Effect of a national population-based breast cancer screening policy on participation in mammography and stage at breast cancer diagnosis in Taiwan

In Taiwan, a Cancer Screening Quality Improvement Program (CAQIP), implemented in 2010, provides financial support to qualified hospitals to improve accessibility. This study examined whether the CAQIP program increased participation in mammography and achieved more early stage diagnosis of breast cancer. We utilised a natural experiment to compare outcomes of interest in women aged 50–69 years with their first mammography date in two different phases, 2005–2009 and 2010–2014. Propensity score matching was used to match comparable cohorts in each phase. In total, 468,259 matched participants in phases 1 and 2 were analyzed. Patient-level logistic regressions were used and adjusted for patient risk factors. Compared with phase 1, our findings indicated women in phase 2 were more likely to have repeat mammography participation (OR, 1.33; 95 % CI, 1.32–1.34), and be diagnosed with early stage breast cancer (OR, 1.15 times; 95 % CI, 1.05–1.26). Women living in rural areas were less likely to repeatedly participate mammography (OR, 0.86; 95 % CI, 0.85–0.86) and experience early diagnosis (OR, 0.90, 95 % CI, 0.81–0.99). Women at low socioeconomic status were less likely to experience early diagnosis, and those with reproductive and hormonal risk factors were less likely to repeatedly participate mammography. Our findings provide evidence of potential benefits of health policy intervention to improve accessibility on participation in mammography and early stage diagnosis of breast cancer.     

Use of mammography and Pap smear in Estonia,a country without organized cancer screening

Summary Objectives: To analyze mammography and Pap smear status in Estonia where no organized population-based cancer screening is available. Methods: 5000 individuals (aged 16–64) were randomly chosen from the national population register; among them, 1755 women filled out postal questionnaires. Results: 50% of respondents aged 45–64 reported having taken a mammogram, 51% of women aged 25–64 had the Pap smear at least once in their lifetime. Corresponding figures for the past two years were 37% and 30%. Irrespective of age, women taking fewer tests over the past two years were rural workers, unemployed, and health behavior recommendations ignorers. In most cases, initiative for mammogram came from women, and from the physician in the case of Pap smear. Moderate increase in mammography use occurred after a project for early detection of breast cancer was launched. Conclusion: Women must continuously be informed that early detection of breast and cervical cancer is possible. Young women should be encouraged to ask for Pap testing. Knowledge of family physicians should be improved. Submitted: 13 February 2006; Revised: 4 October 2006; Accepted: 8 November 2006     

Lower adherence to screening mammography guidelines among ethnic minority women in America: a meta-analytic review

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the association between ethnic minority status and receiving a screening mammogram within the past 2 years among American women over 50. METHOD: The findings from 33 studies identified from interdisciplinary research databases (1980 to 2006) were synthesized. Separate pooled analyses compared white non-Hispanics to African Americans (28 outcomes), Hispanics (18 outcomes), and Asian/Pacific Islanders (10 outcomes). RESULTS: Using the random effects model, results showed that African Americans were screened less than white non-Hispanics at a marginal level (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.75, 1.00). Larger and significant discrepancies were observed for Hispanics (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.50, 0.85) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.39, 0.99) compared to white non-Hispanics. However, among studies controlling for socioeconomic status, ethnic differences in mammography screening were no longer significant for African Americans (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.71, 1.76), Hispanics (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.64, 1.93), or Asian/Pacific Islanders (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.64, 1.93). Subgroup analyses further showed that geographical region, sampling method, and data collection strategy significantly impacted results. CONCLUSIONS: This study found evidence that ethnic minority-screening mammography differences exist but were impacted by socioeconomic status. Implications for interpreting existing knowledge and future research needs are discussed.     

Breast cancer literacy and health beliefs related to breast cancer screening among American Indian women

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this article is to examine the health beliefs and literacy about breast cancer and their relationship with breast cancer screening among American Indian (AI) women. Using the Health Belief Model (HBM) and hierarchical logistic regression with data from a sample of 286 AI female adults residing in the Northern Plains, we found that greater awareness of breast cancer screening was linked to breast cancer screening practices. However, perceived barriers, one of the HBM constructs, prevented such screening practices. This study suggested that culturally relevant HBM factors should be targeted when developing culturally sensitive breast cancer prevention efforts.     

