跨流域联合供水水库补偿特性研究

跨流域水库补偿特性主要包括水文补偿特性与库容补偿特性两个方面,以大连市两座重要的供水水源碧流河水库、英那河水库为例,运用Copula函数分析了碧流河水库、英那河水库天然入库径流年系列、汛期系列、非汛期系列的丰枯遭遇概率,采用统计学方法分析了两座水库连续枯水系列年的遭遇情况。并建立了考虑外调水源的碧流河、英那河水库联合优化供水调度模型,模拟得出了规划水平年水库供水量与下泄水量,利用两座水库长系列调节历年下泄水量之间的对应关系对水库库容补偿特性进行了分析。研究成果可以为大连市境内水系连通规划提供一定的依据,水库补偿特性研究方法也可为其它类似工程规划提供借鉴。     

松花江流域尼尔基与丰满水库来水丰枯遭遇频率分析

尼尔基、丰满水库分别为松花江流域两源嫩江和第二松花江干流上的控制性工程,两水库的联合运用对松花江流域(哈尔滨以上)水资源调配意义重大。选取尼尔基和丰满入库年径流系列,采用Copula函数构建了尼尔基和丰满水库来水的联合概率分布模型,并对其丰枯同步和异步频率进行了分析。结果表明:两库丰枯异步频率(60.78%),明显大于丰枯同步频率(39.22%),说明来水条件总体有利于开展水库联合运用;同时,对水库联合运用作用不大的情况(丰丰、丰平、平丰、平平)发生频率为40.92%,有利于水库发挥联合运用效益的情况(丰枯、枯丰、平枯、枯平)发生频率为43.16%,不利情况(同枯)发生频率为15.92%,由于发生不利情况可能性不低,且发生后会对流域供水产生较大影响,因此在水库兴利联合调度方案制定中应认真考虑。     

变化环境下海河流域天然河川径流丰枯概率演变规律

海河流域天然河川径流持续衰减,水文丰枯情势显著变化,亟需研究适用于非一致性水文序列的丰枯概率计算方法。基于标准化径流指数、GAMLSS模型等方法,提出一种不同等级丰枯水事件期望发生次数和期望等待时间的计算方法,研究变化环境下海河流域天然河川径流丰枯概率的演变规律。结果表明：(1)径流丰枯概率呈现出显著的枯增丰减趋势;(2)同传统的一致性分布等多类概率分布相比,以时间t为协变量的LOGNO分布拟合流域径流系列的效果最优,且基于该分布计算的期望发生次数更接近于历史实际;(3)非一致性最优模型不同情景条件下计算的流域极端枯水和极端丰水事件的期望等待时间分别为4.9～9.4 a、14.5～36.0 a,说明海河流域近期发生极端枯水的概率远大于极端丰水。     

梯级水库群联合优化调度函数研究

构建了制定梯级水库群联合优化调度函数的"优化-拟合-再优化-随机仿真"框架:首先建立梯级水库群优化调度模型,通过确定性动态规划方法得到最优样本;然后对最优样本进行多元线性回归分析得到联合调度函数;并基于模拟调度结果采用非线性规划方法直接修正调度函数;最后通过水文随机模拟技术生成径流系列,进一步检验、评价所得调度函数的效率。以清江梯级水库群长期优化调度为对象进行实例研究,计算结果表明:对于1951-2005年实测径流系列,梯级水库群联合优化调度函数较常规调度方案年均增加发电量2.03亿kW·h,增幅达2.79%;对于两种随机模拟方法生成的水文径流系列,年均发电量分别提高了1.74%和2.36%,经济效益显著。     

南水北调中线降水丰枯遭遇风险分析

受降水丰枯变化不确定性和差异性的影响,南水北调中线工程水源区与受水区降水的丰枯遭遇状态各不相同,给南水北调工程水资源调度运行带来风险。联合copula函数和贝叶斯网络理论,建立了南水北调中线工程水源区和受水区降水丰枯遭遇风险分析模型,对南水北调中线工程调水最不利的丰枯遭遇风险概率进行了研究。利用copula函数建立了水源区和受水区年降水量联合分布函数,计算条件概率,结合贝叶斯网络进行丰枯遭遇风险分析。结果表明南水北调中线4个受水区调水风险的概率均在25%以下,并对不同情景的调水风险进行了仿真分析。     

