基于粒径分析与黏度测定的甲醇微乳柴油稳定性研究

复配表面活性剂及助表面活性剂制备得到甲醇微乳柴油,通过分析测定不同配方比例下微乳液粒度与运动黏度并进行正交实验考察不同实验条件对微乳液运动黏度的作用等方法,研究甲醇微乳柴油的稳定性及其影响因素。结果表明:在表面活性剂不同复配比例的条件下,平均粒径31.86—53.91 nm,分布集中对称,黏度指数较小;以叔丁醇为助表面活性剂时制备的微乳液平均粒径22.57 nm,随着助表面活性剂用量的不断增加,微乳液粒径分布逐渐集中,平均粒径下降,黏度指数减小,稳定性增强;对甲醇微乳柴油的稳定性影响程度依次为甲醇质量分数>温度>搅拌时间>助表面活性剂用量>搅拌速度。     

柴油微乳液研制及影响因素的考察

利用非离子型表面活性剂复配制备W/O柴油微乳液,并以油、水、表面活性剂 助表面活性剂为三组分做出相图。通过微乳液相区面积考察不同因素对制备柴油微乳液的影响。因素包括不同表面活性剂的复配,不同的助表面活性剂及助表面活性剂与表面活性剂的比(m(C)∶m(T))。并用不同浓度的碱液代替水相,考察碱液对柴油微乳液形成的影响。结果表明最佳实验条件为:表面活性剂复配比为0.667,m(C)∶m(T)=0.3,助剂为正丁醇,碱液质量分数为0.1%。利用HLB值理论和界面膜理论对实验结果进行了分析。     

车用甲醇柴油混合燃料的研究

根据甲醇和柴油的分子结构特点,筛选出合适的甲醇燃料助溶剂和助溶表面活性剂。实验结果表明为:采用甲缩醛为助溶剂、异戊醇为助表面活性剂,配制的甲醇柴油具有低温稳定性并且各项技术指标符合国家轻柴油标准(GB252-94)。     

甲醇柴油微乳液制备及稳定性的实验研究

复配油酸,二乙醇胺,span80,op-4四种表面活性剂,将其加入到加甲醇柴油混合体系中,制备甲醇柴油微乳液,并采用正交试验方法与粘度指数法,考察了制备温度,搅拌时间,搅拌速度,助表面活性剂用量,甲醇含量5种因素对甲醇柴油微乳液稳定性的影响程度。实验结果表明,当m(油酸)/m(二乙醇胺)/m(span80)/m(OP-4)=10∶2∶3∶2时,可增溶甲醇量最大,正交试验结果表明:样品粘度指数最小,50℃恒温前后的粘度变化最小,为稳定性最佳的甲醇柴油微乳液配方,显著性检验结果表明影响因素作用程度依次为:甲醇含量制备温度搅拌时间助剂用量搅拌速度。在试验温度为30℃,搅拌时间为12 min,搅拌速度为300 r/min时,添加甲醇质量分数为5%的实验条件下制备甲醇柴油微乳液。     

180#船用燃料油的调和制备

用乙烯焦油与渣油按一定的比例混合,可以调和制备180#船用燃料油,考察了温度、调和质量配比、表面活性剂对调和油品黏度的影响。实验结果表明,在50℃的反应条件下,当m(渣油)/m(乙烯焦油)为1∶1.25和1∶1.50时,调和油的黏度符合180#船用燃料油的黏度标准。研究还发现,调和油中加入阴离子与非离子表面活性剂做的复配时能显著降低油品的黏度,当添加量为3‰时,效果最佳。     

基于油茶籽油为油相的烟酰胺微乳制备及性能

以油茶籽油为油相、烟酰胺溶液为水相,制备油茶籽油-烟酰胺微乳。利用伪三元相图法和马尔文激光粒度仪研究微乳液的相行为、粒径,测定微乳液的防晒能力和体外抗氧化能力。结果显示：微乳液的最佳配方为复配表面活性剂司盘80与吐温80质量比为4∶1,聚乙二醇-400为助表面活性剂,复配表面活性剂与助表面活性剂质量比为1∶1,油茶籽油与混合表面活性剂质量比为6∶4。制备的油茶籽油-烟酰胺微乳中,烟酰胺溶液占微乳液总质量的8.34%。微乳液粒径为80 nm左右。在290～400 nm的紫外吸收峰数量多于油茶籽油,证明其防紫外线能力强于油茶籽油。微乳液对DPPH·、·OH、ABTS~+、O₂~-·均有抑制能力,表现出良好的抗氧化性能。为后续防晒制剂的开发提供理论依据。     