24099例农村妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌筛查结果分析

目的:掌握遂昌县农村妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌(简称"两癌")的发病率,早期发现、早期治疗,降低"两癌"的治疗成本,提高患病妇女的生存率。方法:对2009年自愿参加"两癌"免费筛查的24 099例农村妇女的资料进行统计分析。结果:24 099例妇女中,宫颈细胞学异常578例,经组织活检确诊为宫颈癌18例,患病率为74.69/10万(18/24 099);宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)110例,患病率为456.45/10万(110/24 099);乳腺癌2例,患病率为8.3/10万(2/24 099)。宫颈癌多见于40～64岁妇女,乳腺癌多见于50～55岁妇女。结婚和生育年龄较早是宫颈癌的高危因素;文化程度低、保健意识不强、经济条件差的农村妇女是"两癌"的高发人群,也是重点干预对象。结论:农村妇女"两癌"发病率高,应加大农村防癌普查力度,希望政府能继续执行惠民政策,切实做到早预防、早发现和早治疗。     

乳腺超声和钼靶X线对中国女性乳腺癌筛查的卫生经济学评价

目的:评价中国女性使用乳腺超声、钼靶X线和不筛查三种乳腺癌筛查方式的成本效果和成本效用。方法:采用中国数据,建立Markov决策模型,对每年进行一次乳腺超声筛查、每年进行一次钼靶X线筛查和不筛查的40岁以上女性进行终生队列模拟,以3%贴现率进行贴现。以不筛查组的成本和效用作为基线得到增量成本效用比,并使用单因素敏感度分析和概率敏感度分析验证模型的稳健性,同时对中东西部地区和不同类型城市进行亚组分层分析。结果:与不筛查相比,乳腺超声筛查和钼靶X线筛查的增量成本效用比分别为102 653元/QALY和201 309元/QALY。概率敏感度分析结果显示,乳腺超声和钼靶X线具有成本效用的概率分别为54.5%和26.2%。乳腺超声筛查在不同地区和不同类型城市的亚组分析结果无差异,钼靶X线筛查在东部地区的增量成本效用比与意愿支付阈值接近。结论:乳腺超声筛查可考虑作为我国乳腺癌筛查项目的主要方法,但钼靶X线筛查只适合在东部经济较发达地区使用。     

乳腺X线筛查乳腺癌引起过度诊断的研究进展

筛查历来就是一把双刃剑。癌症筛查在给部分人带来收益的同时,也会给另一部分人带来过度诊断。过度诊断是对永远不会导致症状出现或威胁生命的癌症的诊断,由此可能造成被诊断者接受不必要的治疗及终身监测,进而造成不必要的经济负担以及身体和心理上的损害。如何正确评价过度诊断,以及如何根据过度诊断产生的原因,采取有针对性的措施来减少或避免过度诊断,将是乳腺癌筛查中需要深度思考的问题。本文在系统总结既往相关研究的基础上,详细阐述乳腺X线筛查乳腺癌引起过度诊断产生的原因、评价方法,以及避免过度诊断可采取的措施。     

Breast cancer screening in Tel Aviv

Optimal breast cancer screening includes both physical examination and mammography. In anticipation of the addition of routine mammographic screening to Israel's 25-year-old early breast cancer detection program, we examined the demographic characteristics of almost one thousand women attending a breast cancer screening examination in Tel Aviv for the first time. The specific objective of the survey was to see whether women attending screening were those who stood a good chance of benefiting from it. Only half the women were aged 40 or older, and there was a preponderance of women of Western origin. Almost half had a breast-related complaint at the time of the visit. Targeted public education and appropriate administrative measures are necessary to ensure that women who can benefit from screening attend screening clinics and that clinics are not filled to capacity by women needing diagnostic evaluation and followup rather than routine screening. Tel Aviv general practitioners appeared to be aware of the advantages of breast cancer screening.     

