儿童急性肾损伤的概念与诊断

急性肾损伤(AKI)的概念将逐渐取代传统急性肾衰竭(ARF)的概念.AKI的定义为病程在3个月以内,包括血、尿、组织学及影像学检查所见的肾脏结构与功能异常.2005年的阿姆斯特丹会议同时决定将48 h内血肌酐(Scr)上升≥26.5 μmol/L或原Scr值增长≥50%和(或)尿量＜0.5 mL/(kg*h)达6 h定义为AKI的诊断标准,并制定了病情分期标准.但Scr在反映肾功能的速度和精度方面存在不足,故需要寻找敏感性和特异性更好,能够预测疾病预后并具有AKI病因特异性的生物学指标.     

儿童急性肾损伤常用血液净化疗法

<正>近年来,以急性肾损伤(AKI)的概念代替急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)[1]。目前对AKI患者进行肾脏替代治疗最佳时机尚无统一标准。国内文献报道在AKI1期或2期即行连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)可明显改善预后,而在     

急性肾损伤121例临床与病理分析

目的 探讨儿童急性肾损伤(AKI)发病情况、病因、病理改变及病程转归情况.方法 回顾性分析2005年9月-2010年9月本院儿肾科收治的所有AKI患儿发病情况、临床诊断、病理诊断、住院天数及预后资料.采用SPSS 13.0软件进行分析.结果 共收治AKI患儿121例,每年儿童AKI人数/每年因肾脏疾病住院人数呈递增趋势,其中70例患儿进行了肾活检.121例AKI患儿中,男79例,女42例,发病年龄1~14岁[(7.6±3.8)岁],临床诊断前4位分别为急性感染后肾炎,肾病综合征,溶血尿毒综合征和急性间质性肾炎;病理诊断前4位分别为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎,毛细血管内皮细胞增生性肾小球肾炎,间质性肾炎和狼疮肾炎.所有AKI患儿中61例行血液透析,5例行腹膜透析,其余患儿对症保守治疗后好转.治疗后完全康复95例(78.51%),部分康复24例(19.83%),维持性透析治疗2例(1.66%).AKI衰竭期患儿住院时间(25.6±6.8) d,明显长于AKI危险期和损伤期患儿,且预后差.结论 儿童AKI的病因以感染性疾病为主,尤以感染后肾小球肾炎和间质性肾炎为主,但狼疮肾炎有逐年增多趋势,易并发肾功能不全.肾实质性AKI患儿均应行肾活检以明确病因,进行有效治疗.早期诊断、及时治疗是改善AKI预后的关键.     

新生儿急性肾损伤研究进展

新生儿急性肾损伤(AKI)的发生率并不低,在缺氧缺血性损伤、感染、肾毒性药物的使用及泌尿道梗阻等情况下均可发生,其中我国以围生期窒息排在病因的首位.近年来由于食品安全问题形势严峻,泌尿道梗阻的发生率也在上升.对于AKI高危儿,儿童卫生保健系统应更加注重此类疾病的预防及筛查.在新生儿AKI人群中,由于血清肌酐及尿液受较多因素影响,波动较大或难以定量计算,使得明确诊断有一定困难,因此关于新生儿AKI早期标志物的研究有极大的临床意义,目前研究热点包括中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白及胱抑素C.新生儿AKI的治疗应该注重解决原发疾病如缺氧缺血等,严重病例可考虑肾脏替代治疗,但病死率仍较高,主要与原发疾病严重度及并发症的出现有关.     

脓毒症相关性肾损伤

脓毒症是儿童重症监护病房急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)最重要的原因,AKI增加脓毒症患儿病死率和住院日数.脓毒症性AKI的发生是复杂多因素的结果,包括肾血管阻力改变、内皮损伤、炎症因子浸润等,但现阶段对病理生理的认识存在许多争议.以嗜中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白为代表的新型标记物的测定有助于AKI的早期诊断.肾替代治疗是脓毒症性AKI的主要治疗措施,但治疗的时机、模式和剂量等问题还未能达成一致观点.目前认为RIFLE分层诊断的损伤期和液体超载量达到10％ ～20％时,是开始肾替代治疗最合适的时机.     