提高含水乙醇汽油稳定性的表面活性剂研究

乙醇汽油是种极具发展潜力的清洁可再生燃料,影响含水乙醇汽油混合燃料推广应用的关键是它的稳定性问题。通过实验考察了多种表面活性剂对含水乙醇汽油混合燃料的乳化増溶作用,配制出稳定性较好的复合表面活性剂A,并对表面活性剂的助溶机理进行了详细分析。实验表明:随着表面活性剂的加入,乙醇汽油混合物中即使含水也不易分层、也能保持较长的稳定期。     

琥珀酸二辛酯磺酸钠对海星皂苷在超临界CO2中的增溶作用

利用琥珀酸二辛酯磺酸钠(AOT)/混合醇/水溶液为助溶剂,以乙醇助溶剂为参照,考察了表面活性剂对海星皂苷在超临界CO2介质中的增溶作用。探讨了表面活性剂浓度、助表面活性剂组成、复合表面活性剂配比等因素对海星皂苷增溶的影响,结果表明:摩尔比为4∶1、浓度为0.05 moL/L的AOT/辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)复配表面活性剂,对海星皂苷具有良好的选择性增溶作用,海星皂苷的萃取率为2.40%,提取物中海星皂苷质量分数为58.99%,分别是使用乙醇助溶剂的4.08、2.18倍。     

乙醇柴油的微乳化研究

乙醇柴油的开发有助于缓和石油系燃料的供需矛盾,同时乙醇柴油的使用可以减轻汽车尾气对大气的污染。为提高乙醇柴油的稳定性,文章采用乳化与互溶法制备在一定温度范围内稳定存在的乙醇柴油微乳液,研究了不同表面活性剂和助溶剂对该体系的乳化和助溶效果,并探讨了温度对该体系的影响。在此基础上,对表面活性剂AEO-3与正庚醇的复配效果进行研究。     

木质素磺酸盐类水煤浆添加剂的制备

利用SFP制浆黑液和磺化碱木质素与表面活性剂复配制备水煤浆添加剂，并与商品水煤浆添加剂进行对比，结果表明：SFP制浆黑液与非离子型表面活性剂B复配物(NLSY-1)对大同煤具有良好的适应性，可制得流动性好、粘度小、稳定性好的水煤浆燃料。     

Fluorocarbon microemulsions

The microemulsification of various perfluorinated (or almost completely fluorinated) oils with different perfluorinated (or almost completely fluorinated) surfactants with or without cosurfactant is described. Ternary or pseudoternary phase diagrams are discussed. The sizes of the monophasic areas are related to surfactant and cosurfactant nature, weight ratio surfactant/cosurfactant and oil.     

甲醇-汽油混合体系性能及新型混合燃料的配制

甲醇与汽油的相溶性与基础油的组成、环境温度、甲醇添加量有很大关系。对比了甲醇与汽油的理化特性,以市售90#和93#汽油为基础油探讨了不同添加量甲醇对混合燃料稳定性的影响,甲醇的添加对燃料油馏程特性影响显著,添加量增大(10%～50%),低沸点馏分增多。以异辛烷、环己烷、环己烯、苯模拟汽油中的烷烃、烯烃、芳烃组分,分别绘制了与甲醇的双液系相图,测定了异辛烷、环己烷、环己烯、苯混合模拟汽油与不同掺比甲醇体系的初馏点,从理论上阐明了甲醇汽油混合燃料低沸点组分增加的原因。通过4种醇类添加剂对甲醇汽油混合体系性能进行改进,获得了低温稳定性好、基本符合商用汽油馏程特性的新型车用燃料。     