不同降水丰枯遭遇条件下滹沱河地下水库人工补给效果

针对石家庄市利用南水北调水和当地雨洪水作为补给水源建设滹沱河地下水库过程中存在受水区和水源区具有不同年际变化特征的实际情况,在分析南水北调水源区汉江流域和受水区石家庄市降水丰枯遭遇特征的基础上,应用模糊数学和多维联合分布概率计算方法计算滹沱河地下水库的模糊加权补给水量,并应用数值法模拟各种丰枯遭遇条件下地下水库的人工补给效果.结果表明:不同丰枯遭遇条件下的补给水量为(4.64～8.72)×108m3/a,其中模糊加权补给量为6.66×108m3/a;人工补给可使地下水位多年平均回升1.47～3.45 m/a;滹沱河地下水库的有效蓄水率为80%～90%,且人工补给的增大会引发侧向流出量增加,有效蓄水率相应降低.     

基于概率加权FDC法的河流生态需水量计算

基于河流流量过程的年内和年际变化特性,提出了一种计算河道内生态需水量的概率加权FDC(流量历时曲线)方法。该方法基于年均流量系列和逐月月均流量系列的特定频率,将年均流量系列和逐月月均流量系列划分为丰、平、枯组,通过建立年月丰枯遭遇的Copula联合分布函数,求得不同典型年下各月丰平枯的条件概率,将其作为概率权重,得到不同典型年生态需水过程的计算公式,改进了FDC法,计算出了丰、平、枯典型年的年内生态需水过程。以屏山站为例,将计算结果与Tennant法、逐月最小生态径流法、年内展布法和改进FDC法进行了对比分析。计算结果表明:由此方法得到的生态流量在Tennant法评价体系中,能很好的满足河道的生态需水要求,且较好地体现了河流径流的年内及年际变化过程,符合实际情况。     

华北及胶东地区部分河流、区域间的水量丰枯遭遇分析

根据华北及胶东地区长系列雨量、径流资料和五百年旱涝史料,用统计分析法分析了这两个地区部分河流及区域间的丰枯遭遇,得出的结论是:(1)与京津唐地区供水有关的滦河、潮白河、永定河、拒马河年水量丰枯变化基本同步,同丰、同平、同枯的机率约60～70%,丰枯互相遭遇的机率约为2～8%,河流之间以丰补枯的可能性很小;(2)海河流域平原区年降水量与山区年径流量同枯或平与枯互相遭遇时,为农业水资源条件不好的年份,水量严重不足。在最近34年中,这种年份占41.2%;(3)海河南系、鲁北平原、胶东等引黄地区水资源量与黄河水量同丰、同平、同枯的遭遇机率约为38～50%,对引黄较为有利,但不利于引黄(引黄区枯、平水年与黄河枯水年遭遇)的年份约占总年数的25～33%。     

综合利用小水库群简易优化调度

提出一种以弃水量最小为目标函数的水库群简易优化调度方法──动态空库系数法。任一时刻某水库的空库系数反映该水库在该时刻的蓄水能力和供水能力。本法用时段初各水库空库系数的大小决定水库群的蓄放水次序,在满足约束条件下,时段末保持各水库的空库系数相等,由此尽可能地拦蓄径流,使弃水量最小。     

淮河流域大型水库联合优化调度的动态规划模型解

淮河流域暴雨洪水频繁,常常遭遇恶劣雨型的组合。为使大型水库群在大范围暴雨洪水期间综合效益达到最优,采用动态规划模型求解淮河流域大型水库群的联合优化调度问题,利用国产曙光１０００巨型计算机的高速度和大容量的优势,解决了优化中的“维数灾”和“网格灾”问题,给出了淮河流域９个大型水库联合优化调度模型极效地提高了防洪水库的利用率。     

Hydrology analysis of the Colorado River floods of 1983

Despite an extensive system of river regulation works, the mainstem of the Colorado River in 1983 experienced the highest flows on record, resulting in severe flood damage. The high flows were due to an abnormally late season mountain snow accumulation, an accelerated snowpack ablation, and high initial reservoir levels. Forecasts of April-July inflow to Lake Powell, the major Upper Basin reservoir, nearly doubled from early May to late June.The report evaluates the efficacy of runoff and inflow prediction methodologies utilized to formulate reservoir operational responses during the winter and spring of 1983. Given the restrictions inherent in the forecasting network, the reservoir release schedule followed during the period by the US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) is then reviewed. Two alternative reservoir release schedules are also presented, and their hypothetical impacts on flooding assessed. In light of the 1983 flooding, recommendations are made to increase the reliability of flood predictions for Colorado River reservoirs and to reduce the extent of future damage to and destabilization of the biological and physical resources of Grand Canyon National Park.A brief epilogue provides an update on the evolution of the Colorado River reservoir operations policy. The new policies helped to attenuate 1984 peak reservoir discharges, even though the 1984 total tunoff exceeded that of 1983.     