Predictors of prostate cancer screening among health fair participants

OBJECTIVES: Most previous studies of predictors for participation in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer have been conducted in purposive samples or clinical settings. This population-based study identified factors associated with documented PSA screening among health fair participants. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of 2098 Nebraskan men aged 35 years and older who participated in a health fair in central and eastern Nebraska in 1993. METHODS: All participants were offered a PSA screening and a questionnaire to collect information on demographics, family medical history, lifestyle factors and self-perceived health status. Predictors of PSA screening were estimated by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Men were more likely to accept the PSA screening if they were older than 50 years of age (OR=3.1; 2.4-3.9), had a higher income (OR=1.5; 1.1-2.1), were currently employed (OR=1.4; 1.0-2.5), perceived their health status as good (OR=1.1; 0.8-1.5) or excellent (OR=1.4; 1.0-2.1), and believed that they themselves, rather than physicians, should be responsible for their health (OR=1.3; 1.0-1.7). Compared with men aged 50-59 years, the ORs of participation were 0.8 (0.6-1.1) for age 60-69 years and 0.7 (0.5-1.1) for age 70+ years. Decision making was not related to education, marital status or body mass index. Predictors of screening remained unchanged when analysis was limited to men aged 50 years and over, whereas only high income and non-smoking status predicted participation among men younger than 50 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Age, income, employment status, perceived control of health and perceived heath status were related to participation in PSA screening for prostate cancer, particularly in men older than 50 years of age. Willingness to receive a PSA screening among men aged 50 years and over decreased with increasing age.     

苏州市40岁以上女性乳腺癌筛查现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解苏州市40岁以上女性乳腺癌筛查现状,分析乳腺筛查行为的影响因素。方法 调查苏州市40岁以上未患过乳腺相关疾病女性的基本情况和乳腺癌筛查情况,结合健康信念模式（感知易感性、感知严重性、感知利益、感知障碍、自我效能）分析乳腺筛查的影响因素。结果 共644名女性完成调查,乳腺自我检查率为63.8%、临床检查率为44.7%、B超检查率为36.6%、X线筛检率为22.4%。健康信念模式中,感知利益得分最高,为（3.83±0.51）分,感知易感性得分最低,为（2.73±0.88）分。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄50～59岁（与40～49岁相比）、家庭收入≥10 000元（与＜5 000元相比）、教育程度较高、感知易感性、自我效能得分较高、亲友曾患乳腺癌的女性更易接受乳腺筛查（P＜0.05）。结论 苏州市40岁以上女性乳腺癌筛查率较低,应加强对乳腺癌早期筛查知识的宣传和教育,提高感知易感性和自我效能。     

成都市双流县子宫颈癌筛查及早诊早治意愿的现况研究

目的了解成都市双流县妇女子宫颈癌筛查及早诊早治的意愿,为成都市双流县更好地开展子宫颈癌防治工作提供依据。方法在成都市双流县采用整群抽样方法选取研究对象,对符合要求的30～59岁妇女开展子宫颈癌筛查,现场采取一对一方式进行子宫颈癌筛查及早诊早治意愿情况的问卷调查。结果 2000份有效问卷被纳入统计学分析,仅有15.7%的人知道子宫颈癌早期发现能治好,对于早期子宫颈癌治疗后能活至少10年,以及HPV主要通过性行为传播的知晓率则更低,分别为2.7%和0.8%;仅有一半左右的人(50.9%)是因关注自己健康而参加本次筛查;87.8%的调查对象认为每年进行1次免费筛查可以接受;92.5%的人愿意支付一定的筛查费用;如果筛查后有可疑病症,98.1%的人会去医疗机构进一步诊治,其中,65.3%的人会选择县级医疗机构、26.0%选择乡镇卫生院。结论成都市双流县适龄妇女对子宫颈癌相关知识的知晓率有待提高,可通过健康教育大众宣传等提高妇女对子宫颈癌相关知识的知晓率,使其关注自身健康,以促进子宫颈癌筛查和早诊早治项目的开展。     

常规体检中进行前列腺癌筛查的临床意义

目的探讨前列腺癌患者就诊原因对于肿瘤特征和治疗的影响,评价常规体检中进行前列腺癌筛查的意义。方法回顾性分析1995-2008年北京医院泌尿外科诊断的前列腺癌患者病例资料,分析就诊原因与肿瘤相关特征的关系。结果前列腺癌患者432例,其中因下尿路症状就诊的有43．5％（188／432）,43．1％（186／432）因体检异常就诊,13．4％（58／432）因其他原因发现前列腺癌。2005-2008年问54．2％（115／212）的患者是由于体检异常得到诊断,较往年增加;33．5％（69／212）的患者是下尿路症状就诊而得到诊断,较往年下降。因体检异常而发现的前列腺癌患者中早期前列腺癌的比例更高,采用根治性手术治疗的可能性更大。结论在老年男性体检中进行以前列腺特异抗原和直肠指诊为主的筛查有助于早期发现前列腺癌,提高根治性治疗的可能。     

