用药组有明显优势(P0.05),在血栓形成、手术时间、住院时间2组差异无显著性意义(P0.05);(3)结果表明,与单剂量静脉用药相比,在全髋关节置换术中氨甲环酸静脉联合局部应用可明显减少失血量及输血率,但不增加血栓形成率。     

氨甲环酸多种给药途径对全髋关节置换术有效性及安全性的临床对比研究

目的通过对比静脉单次给药、局部给药和静脉多次给药的不同,探讨氨甲环酸减少全髋关节置换术出血量的有效性及安全性,以期为行全髋关节置换术患者应用氨甲环酸提供合理参考。方法选取2016年8月至2017年8月在本院行全髋关节置换术的患者66例,按不同给药途径和剂量随机分为3组:22例手术切皮前静脉注射20 mg/kg氨甲环酸(A组),22例术中局部注射20 mg/kg氨甲环酸(B组),22例首次静脉注射20 mg/kg氨甲环酸联合术后24 h内每3 h静脉给药10 mg/kg (C组)。分别记录术中出血量、总出血量、术后引流量、术后深静脉血栓并发症等情况。结果术中出血量:A组(168.3±43.8) mL,B组(175.0±52.2) mL,C组(171.2±55.6) mL;总失血量:A组(832.5±230.6) mL,B组(884.3±271.0) mL,C组(689.6±245.5) mL;术后引流量:A组(283.4±66.8) mL,B组(176.3±44.2) mL,C组(159.6±43.5) mL。各组之间的术中出血量和并发症无差异,但B、C组平均术后引流量明显少于A组,C组总失血量小于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对行单侧初次人工全髋关节置换术的患者,采用氨甲环酸单次局部给药和静脉多次给药均能减少术后引流量和总失血量,同时不增加术后深静脉血栓并发症。     

股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折失血量与静脉联合局部应用氨甲环酸的关系

文题释义： 氨甲环酸：是一种赖氨酸合成衍生物,具有抗纤维蛋白溶解特性,能通过抑制纤维蛋白降解达到预防围术期出血的目的,已被证实安全有效。目前已广泛用于关节外科、脊柱外科、心胸外科等领域,取得了良好的疗效。 股骨转子间骨折：是老年人常见的髋部骨折,多以手术固定方式治疗,但围术期失血量大,以隐性失血为主,术后输血率较高,并发症较多,死亡率较高。 背景：已经有相关文献研究证明,氨甲环酸能有效降低股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折患者围术期的显性失血和隐性失血,且安全有效。目前对于该术中氨甲环酸的使用方式主要分为静脉输注及局部髓腔内灌注,静脉输注又分为单次使用或多次使用;而局部使用多为单次使用,对于静脉联合局部使用,现有国内外文献尚少有报道。而氨甲环酸的静脉联合局部使用在髋膝关节置换中已被证明安全有效。 目的：探究静脉联合局部应用氨甲环酸减少股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折围术期失血量的有效性及安全性。 方法：纳入汕头市中医医院2016年1月至2018年12月行股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折的90例患者,随机分为联合组、静脉组及局部组,每组30例。所有患者对治疗方案均知情同意,且得到医院伦理委员会批准。联合组在术前30 min时静脉滴注氨甲环酸(20 mg/kg,溶于100 mL生理盐水),并在近端扩髓后,于股骨髓腔内注射氨甲环酸(1 g,溶于20 mL生理盐水); 静脉组患者仅术前静滴氨甲环酸(剂量、方法同联合给药组);局部组仅在近端扩髓后,于股骨髓腔内注射氨甲环酸(剂量、方法同联合给药组)。统计3组患者总失血量、显性出血量、隐性失血量、国际标准比率、凝血酶原时间、部分活化凝血酶原时间、输血率及深静脉血栓发生率,并进行比较。 结果与结论：①总失血量比较：联合组低于静脉组及局部组,差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.01);静脉组与局部组差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);②隐性失血量比较：联合组明显低于静脉组及给药组,差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.001);静脉组与局部组差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);③显性出血比较：3组间差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);④术前、术后国际标准比率、凝血酶原时间,部分活化凝血酶原时间对比：3组差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);⑤输血率：3组差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);⑥3组患者术后均未发现深静脉血栓;⑦结果表明,与氨甲环酸单纯静脉滴注及单纯髓腔内注射相比,术前静滴联合术中髓腔内注射氨甲环酸能明显减少股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定后股骨转子间骨折患者的总失血量、隐性失血量,且不增加术后深静脉血栓发生率;而单独静脉使用及单独髓腔内注射氨甲环酸在减少总失血量及隐性失血量方面无明显差异。 ORCID: 0000-0003-2110-0089(郑志辉) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

关节内注射氨甲环酸减少全膝关节置换术后失血的临床分析

目的探讨关节内注射氨甲环酸对人工全膝关节置换术后失血的影响。方法将50例采取单侧初次人工全膝关节置换患者,随机分为治疗组25例和对照组25例。治疗组采用关节腔内注射氨甲环酸1 000 mg,术后夹闭引流2 h,对照组采用生理盐水。术后记录术中失血量、术后引流量、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)和输血例数、D-二聚体改变以及深静脉血栓发生例数。结果治疗组术后引流量、输血例数和D-二聚体值显著低于对照组(P0.05);治疗组血红蛋白、红细胞压积显著高于对照组(P0.05);2组均无深静脉血栓形成。结论人工全膝关节置换术后关节腔内注射氨甲环酸并夹闭引流2 h的方法能够有效减少术后失血量,同时不增加深静脉血栓发生率。     