超临界花椒油微乳的配制及其稳定性研究

以超临界花椒油为油相,吐温-80为表面活性剂,无水乙醇和1,2-丙二醇为助表面活性剂,在30℃水浴中,用水滴定上述两组分不同配比的混合物,绘制油、吐温一80、醇、水体系伪三元相图,并对微乳进行稳定性研究。结果表明,相同条件下以1,2-丙二醇为助表面活性剂的体系,相图中微乳区面积大于以乙醇为助表面活性剂的体系。随着吐温-80与醇质量比（Km）的减小,形成的微乳区面积先增大后减小。经稳定性试验表明,加温和加速离心时对微乳剂稳定性无影响;少量盐对微乳剂稳定性基本无影响。     

Engkabang Fat Esters for Cosmeceutical Formulation

Engkabang fat esters were synthesized from engkabang fat using an enzyme as catalyst. The main composition of the fat esters were oleyl palmitate, oleyl stearate and oleyl oleate. The percentage yield was 93.67%. Ternary phase diagrams systems containing fat esters/surfactant/water were constructed. Several regions appeared in the ternary phase diagrams such as isotropic, homogenous, liquid crystal, two-phase and three-phase regions. Increasing the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value of the used surfactants gave a larger homogenous and isotropic region in ternary phase diagrams of engkabang fat esters/nonionic surfactant/deionized water. Isotropic and homogenous regions in the ternary phase diagram of engkabang fat esters: PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil (2:1)/polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan tri-oleate/deionized water, was the largest when compared to the other ternary phase diagrams. The isotropic and homogenous region can be used as a medium in formulation of cosmetics and pharmaceutical products such as creams, lotions, balms and lipsticks.     

Tar sand extractions with microemulsions and emulsions

Extractions of bitumen from tar sands were studied in parallel with pseudo-ternary phase diagrams for the dispersion of bitumen in microemulsions. The three components were an active mixture (aqueous solution of surfactant and cosurfactant), a cosolvent and bitumen. Both pure and commercial surfactants were investigated, and, in general, commercial surfactants were more effective than pure ones. There was general correlation between the dispersion phase diagrams and the extractions. The microemulsion using Dowfax 2A1 as surfactant was an exception, being quite effective as an extractant even though not much bitumen could be dispersed in it. Most experiments were made with 2-butoxyethyanol (BE) as cosurfactant, although a few were also made with phenol and pyridine. The efficiency of the cosolvent decreased in the order toluene > naptha > kerosene. Except for the case where the surfactant was Atlas G3300, extractions were more effective at 80°C than 25°C. With anionic surfactants pH did not seem to have much effect on the extractions.     

Effect of Branched Alcohols on Phase Behavior and Physicochemical Properties of Winsor IV Microemulsions

The microemulsion phase behavior and physicochemical properties of surfactant–water–alcohol–oil systems are the pioneer laboratory study as a function of alcohol, water content and temperature to develop an experimental investigation for a better understanding of the microstructure of a single phase microemulsion and its stability under reservoir condition during hydraulic fracturing to recover the residual trapped oil. Viscosified surfactants are used as an efficient proppant conducting medium in hydraulic fracturing applications. The physicochemical properties of microemulsions are very helpful for characterization of microemulsions to justify their abilities and screening of surfactants. In the study, two branched alcohols, 2-methyl butan-2-ol, 3-methyl butan-1-ol selected as the cosurfactant in the proposed microemulsion system and their effect in tailoring the viscosity of microemulsions were studied. Microemulsion regions elucidated from Winsor’s pseudophase model of an oleate surfactant show a signatory distribution pattern of components between different domains with non-polar and asymmetric geometry of cosurfactant directs macromolecular alignments; their alignment contributes to a viscous microemulsions (gel) regime. The effect of surfactant and alkali, and the experimental temperature on the rheological properties of the lamellar mesophase were investigated. Phase transit regions and exact microemulsion and viscous microemulsion magnitudes were elucidated with the help of conductivity and viscosity studies of the ternary system as a function of the aqueous fraction and were in good agreement with Winsor’s pseudophase model. Dynamic and steady shear rheological studies showed that the gel is viscoelastic in nature, sustain viscosity and elastic modulus values appropriate for proppant suspension under high shear conditions. The proppant suspension and thermal behavior of ideal gel composition was found to be suitable for Coal Bed Methane and soft rock, clay reservoir stimulation.     