急性肾损伤269例

目的 探讨儿童急性肾损伤(AKI)的病因、临床特点及治疗方法,以助于早期诊断及制定合理的治疗方案.方法 回顾性分析269例AKI患儿的临床资料.分析儿童AKI的病因分布.并探讨其病史、临床表现、实验窒检查、肾损伤分期与预后的相关关系.结果 AKI患儿平均年龄6.06岁.肾前性AKI 34例(占12.6%,依次为腹泻50.0%,新生儿HIE 23.5%,烧伤11.8%),肾实质性AKI 165例(占61.3%,依次为肾病综合征21.8%,非链球菌感染后肾炎14.5%,感染13.9%,SLE 12.1%),肾后性AKI 70例(占26.0%,依次为结石81.4%,膀胱输尿管返流28.6%,肿瘤梗阻7.1%,肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻5.7%,细菌栓塞及后尿道瓣膜各1.4%).死亡2例(肾实质性AKI),未愈48例,好转142例,治愈77例.不同年龄段患儿的病因分布差异有统计学意义(P=0.000),新生儿AKI主要为肾前性原因(65.4%),婴幼儿期以肾后性AKI(58.3%)为主,学龄前及学龄儿主要为肾性AKI(61.9%,86.2%).其预后与原发肾脏疾病类型、AKI分期、病史长短及是否伴有少尿、蛋白尿相关(P<,a><0.05).结论 新生儿AKI主要为肾前性AKI,婴幼儿期主要为肾后性AKI,学龄前及学龄儿主要为肾性AKI.预后主要取决于原发肾脏疾病类型、病情分级、病史长短及是否伴有少尿、蛋白尿.早期诊断、早期冶疗有助于改善预后,提高生存率.     

早期诊断急性肾损伤的生物学标志物研究现状

急性肾损伤(AKI)是一种常见的严重疾病.由于缺乏诊断AKI的早期生物学标志物,往往导致早期有效治疗的延误.目前对于诊断AKI新的生物学标志物的研究已发展到了临床研究阶段,最有希望成为早期诊断AKI的生物学标志物包括中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白、IL-18、肾损伤分子-1和L-脂肪酸结合蛋白.本文就近年来关于上述几种生物学标志物的研究作一综述,为应用早期诊断AKI的生物学标志物提供理论依据.     

早期诊断急性肾损伤的生物学标志物研究现状

急性肾损伤(AKI)是一种常见的严重疾病.由于缺乏诊断AKI的早期生物学标志物,往往导致早期有效治疗的延误.目前对于诊断AKI新的生物学标志物的研究已发展到了临床研究阶段,最有希望成为早期诊断AKI的生物学标志物包括中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白、IL-18、肾损伤分子-1和L-脂肪酸结合蛋白.本文就近年来关于上述几种生物学标志物的研究作一综述,为应用早期诊断AKI的生物学标志物提供理论依据.     

新生儿连续肾脏替代治疗的应用现状和精准化方向

新生儿急性肾损伤(AKI)易发生于早产儿和极低出生体质量儿,其发生率在新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)逐年升高。由于缺乏有效的防治措施,新生儿AKI的死亡率居高不下,预后极差。连续肾脏替代治疗技术是当前应用于治疗新生儿AKI的理想方法。目前国内外在新生儿中开展连续肾脏替代治疗已达30余年,虽然已累积一定的临床经验,但仍存在大量问题。文章综述新生儿连续肾脏替代治疗的现状和精准化发展。     

认识儿童急性肾损伤

急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）以可逆性的血肌酐和尿素氮升高以及肾脏对水、电解质调节失衡为临床特征。AKI在儿童的发病率逐年升高,住院儿童及成人AKI发病率的增加与其病死率密切相关。继续依赖血肌酐和尿量去诊断AKI导致不能早期提供有效的治疗和支持性的干预措施去阻止和缓解AKI的发生。最近10年实验研究重点在发现和验证在肾功能改变之前识别AKI及有助于鉴别诊断的新的生物标志物。     

Risk of Progressive Kidney Damage after Acute Leukemia

ABSTRACT. In order to evaluate potential long-term renal sequelae of childhood leukemia, we studied 62 consecutive patients successfully treated for acute leukemia in 1971–83. At the time of this follow-up study they had been off therapy for 1–9 years and they were all in complete remission. Relative renal length was measured from X-ray films of intravenous pyelograms. Median relative renal length prior to the start of chemotherapy was + 1.0 SD (range −1.5 to + 4.0, n = 35), at discontinuation of therapy + 0.5 SD (range −1.5 to + 2.2, n = 22), and at follow-up −0.3 SD (range −3.9 to + 2.6, n = 61). The mean calculated decrease in relative kidney size was 0.1 SD unit per year during the follow-up time. The median glomerular filtration rate was 110 ml/min/1.73 m² (range 70 to 164). Six of 60 patients had glomerular filtration rates below 85 ml/min/1.73 m². Three patients had some evidence of tubular dysfunction documented by increased excretion of urinary amino acids and/or beta-2-micro-globulin or by reduced concentrating capacity. In spite of these abnormalities, we conclude that in most long-term survivors of childhood leukemia renal size and function are relatively well preserved. However, slightly reduced glomerular filtration rates in some patients indicated renal damage. A longer follow-up time is needed to find out whether the decrease in relative renal length is still continuing.     