肥西县宫颈癌普查结果分析

目的掌握肥西县妇女宫颈癌流行病学情况,为宫颈癌防治决策提供科学依据。方法 2011年4月6日至10月30日,对肥西县5 316名妇女进行了宫颈癌筛查。采用宫颈刮片筛查(改良式),异常情况进一步进行阴道镜检查和活组织病理学检查。结果宫颈刮片异常2.92%(155/5 316),宫颈癌检出率(病理诊断为≥CINⅢ)150.48/10万(8/5 316),HPV检出率0.06%(3/5 316);文化程度高的农村妇女宫颈刮片异常检出率较低,40岁年龄组和50岁年龄组农村妇女TCT检出率较高。结论对文化程度低的农村妇女和35岁以上农村妇女,应重点加强健康教育和定期普查,以有效预防和控制宫颈癌的危害。     

2015-2018年广东省农村妇女乳腺癌筛查结果分析

目的 分析2015-2018年广东省农村妇女乳腺癌筛查数据,了解广东省农村妇女乳腺癌筛查情况及乳腺疾病的检出情况,为妇女保健工作提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2015-2018年广东省35～64岁农村妇女乳腺癌筛查资料,了解乳腺疾病的检出情况.按照乳腺癌筛查流程,接受检查的所有妇女进行乳腺临床检查和乳腺彩超检查,对乳腺彩超...     

Breast cancer screening for women ages 50 to 69 years a systematic review of observational evidence

Objective

To systematically review the observational evidence concerning the effect of screening on breast cancer mortality in actual populations of women ages 50-69 years.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE and multiple reference lists for relevant cohort and ecologic studies. At least 2 authors reviewed abstracts and full texts of studies meeting eligibility criteria. We rated each accepted study on standard quality criteria and developed a Summary Evidence Table.

Results

Seventeen studies met eligibility criteria. Five studies found no to small effect of screening (0-12% relative risk reduction [RRR] in breast cancer mortality), 4 found a large effect (greater than 33% RRR), and 8 found a moderate effect (13% to 33% reduction). The authors found concerns about quality in all studies. There was insufficient evidence to determine whether the effectiveness of screening is decreasing over time.

Conclusions

Current observational evidence shows that breast cancer screening in actual populations of women ages 50 to 69 reduces breast cancer mortality; the magnitude of the effect is probably smaller than predicted in the randomized controlled trials. Because the magnitude may change (either increase or decrease) in the future, further ecologic studies are needed. The methodology and infrastructure for these studies should be improved.     

Barriers and facilitators to cervical cancer screening uptake among women in Nepal – a qualitative study

ABSTRACT

The global incidence of cervical cancer is approximately 570,000 cases and 311,000 deaths annually. Almost 90% of cervical cancer deaths occur in low and middle income countries. Screening is the most effective tool in prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of cervical cancer. Nepal has no national cervical cancer screening programme, and data from 2003 showed that only 2.8% of Nepalese women had ever been screened. We conducted a qualitative study to obtain better insight into barriers and facilitators to cervical cancer screening among women in Nepal to generate data to inform interventions. In February 2019, four focus group discussions with previously screened and non-screened women, and Female Community Health Volunteers and four in-depth interviews with health workers were conducted in Pokhara Metropolitan City. Semi-structured interview guides were used, interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using grounded theory approach with open coding. This resulted in five main themes: 1) lack of husband’s support for screening, 2) prevalent stigma and discrimination, 3) lack of awareness about screening options, 4) getting screened, and 5) health care providers. We encourage policymakers and stakeholders apply these findings to improve awareness, access to information, and better screening services in Nepal.     

Attitudes and beliefs of non‐participants in a population‐based screening programme for colorectal cancer

Background

Uptake of colorectal cancer screening programmes needs to be improved or at least maintained in order to achieve projected reductions in mortality and morbidity. Understanding the origins of non‐participation in screening is therefore important.

Objective

To explore the beliefs and experiences of individuals who had not responded either to their screening invitation or reminder.

Design

A qualitative study using in‐depth interviews with non‐participants from England''s population‐based colorectal cancer screening programme. Data collection and analysis were carried out using a grounded theory approach, with an emphasis on the constant comparison method, and continued until saturation (27 interviews).

