原子转移自由基聚合引发体系的最新研究

本文介绍了关于原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)引发-活化-失活过程的最新研究情况,包括RATRP、SR&NI ATRP、AGET ATRP、ARGET ATRP以及ICAR ATRP等新型ATRP引发体系.这些新型ATRP体系克服了通常ATRP体系的缺点,比如低价态过渡金属催化剂容易氧化和用量过大的问题,而采用高价态过渡金属催化剂,并极大降低了其用量.尤其是后两种体系仅需微量(1-50ppm)、价态稳定的过渡金属络合物控制聚合反应的进行,使其成为一种适合于工业化生产的活性可控聚合技术.本文同时介绍了杂化及双金属ATRP催化体系,这两种新型催化体系具有较高的催化活性和对聚合反应的调控能力,且通过简单地过滤或沉降就可从聚合产物中脱除.     

含有热引发转移终止剂的引发体系在反向原子转移自由基聚合中的应用

原子转移自由基聚合 (ATRP)是实现活性聚合的一种颇为有效的途径 ,可以实现多种单体的活性自由基聚合 .反向原子转移自由基聚合 (ReverseATRP)的概念始提出于 1995年 ,是对传统ATRP的改进和拓展 .近年来关于此体系的引发剂的拓展、过渡金属及单体的适用性都得到了很大发展 .本文简要综述了我们研究组在反向原子转移自由基聚合方面的研究进展     

"活性"/可控自由基聚合新进展

概述了当前“活性”／可控自由基聚合(CPR)的三种主要方法，硝基氧调介聚合(NMP)、原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)、可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合(RAFT)，特别是近年来的进展情况。     

2-溴代环己酮引发的苯乙烯原子转移自由基聚合

在铜体系催化的卤原子转移自由基聚合反应中 ,已有多种卤化物被作为引发剂使用 ,如α-卤代酯、α-卤代腈、多卤代烃、卤代苄基化合物及芳磺酰氯等 [1] ,最近又有报道称 N-氯代磺酰胺也可以作为引发剂使用 [2 ] .但以 α-卤代酮作引发剂只在钌系 [3～ 7]、铁系 [8]及镍系 [9]催化的原子转移自由基聚合中进行了研究 ,尤其是 Swawamoto等 [3～ 6] 对 Ru Cl2 (PPh3 ) 3 作催化剂 ,α,α-二氯苯甲酮和 1 ,1 ,1 -三氯丙酮作引发剂进行的甲基丙烯酸甲酯的原子转移自由基聚合进行了非常系统的研究 .由于羰基的吸电子能力较强 ,α-卤代酮的卤原子…     

新型引发体系引发MMA"活性"自由基聚合

传统的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)引发体系是由卤化物(引发剂)、低价过渡金属和合适的配体组成的络合物(催化剂)[1,2],即RX/Mnt/LX,三部分组成的.但由于卤化物的毒性和低价过渡金属易被空气中的氧气氧化,因此Matyjaszewski等[3,4]和Teyssié等[5]提出了新的引发体系反向ATRP.反向ATRP用传统引发剂(如AIBN)代替卤化物,用高价过渡金属络合物代替原来的催化体系,即AIBN/Mn+1t/LX,就避免了上述两个缺点.反向ATRP的引发反应机理表述如下:　　目前已见诸报道的关于反向ATRP的文献甚少[3～5],所使用的引发剂均为AIBN.Wang和Matyja…     

无机纳米材料表面引发自由基可控聚合反应

无机纳米-高分子杂化材料具有优异的性能及广阔的应用前景,引起人们的广泛关注.本文综述了无机纳米材料表面引发自由基可控聚合反应在合成无机-高分子纳米杂化材料方面的广泛应用,包括表面引发原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)、表面引发可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)、表面引发稳定氮氧自由基聚合(NMP). 着重总结了近几年来这类杂化材料在功能性研究上新的进展,并对今后研究的发展趋势进行了展望.     

活性开环聚合与可控自由基聚合机理转换合成精细结构共聚物*

可控自由基聚合和活性开环聚合可以通过机理转换有效结合, 制备出多种结构新颖的共聚物, 因此得到广泛关注. 本文主要综述三种常见的可控自由基聚合, 即原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP), 可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合(RAFT)和稳定自由基聚合(SFRP)与活性开环聚合之间进行机理转换, 进而制备精细结构共聚物的研究进展     

自由基聚合近20年的发展

自由基聚合是在上世纪50年代发展起来的,已成为工业生产高分子产品的重要技术。自由基聚合由通用自由基聚合而发展为今天的活性/控制自由基聚合,是近20多年的事情。通用自由基合的研究主要是高活性引发剂、氧化还原体系及多功能引发体系,ESR和激光技术在动力学和自由基精细结构测定的应用等。而活性自由基聚合由最初的引发转移终止剂活性自由基聚合(iniferter),演变为氮氧自由基调控聚合(NMP)或稳定自由基聚合(SFRP),原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),茂钛金属/环氧化物自由基开环引发聚合,可逆加成断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合,碘转移自由基聚合和有机碲、有机锑调控聚合等活性/控制自由基聚合。本文就以上各方面的研究进展进行简要的综述。     