黄河上游龙羊峡水库春季入库流量预报模型研究

The catchment above Longyangxia Gorge in the upper Yellow River basin is situated in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau. Meltwater from snow is the main water supply to the rivers in this region during spring (late March to early June). In this paper, the study target is the inflow to the Longyangxia Reservoir, the largest reservoir in the upper Yellow River basin, during late March to early June. Then a mid-term operational runoff prediction model based on snow cover data from AVHRR images of NORR meteorological satellite and ground surface hydro-meteorological data, called double sifting and stepwise regression model, is presented to forecast the inflow during this period. Examining at the reservoir shows that the forecast accuracy is satisfying.     

金沙江流域水库拦沙效应

水库拦沙是金沙江下游沙量减小的主要原因,对三峡水库的入库水沙条件产生了重要影响。为了系统掌握金沙江流域水库拦沙情况,基于1956年以来流域内水库及实测水沙资料,采用经验公式、典型调查以及输沙平衡原理相结合的方法,对近60年不同阶段金沙江中下游的水库拦沙情况以及水库建设对金沙江流域减沙贡献权重进行了定量研究。结果表明:1956-1990年、1991-2005年和2006-2015年水库拦沙对屏山站的减沙权重分别为0.3%、48%和83%,可见水库拦沙作用逐步增强;1956-2015年,金沙江流域水库年均拦沙0.310亿t,其中大型水库拦沙量占总拦沙量的89%,尤其是2011年以来,随着金沙江中下游以及雅砻江梯级水库群的陆续建成,流域内水库群年均拦沙量达1.92亿t,对屏山站同期年均输沙量的减少权重在90%以上。     

天山北麓玛纳斯河流域山间洼地地下水库的形成机理与开发利用的意义

天山北麓玛纳斯河流域山问洼地位于低山丘陵区山前坳陷带的南部，该区褶皱、断裂、近NS向次级张性断裂与平移构造以及山间洼地的第四系沉积物发育．山区地表水流经该段入渗，加之南部中山区的侧向补给形成山间洼地地下水库．正确认识玛纳斯河流域山间洼地地下水库的形成机理并对其进行合理的开发利用，对解决玛纳斯河流域季节性缺水及枯水年缺水有重要意义．笔应用构造及地表水由山区水站至山口渠首站实测流量损失的研究成果，揭示了玛纳斯河流域山间洼地地下水库的形成及调蓄作用，并概算了补给量，为今后开发利用山间洼地地下水库水资源提供了依据．     

Episodic crustal growth of North China as revealed by U-Pb age and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons from modern rivers

Clastic sedimentary rocks are samples of the exposed continental crust. In order to characterize the crustal growth history of North China and its possible regional variations, 479 concordant detrital zircons in three sand samples from the lower reach of the Yellow River (which drains the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau, the Western Qinling Orogen, the Qilian Orogen and the North China Craton) and two sand samples from the Luan River and the Yongding River (which run entirely within the North China Craton) were measured for U-Pb age and Lu-Hf isotopic compositions by excimer laser-ablation ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS. Although regional variations exist, concordant detrital zircons from the Yellow River reveal three major age groups of 2.1-2.5 Ga, 1.6-2.0 Ga, and 150-500 Ma. Detrital zircons from the smaller Luan and Yongding Rivers show three broadly similar major age groups at 2.3-2.6 Ga, 1.6-2.0 Ga, and 140-350 Ma, but with narrower age ranges. Compared to the Luan and Yongding River zircons, the Yellow River zircons are characterized by a significant number of Neoproterozoic grains. Although Hf isotopic compositions show both juvenile crustal growth and crustal reworking for all age groups, much of the crustal growth of North China occurred in the Neoarchean and Mesoproterozoic. All three rivers are characterized by a common prominent group of Hf crust formation model ages at 2.4-2.9 Ga with a peak at 2.7-2.8 Ga. A less significant age group lies between 1.4 and 1.8 Ga for the Yellow River, and between 1.6 and 1.9 Ga for the Yongding River and Luan River. Crustal growth rates based on Hf continental crust formation model ages suggest 45% and 90% of the present crustal volume was formed by 2.5 Ga and 1.0 Ga, respectively, for the drainage area of the Yellow River. In comparison, 60% and 98% of the present crustal volume of the North China Craton was generated by 2.5 Ga and 1.0 Ga, respectively, for the Luan and Yongding Rivers. The 2.7-2.8 Ga age peak observed in all river samples agrees well with the coeval major peak for global crustal growth. However, the other suggested global peaks of crustal growth at 3.4 and 3.8 Ga are insignificant in North China. Taken together with our previous studies of the Yangtze Craton, which show insignificant crustal growth at 2.7-2.8 Ga, we suggest that these advocated worldwide crust formation peaks be re-examined and treated carefully. Our results also show that Phanerozoic zircons may have been derived from crustal sources separated from the mantle up to 2.0 Ga ago before the zircons crystallized, suggesting long-term preservation, reworking and recycling of the continental crust.     