Findings

The interviews provided an in‐depth understanding of a range of reasons and circumstances surrounding non‐participation in screening, including contextual and environmental influences as well as factors specific to the screening test. Non‐participation in screening was not necessarily associated with negative attitudes towards screening or a decision to not return a kit. Reasons for non‐participation in screening included not feeling that participation is personally necessary, avoiding or delaying decision making, and having some degree of intention to take part but failing to do so because of practicalities, conflicting priorities or external circumstances. Beliefs, awareness and intention change over time.

Discussion and conclusions

A range of approaches may be required to improve screening uptake. Some non‐participants may already have a degree of intention to take part in screening in the future, and this group may be more responsive to interventions based on professional endorsement, repeat invitations, reminders and aids to making the test more practical.     

2013—2018年安徽省淮河流域肝癌早诊早治项目高危人群肝癌检出率及相关因素分析

目的 了解2013—2018年安徽省淮河流域肝癌早诊早治项目高危人群肝癌检出率及相关因素。方法 于2013—2018年,在安徽省淮河流域6个区(县)采用整群抽样的方法选取当地乡或村中35～64岁常住居民,通过健康因素调查问卷和乙肝表面抗原检测评估出肝癌高危人群。其中34 957名居民参与了后续腹部B超检查和血清甲胎蛋白检测联合筛查。采用χ²检验和logistic回归模型分析肝癌检出率的相关因素。结果 在34 957名肝癌筛查参与者中,共检出肝癌182例,检出率为0.52%。多因素回归模型显示：女性(OR=0.435,95%CI:0.307～0.616)、35～40岁组(OR=0.135,95%CI:0.032～0.561)、41～50岁组(OR=0.618,95%CI:0.413～0.925)、超重(OR=0.712,95%CI:0.522～0.973)和肥胖(OR=0.390,95%CI:0.207～0.735)的人群肝癌检出率更低;与未患肝硬化和HBsAg检测阴性组相比,仅有肝硬化(OR=7.250,95%CI:5.142～10.221)、仅HBsAg检测阳性...     

Association between documented family history of cancer and screening for breast and colorectal cancer

Background

Previous research on ascertainment of cancer family history and cancer screening has been conducted in urban settings.

Purpose

To examine whether documented family history of breast or colorectal cancer is associated with breast or colorectal cancer screening.

Methods

Medical record reviews were conducted on 3433 patients aged 55 and older from four primary care practices in two rural Oregon communities. Data collected included patient demographic and risk information, including any documentation of family history of breast or colorectal cancer, and receipt of screening for these cancers.

Results

A positive breast cancer family history was associated with an increased likelihood of being up-to-date for mammography screening (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.45–3.00 relative to a recorded negative history). A positive family history for colorectal cancer was associated with an increased likelihood of being up-to-date with colorectal cancer screening according to U.S. Preventive Services Task Force low risk guidelines for males (OR 2.89, 95% CI 1.15–7.29) and females (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.32–4.64) relative to a recorded negative family history. The absence of any recorded family cancer history was associated with a decreased likelihood of being up-to-date for mammography screening (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.56–0.88 relative to recorded negative history) or for colorectal cancer screening (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.60–0.96 in females, OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.53–0.88 in males relative to recorded negative history).

Conclusion

Further research is needed to determine if establishing routines to document family history of cancer would improve appropriate use of cancer screening.     

广州市社区人群大肠癌筛查项目成本效益分析

目的 对广州市首轮大肠癌筛查项目(2015—2017年)进行成本效益分析。 方法 本研究资料来源于2015—2017年广州市首轮大肠癌筛查结果。总成本包括筛查总成本、腺瘤直接医疗成本及未来肠镜复查和腺瘤复发治疗成本。总效益包括因筛查而早期检出大肠癌所得效益以及因筛查检出腺瘤及癌前病变避免日后发生癌变所得效益。 结果 2015—2017年,广州市首轮大肠癌筛查项目花费总成本为3 928.5万元,总效益为12 329.8万元,净效益为8 401.3万元,效益成本比3.1。如果提高肠镜检查顺应性至30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%和90%,大肠癌筛查的净效益和效益成本比均逐渐升高。 结论 广州市首轮大肠癌筛查项目具有成本效益。肠镜检查参与率越高,成本效益越高。