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: an uncommon cause of post-renal obstruction following induction therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A 14-month-old infant presented with gastroenteritis with febrile pancytopenia and was diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Ten days post induction therapy, the patient developed hypertension that was ascribed to steroid therapy and treated with metoprolol and amlodipine. As leukocyte numbers began to recover the asymptomatic patient became anuric. Ultrasound showed echoic floating structures in the bladder. Following cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography examination, purulent debris was irrigated from the bladder and grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ciprofloxacin therapy was initiated and renal function was restored within 2 days. The case highlights the potential for renal obstruction after neutropenia recovery in children undergoing induction therapy for ALL.     

Rapid national survey of renal stones in New Zealand infants

Aim:   The aim of this study was to determine if there have been recent serious renal problems because of melamine among infants in New Zealand.
Methods:   New Zealand paediatricians were surveyed in October 2008 using the New Zealand Paediatric Surveillance Unit network.
Results:   Two cases of renal stones and none of unexplained renal failure in the previous 12 months were reported. Both cases of renal stones had an identifiable cause, and neither had features of melamine-related stones.
Conclusion:   This survey confirmed the expectation that this was not a discernible problem of recent serious melamine-associated renal damage in New Zealand. The method did however prove to be an effective way of undertaking a rapid determination of a possible recent serious health problem among children.     

Exercise-induced acute renal failure in a girl with renai hypouricemia

A 10-year-old Japanese girl developed acute renal failure following a 100-meter dash during physical training at school. After the run, she experienced intense pain in the loins with nausea and vomiting lasting more than 12 h. On the following morning, she was found to have mild proteinuria and acute renal failure (ARF). Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were elevated, but the serum uric acid level was normal (3.1 mg/dL). With recovery of renal function over the ensuing days, hypouricemia (0.6 mg/dL) became evident in the patient. Although the pathophysiological association between renal hypouricemia and ARF is not known, oxygen free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis for ischemic-reperfusion ARF. Superoxide production by neutrophils stimulated by N-formyl methionine leucyl-phenylalanine was normal in the patient both before and following exercise. Pyrazinamide and probenecid tests were undertaken on both the patient and her parents, who had borderline hypouricemia, to determine their renal tubular handling of uric acid. Results showed that the patient and her mother had a subtotal reabsorption defect, while the father had defective postsecretory uric acid reabsorption.     

血液透析并滤过在儿童急性肾衰竭中的应用

目的探讨血液透析并滤过(HDF)在小儿急性肾衰竭(ARF)的应用。方法应用Branc Dialog双泵透析机对因各种原因致ARF需行血液净化治疗的11例患儿进行19例次HDF和21例次血液透析(HD)。HDF及HD前后分别测血BUN、Cr、UA、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG),观察心率、血压、体温等变化。结果HDF与HD相比,血BUN、Cr、UA、β2-MG下降率均增高,经统计学处理P<0.01,低血压发生率低,HDF无低血压发生,HD为5/21例次。但失衡综合征发生率HD无,HDF 3/19例次。结论HDF较HD透析充分,特别是对血β2-MG清除率高,血流动力学稳定,但要防止失衡综合征的发生。     

肾小管重塑在急性肾损伤中的作用机制

急性肾损伤(AKI)是临床常见的危重症,病死率高。AKI时主要的受损细胞是肾小管上皮细胞。肾小管上皮细胞重塑在AKI发生发展、预后转归中起着至关重要的作用。肾小管重塑过程机制复杂,其确切调控机制尚不清楚,文章就AKI肾小管重塑调控机制进行综述。     

Acute appendicitis occurring immediately post-renal transplant

A 10-yr-old boy who presented with vomiting and abdominal pain 12 days after an uneventful renal transplant had no identifiable transplant-related cause for these symptoms. Four days later a perforated appendix was diagnosed. His case illustrates that common abdominal pathologies may present differently in immunosuppressed, transplanted patients, causing diagnostic delay.     

Extended daclizumab monotherapy for rejection-free survival in non-adherent adolescent recipients of renal allografts

Abstract:  Acute rejection episodes are almost inevitable in the face of immunosuppression non-adherence and a known risk factor for developing chronic allograft nephropathy and accelerated graft loss. Daclizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor, is an important advance for induction therapy in renal transplant immunosuppression, reducing early acute graft rejection without affecting the tolerability of standard immunosuppression, for both steroid-based and steroid-free immunosuppressive protocols, in children and adults. In the absence of depot immunosuppression for maintenance therapy, we explored extended daclizumab therapy as temporary maintenance immunosuppression for acute rejection prophylaxis in two patients with recalcitrant immunosuppression non-adherence. Both patients had prior episodes of aggressive acute rejection associated with their non-adherence but achieved stable and rejection-free renal allograft function with daclizumab monotherapy in the presence of documented non-adherence thus providing an effective bridge for up to 12 months until immunosuppression adherence was re-established with ongoing psychosocial support. This report suggests that daclizumab monotherapy over an extended period of time during the period of non-adherence in the post transplant period could be a rescue modality to avoid immune activation and thereby prevent acute rejection in the face of erratic maintenance immunosuppression.