用大分子引发剂法制备嵌段共聚物

主要介绍了用大分子引发剂法制备嵌段共聚物的方法。大分子引发剂是从已商品化的功能聚合物制得或用其它活性聚合方法合成。从单封端的端羟基聚合物、其它单官能团或双官能团聚合物以及双功能基团缩聚物制得大分子引发剂．然后用于原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)、氮氧稳定自由基聚合以及可逆加成裂解链转移(RAFT)聚合等．可制得结构可控、分子量分布窄的嵌段共聚物。     

聚(苯乙烯-b-2-甲基-2-（口恶）唑啉)嵌段共聚物的合成

核磁、离子色谱等测试方法证明 ,以烯丙基型卤代烷烃为引发剂引发的过渡金属催化的活性自由基聚合 ,所得聚合物的端基为卤素[13].由于Ｃ—Ｘ(Ｘ =Ｃｌ,Ｂｒ)键容易断裂 ,因此卤素端基的存在会影响聚合产物的热稳定性 .但由于Ｃ—Ｘ键易于进行各种反应 ,含卤素端基的聚合物可以作为大分子引发剂用于引发其它合适单体反应 ,从而使卤素端基转化为其它基团 ,或合成新型结构的共聚物 .环状单体 2 甲基 2 唑啉 (Ｍｅ ＯＸＺ)亲核性较强 ,可以直接由烯丙基型卤代物引发剂引发活性开环聚合[4 6 ],因此可望以含卤端基的活性聚合产物作为Ｍｅ ＯＸ…     

镍体系(NiCl_2/PPh_3)催化的反向原子转移自由基聚合

以 2 ,3 二氰基 2 ,3 二苯基丁二酸二乙酯 (DCDPS) NiCl2 PPh3 为引发体系 ,首次利用Ni2 + 和Ni+ 之间的变价关系 ,研究了乙烯基单体的反向ATRP .结果表明 ,苯乙烯 (St)的聚合具有活性自由基聚合的特征 ,所得PSt的分子量随转化率的增加而增加 ,并且制得的PSt可以作为大分子引发剂进行扩链反应 .但该引发体系引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA)聚合时没有活性自由基聚合特征 ,PMMA的分子量与转化率基本无关 ,但分子量分布窄Mw Mn=1 19     

Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers with Fe[SC(S)NEt2]3 alone as the catalyst

The living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene was successfully carried out with diethyl 2,3‐dicyano‐2,3‐diphenylsuccinate (DCDPS)/ferric tri(diethyldithiocarbamate) as a novel reverse atom transfer radical polymerization initiation system in which DCDPS was a hexa‐substituted ethane‐type thermal iniferter, DC was a diethyldithiocarbamate group, and no additional ligands such as nitrogen‐ or phosphine‐based compounds were required. The bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate was carried out at 95 °C, and that of styrene was carried out at 120 °C. Poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene (PSt) with high molecular weights and quite narrow molecular weight distributions (as low as 1.09 for PSt) were obtained. ¹H NMR spectroscopy revealed the presence of an α‐(carbethoxycyanophenyl)methyl group from the initiator and an ω‐DC group from the catalyst in the obtained polymers. Various chain‐extension reactions under UV light or thermal treatments were successfully conducted to prove the presence and efficient reinitiating of the ω‐DC group. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3464–3473, 2001     

“Living” radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate with diethyl 2,3-dicyano-2,3-diphenylsuccinate as a thermal iniferter

The bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated with diethyl 2,3-dicyano-2,3-diphenylsuccinate (DCDPS) was studied. This polymerization showed some “living” characteristics; that is, both the yield and the molecular weight of the resulting polymers increased with reaction time, and the resultant polymer can be extended by adding MMA. The molecular weight distribution of PMMA obtained at high conversion is fairly narrow (M_w/M_n = 1.24≈1.34). It was confirmed that DCDPS can serve as a thermal iniferter for MMA polymerization by a “living” radical mechanism. Furthermore, the PMMA obtained can act as a macroinitiator for radical polymerization of styrene (St) to give a block copolymer. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 4610–4615, 1999     

新型引发转移终止剂引发烯类单体活性自由基聚合及共聚合

引发转移终止剂 (Iniferter)是最早实现活性自由基聚合的方法 ,尽管它对聚合过程控制得不是很好 ,但是可聚合单体多 ,能方便地制备接枝和嵌段共聚物 .因此 ,近 2 0年来 ,它一直是高分子合成化学领域的一个研究热点 ,许多新颖结构的引发转移终止剂被合成并用于制备端基功能化聚合物、遥爪聚合物、大分子单体以及接枝和嵌段聚合物等 .本文扼要综述了引发转移终止剂的发展 ,着重综述了我们研究组在C—C键型高活性热引发转移终止剂、新的光引发转移终止剂、可聚合光引发转移终止剂、新型多功能引发转移终止剂和大分子光引发转移终止剂 5个方面的研究进展     