关节腔局部注射氨甲环酸对初次全膝关节置换术后失血量的影响

目的观察关节腔局部注射氨甲环酸对初次全膝关节置换术的患者失血量的影响。方法在2016年1月至2016年8月,选取62名接收初次膝关节置换术的患者并随机分为分为氨甲环酸组(32例)和对照组(30例)。氨甲环酸组在关节置换术结束松开下肢止血带之前,关节腔周围软组织局部注射的氨甲环酸生理盐水稀释液(按15 mg/kg剂量配制成50mL),对照组则注射相同体积的生理盐水。记录患者术后12 h和48 h引流量,术后1、3、7 d的红蛋白含量、红细胞压积、术后输血量、术后深静脉血栓发生率等相关指标,并进行统计学分析。结果氨甲环酸组和对照组术后12小时的引流量分别是(182±29)mL和(311±34)mL,48 h总引流量分别是(260±41)mL和(432±67)mL,两组患者总的血量丢失分别(921±109)mL和(1270±154)mL,约16%氨甲环酸组和37%对照组的患者需要异体输血,两组患者的人均输异体血量分别是1.6单位和2.25单位。术后下肢瘀斑发生率在氨甲环酸组(15.6%,5/32)低于对照组(36.6%,11/30)。上述各组数据比较差异均有统计学意义(0.05)。氨甲环酸组出现2例肌间静脉血栓形成,对照组有3例,两组比较无统计学意义。结论氨甲环酸可以减少初次全膝关节置换术的患者血量丢失,减低异体输血的比例,但并不增加深静脉血栓形成发生率。     

髋关节置换后氨甲环酸关节腔注射及间断夹管:出血量的变化

背景:随着全髋关节置换患者的增多,血源越来越紧张,同时输血感染各种严重疾病的风险也困扰者患者,故寻找一种减少输血并且不增加风险的方法显得很重要。目前国内外已有在全膝、全髋关节置换及脊椎手术中使用氨甲环酸减少出血的报道。目的:探讨关节腔注射氨甲环酸及间断夹管对全髋关节置换后出血量、功能恢复及并发症的影响。方法:选取2011年1月至2014年2月因股骨颈骨折或髋关节骨关节炎行全髋关节置换的患者99例,氨甲环酸组55例,对照组44例。氨甲环酸组于置换缝皮结束后关节腔注射2.0 g氨甲环酸(溶入20 mL生理盐水),置换后间断2 h后放开引流,此后每4 h放10 min。对照组间断夹管引流,置换后48 h均拔出负压引流管。比较两组患者置换后可见失血量、输血例数、输血量、置换后24 h血红蛋白及红细胞比容,置换前、置换后3 h纤维蛋白原、凝血酶原时间及活化部分凝血活酶时间,置换后6个月随访髋关节Harris评分及下肢深静脉血栓或肺栓塞形成情况。结果与结论:两组患者置换后可见失血量、输血例数、输血量、置换后24 h血红蛋白及红细胞比容比较差异均有显著性意义(P0.05),氨甲环酸组明显优于对照组。两组置换前、置换后3 h纤维蛋白原、凝血酶原时间和活化部分凝血活酶时间差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。两组患者置换后6个月髋关节Harris评分差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。99例患者置换后3次(3,10,14 d)行下肢血管多普勒超声检查未发现深静脉血栓形成,置换后6个月随访未发现下肢深静脉血栓或肺栓塞发生。提示关节腔注射氨甲环酸及间断夹管在全髋关节置换后能明显降低患者置换后失血量及输血率,并且未增加下肢深静脉血栓形成的风险。     

鸡尾酒疗法减少全膝关节置换后隐性失血

背景:全膝关节置换术后失血是比较常见的临床问题,会影响患者的置换效果。氨甲环酸作为一种止血药物,越来越多的被应用于减少人工关节置换术后出血,但是对同时使用氨甲环酸和其他药物止血效果的研究还很少。目的:评估初次单侧全膝关节置换术中局部应用鸡尾酒(氨甲环酸和肾上腺素混合液)对减少患者围手术期失血量、降低输血率的有效性和安全性。方法:将中日友好医院骨关节外科2013年7月至2015年10月入院拟行初次单侧全膝关节置换的113患者随机分为鸡尾酒组(57例)和氨甲环酸组(56例)。手术过程中在鸡尾酒组患者关节腔内注射鸡尾酒[3 g氨甲环酸和0.25 mg稀释肾上腺素(1∶200 000)的混合溶液],氨甲环酸组关节腔内单纯注射3 g氨甲环酸溶液,所有患者置换术后均不放置引流管。围手术期观察患者术中失血量、术后显性失血量、隐性失血量及异体输血量;在术后90 d内,观察患者有无症状性深静脉血栓和肺动脉栓塞的发生。结果与结论:(1)全膝关节置换时,与单纯局部应用氨甲环酸相比,鸡尾酒组患者手术总失血量(P=0.007)、隐性失血量(P=0.000)以及术后异体输血率(0%vs.5.4%)均较低,并且不增加患者血栓栓塞及血栓形成等并发症的风险(P0.05);(2)结果提示,全膝关节置换时稀释肾上腺素联合使用氨甲环酸的止血效果优于单纯使用氨甲环酸,而且不会产生严重的不良反应,可作为减少全膝关节置换术后失血的重要方法。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.