Tar sand extractions with microemulsions: I-the dissolution of light hydrocarbons by microemulsions using 2-butoxyethanol and diethylmethylamine as cosurfactants

For oil sand extractions with microemulsions it is important to disperse large quantities of light hydrocarbons in an aqueous medium. Fundamental studies on the properties of 2-butoxyethanol (BE) and diethylmethylamine (Et₂McN) in water suggest that these two liquids could be more effective cosurfactants than the usual alcohols used for this purpose. The phase diagrams of microemulsions using BE and Et₂MeN as cosurfactants, combined with typical ionic and non-ionic surfactants and typical aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, were therefore investigated and compared with microemulsions based on n-butanol. Although the phase diagrams depend significantly on the nature of the surfactant and of the oil, the monophasic region generally increases with the cosurfactant in the order n-butanol < Et₂McN < BE. With the active mixture BE-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, temperature has little effect on the phase diagram and NaCl generally destabilizes the microemulsion.     

Interfacial Composition,Structural and Thermodynamic Parameters of Water/(Surfactant+<Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-Butanol)/<Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-Heptane Water-in-Oil Microemulsion Formation in Relation to the Surfactant Chain Length

Interfacial behavior, structural and thermodynamic parameters of a water/(surfactant+n-butanol)/n-heptane water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion have been investigated using the dilution technique at different temperatures, and [water]/[surfactant] mole ratios. The cationic surfactants used were alkyltrimethyl ammonium bromides (CnTAB, n = 10, 14 and 16) while the nonionic surfactants were polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monoalkanoates (polysorbate), viz., palmitate (PS 40), stearate (PS 60) and oleate (PS 80). The distribution of cosurfactant between the oil–water interface and the bulk oil at the threshold level of stability, and the thermodynamics of transfer of the cosurfactant from the bulk oil to the interface were evaluated. Structural parameters such as the dimensions, population density and effective water pool radius of the dispersed water droplets in the oil phase and the interfacial population of the surfactant and cosurfactant have been evaluated in terms of the surfactant chain length.     

制备纳米BaSO4的W/O微乳液体系组成及稳定性

以TritonX 10 0 正己醇 环己烷 水制成W O微乳反胶团体系 ,通过测定体系的电导率和观察液晶相的出现确定相点绘制了各体系的拟三元相图 ,研究了温度、盐浓度和油相组分对W O微乳液体系稳定性的影响 .实验发现助表面活性剂与表面活性剂的配比对微乳液的稳定性有显著影响 .随着温度的升高 ,W O微乳液稳定区域减小 ,可通过升高温度对微乳液进行破乳 ;与以纯环己烷为油相的体系相比 ,油相中含有少量正己烷的体系具有更优异的性质 .所得结果为利用该W O微乳液体系制备纳米颗粒提供了基础数据     

Tar sand extractions with microemulsions II. The dispersion of bitumen in microemulsions

Aqueous solutions containing the active components of microemulsions, i.e. surfactants and polar cosurfactants, are not effective in dissolving bitumen and consequently in extracting tar sands. On the other hand, if a light hydrocarbon such as benzene, toluene or cyclohexane is added to the active components, the microemulsion becomes a very effective extractant. To investigate this phenomenon, phase diagrams of pseudo-ternary systems (active mixture-hydrocarbon-bitumen) were determined at 25°C and in some cases in the temperature range 25 to 80°C. In most experiments, the cosurfactant was taken as 2-butoxyethanol and the hydrocarbon as toluene. Three surfactants were examined: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, aerosol OT and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate. Various regions can be identified on the phase diagrams: suspensions of solid surfactants, microemulsions, stable and unstable emulsions. The extent of the various regions depends significantly on the relative concentrations of the various components. In general, the extent of the dispersed bitumen region increases with temperature.