Living/controlled radical polymerization of styrene with a new initiating system: DCDPS/FeCl3/PPh3

The living/controlled radical polymerization of styrene was investigated with a new initiating system, DCDPS/FeCl₃/PPh₃, in which diethyl 2,3‐dicyano‐2,3‐diphenylsuccinate (DCDPS) was a hexa‐substituted ethane thermal iniferter. The polymerization mechanism belonged to a reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) process. The polymerization was controlled closely in bulk (at 100 °C) or in solution (at 110 °C) with a high molecular weight and quite narrow polydispersity (M_w/M_n = 1.18 ∼ 1.28). End‐group analysis results by ¹H NMR spectroscopy showed that the polymer was ω‐functionalized by a chlorine atom, which also was confirmed by the result of a chain‐extension reaction in the presence of a FeCl₂/PPh₃ or CuCl/bipy (2,2′‐bipyridine) catalyst via a conventional ATRP process. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 101–107, 2000     

REVERSE ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE WITH COPPER-BASED CATALYST

 "Living"/controlled radical polymerization of styrene was carried out with diethyl 2,3-dicyano-2,3-diphenylsuccinate (DCDPS)/CuCl₂/bipyridine (bipy) initiation system at 120℃. The molecular weights of resultant PSt increased with the monomer conversion and the polydispersities were in the range of 1.37 ～ 1.52. A linear ln([M]o/[M])versus time plot was also obtained indicating the constant concentration of growing radicals during the polymerization with this initiation system. End group analysis by ¹H-NMR spectroscopic studies showed that the end groups of the polymer obtained is cω-functionalized by a chlorine group from the catalyst and a-functionalized by a (carbethoxy-cyano-phenyl)methyl group from the fragments of the initiator. Having C1 atom at the chain end, the PSt obtained can be used as a macroinitiator to promote a chain-extension reaction with fresh St and block copolymerization reaction with a second monomer, such as methyl methacrylate, in the presence of CuC1/bipy catalyst via a conventional ATRP process.     

引发转移终止剂技术合成含有聚异戊二烯链段的三嵌段共聚物

含聚异戊二烯 (ＰＩＰ)链段的嵌段共聚物有着广泛的应用[1～ 3 ] ,有关它的合成、性能表征及应用方面的研究一直是学术及工业界的研究热点 .传统上 ,含有ＰＩＰ链段的嵌段共聚物用活性负离子聚合的方法来合成 ,例如 :聚苯乙烯 聚异戊二烯嵌段共聚物[3 ,4 ] .这是由聚合物增长链端的特殊活性所决定的 ,采用活性负离子聚合方法 ,不但能很好地控制共聚物的分子量和分子量分布 ,而且能控制共聚物中各组分的比例 .但是 ,负离子聚合通常需在较苛刻的条件下进行 ,如低温高真空、高纯度的单体和溶剂 ,而且能用于负离子聚合的单体也有限 .相对而言 ,…     

A NOVEL PHOTO-INITIATING SYSTEM FOR ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE

A novel photo-induced initiating system, 2, 2 - dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA)/ferric tri(N,N-diethyl-dithiocarbamate) [Fe(DC)_3], was developed and used for the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene intoluene. The polymerization proceeds with DMPA as photo-initiator, Fc(DC)_3 as catalyst and DC as a reversible transfergroup, while the halogen and ligands are free. Well-defined PSt was prepared and the polymerization mechanism revealed byend group analysis belongs to a reverse ATRP. Block copolymer was prepared by using thus obtained PSt as macroinitiatorand Fe(DC)_2 as catalyst under UV light irradiation via a conventional ATRP process.     

Reverse Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of MMA in the Presence of CaCO3/SiO2 Two-Component Composite Particles

Summary: We previously discovered that structurally well-defined polymer/inorganic composite particles, i.e., poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/CaCO₃/SiO₂ three-component composite particles, can be achieved via reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), using 2,2′-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile as initiator and Cu^II bromide as catalyst. In the present study, the influence of the mass ratio of CaCO₃/SiO₂ two-component composite particles to methyl methacrylate (MMA) on the rate and behavior of the polymerization was studied in detail. The results illustrate that increasing the mass ratio of CaCO₃/SiO₂ two-component composite particles will decrease the overall rate of polymerization of MMA under standard reverse ATRP conditions. Thermal properties of the obtained well-defined particles were characterized and determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicate that well-defined PMMA chains grafted on the surface of CaCO₃/SiO₂ particles were only degraded by random chain scission of C C linkages within the PMMA chain, which is different from the degradation of PMMA chains prepared via traditional radical polymerization. This difference is reasonably ascribed to the difference between the end groups of PMMA prepared via reverse ATRP and that via traditional radical polymerization, which has been confirmed by end group analysis measured by ¹H–NMR spectroscopy.