基于防洪库容总量控制的雅砻江下游梯级水库蓄水策略研究

根据长江防御洪水方案对雅砻江梯级水库的防洪库容预留要求,分析了预留防洪库容对梯级电站蓄水发电的影响。结合雅砻江水电开发的特点,提出了梯级水库防洪库容总量控制的解决思路,建立了基于防洪库容总量控制的蓄水期发电量最大模型,计算分析了9种不同来水情景的梯级水库优化蓄水方案,并给出了梯级水库总体优化蓄水策略。对该类问题研究具有一定借鉴意义。     

概化的Tank模型及其在龙羊峡水库汛期旬平均入库流量预报中的应用

Tank模型（又称为水箱模型），是一种用于流域径流预报的确定性水文模型，根据龙羊峡水库入库主要产流区－－黄河上游唐乃亥水文站以上流域下垫面条件下产汇流特性，将其概化为以降雨量为输入，径流量为输出的单孔出流的线性水箱，工用于该水库汛期旬平均入库流量的预报，经对历史资料进行拟合和试验预报的 结果表明，该模型具有较高的预报精度，现已应用于黄河上游龙羊峡水库汛期旬平均入库来水量的中期预报中，取得了十分显著的经济效益。     

基于Copula函数的入库洪水与坝址洪水关系研究

采用频率分析法计算入库设计洪水时,需要通过相关分析将坝址洪水系列插补得到对应的入库洪水系列。常用的线性回归法假设两者满足线性关系且入库洪水系列服从正态分布,可能与实际情况并不相符。引入Copula函数构建坝址洪水与入库洪水的联合概率分布和条件概率分布,计算给定坝址洪水时入库洪水的条件最可能值和置信区间,提出了一种基于Copula函数的入库洪水插补新方法。三峡水库的应用实例表明:线性回归法得到的入库洪水值在坝址洪水量级较大时明显偏小,甚至稀遇洪水时不在90%置信区间内。所提方法能较好地反映坝址洪水与入库洪水的内在关系,不仅可以计算入库洪水的各种点估计值,而且能够定量评价估计的不确定性。     

Experimental river diversion for marsh enhancement

The Nueces River is the primary source of freshwater inflow to Corpus Christi Bay and virtually the only source of freshwater inflow in the Nueces Delta. In association with reservoir development and operation within the Nueces Basin, the magnitude of freshwater inflow has been greatly reduced since 1958. Continually increasing salt concentrations in the soil and water have compromised the function of the delta as a viable component of the estuarine ecosystem. In 1993, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation began a 5-yr diversion project to increase the opportunity for freshwater flow into the delta. With the excavation of two overflow channels, the minimum flooding threshold for the upper delta was significantly lowered, and more frequent diversions of freshwater from the Nuecess River were enabled. During the 50-mo diversion period, the amount of freshwater diverted into the upper Nueces Delta was increased sevenfold. The average salinity gradient in the upper delta reverted to a more natural pattern, with average salinity concentrations decreasing from the lower (bay) to upper (riverine) delta, and a corresponding improvement in abundance and diversity of both intertidal vegetation and benthic communities.     

实时校正中的旁侧入流反演方法

在水文与水动力学相结合的预报模型中,对于水文模型计算有误差,造成水动力学区间旁侧入流与实际不吻合情况,依据水量平衡原理,对旁侧入流进行反演校正。采用四点线性隐格式求解圣维南方程组,结合卡尔曼滤波技术建立以水位、流量作为综合状态量的卡尔曼滤波状态空间方程。采用反问题的思想把校正后的水位、流量不平衡量反馈到旁侧入流中,修正原有的区间来水量,进而修正预报期的旁侧入流。选择长江干流寸滩至万县河段,以及长江下游大通至镇江段进行演算,分别采用三峡水库135m蓄水阶段的水文资料和1998年水文资料进行6h洪水预报,结果表明旁侧入流反演校正方法是可行的。