在三级站建立环境监测信息网络的思考

目前,环境管理正逐步实现从定性管理向定量管理、单项（点源）治理向综合整治、浓度控制向浓度与总量双重控制的深层次转变,这一转变对环境监测的要求越来越高。环境监测站承担着为政府决策提供技术支持,为环境管理提供技术监督,为污染防治提供技术服务的重要职责。尤其是作为监测系统中坚力量的三级站,理所当然地成为所在区域的技术中心、数据（报告）中心和信息网络中心。然而,环境监测信息网络建设上的严重滞后,已成为三级站实现监测现代化的制约因素。如何更好地发挥环境监测信息网络的作用,本文对此提出几点思考。一、建立环境…     

环境监测网络体系建设及管理探讨

本文针对在环境监测体制改革完成的情况下,如何建立适合我国国情的,满足各种监测需要功能的环境监测管理体系和环境监测网络进行了探讨.     

环境监测数据管理系统的开发

在论述开发环境监测数据管理系统重要性的基础上,根据环境监测站的主要工作职能,确定了环境监测数据管理系统的功能,进行了系统总体设计和程序设计,开发出了操作方便、灵活实用的环境监测数据管理系统。     

环境监测信息系统与数据处理的计算机应用

简要介绍了用FoxBASE语言编制的ES软件在监测信息处理的应用,并以一个具体的环境监测实例阐述如何使用ES软件处理大量的环境监测数据.     

油气田环境监测数据库系统的开发及应用

“油气田环境监测数据库及应用系统”采用流行的结构化程序设计方法进行设计,利用ＦＯＸＢＡＳＥ＋２．１数据库语言、ＴｕｒｂｏＣ语言和汇编语言进行混合编程。系统已在全国２０个油气田和６个总公司直属企业的共７４个单位推广使用,提高了石油系统环境保护工作的现代化和信息化水平。总结了系统的设计开发、功能特点及推广应用情况。     

关于环境监测成本核算的探讨

本文针对目前科技体制改革与市场经济发展的现状，主要探讨了环境科研监测部门在全企业做好服务的基础上，如何加强成本管理，怎样进行成本核算，认真按照收费标准合理收费，从而实现环境监测与市场收费的协调发展。     

基于GIS平台的SQL Server 环境监测数据库的应用

本文着重介绍了基于GIS平台的SQL Server环境监测数据库系统的应用和方法,建立系统的关键技术,以及系统建谨的可行性。提出了解决该系统在环境监测中应用遇到的问题的途径。     

结合Internet技术开发油田环境监测信息化管理技术

针对胜利油田环境监测管理的特点,以监测工作为技术依据,讨论了采用Internet技术进行环境监测的信息化管理,重点对采用Browser/server模式进行专业数据库系统的设计、开发和实现进行了讨论。通过实践表明:该系统利用局域网环境,用户可以通过浏览器完成监测原始数据和月报表的输入,计算、审核、汇总、统计、保存、查询及打印工作。     

环境监测体制改革的探讨

文章阐述了我国环境监测体制改革的背景及现实意义,研究探讨了环境监测体制改革的基本思路及实施步骤.     

青海省环境监测预警体系建设思考

十二五规划期是全省环境监测体系建设和升级发展的机遇期,应当理清思路和目标,抓住重点,加快发展,突出环境质量监测、污染源监测、应急监测、生态监测四个方面,以项目带能力,以技术上水平,以能力促服务,实现监测体系和预警体系有机结合全面发展。     

基于GIS 的环境监测监控系统

随着我国环境保护工作的深入发展,对环境管理手段提出了更高的要求,利用G1S技术实施环境管理是适应现代环境管理发展需要的。本文对环境监测监控系统作了较详细的介绍和分析,说明了环境监测监控系统在环境管理中的重要作用。     

Environmental assessment and the academic environmentalist

This paper is concerned with the way in which academics who are drawn into the Environmental Assessment process use their skill, knowledge and understanding. It identifies shortcomings and pitfalls and stresses the importance of integrity and monitoring.     

Community-Based Monitoring Frameworks: Increasing the Effectiveness of Environmental Stewardship

This article presents an adaptable community-based monitoring (CBM) framework. The investigators used a well-tested conceptual CBM framework developed by the Canadian Community Monitoring Network (CCMN) as a basis from which to work. With the use of feedback from various types of CBM groups in the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada, obtained through surveys and interviews, the CCMN framework was modified into a document that attempts to address current disparities and inefficiencies within most CBM systems. The need for such a framework was underscored by the lack of stewardship groups’ use of standardized monitoring protocols and inability to effectively provide information to decision makers. From the information collected through the survey, it was concluded that the proposed framework must be a functional, multiparty form of CBM that addresses the key concerns of a standardized monitoring and communication program and must be able to be fed into the environmental-management system.     

The “data-rich but information-poor” syndrome in water quality monitoring

Water quality monitoring conducted routinely over time at fixed sites has been a part of most water quality management efforts for many years. It has been assumed that such monitoring plays a major role in management. However, the lack of routine data analysis, and reporting of information derived from such analysis, points up the fact that the exact nature of the role of routine, fixed-station monitoring is poorly defined.There is a need to very clearly define this role in the design of such systems if routine monitoring is to efficiently and effectively meet the information expectations placed on it. Design of routine monitoring systems will therefore have to consider not only the where, what, and when of sampling, but also why. A framework for including the why of monitoring in the design process is proposed and experience with using the framework in New Zealand is discussed.     

The guild concept applied to management of bird populations

Alternative ways to apply the guild concept to wildlife management are evaluated here. I reject the idea that indicator species can be selected for each bird guild to reduce costs of environmental assessment and monitoring. Promise is seen, however, in the option of using whole guilds to indicate the capability of habitat zones to support populations of wildlife species. It may be adequate for most management purposes to delineate guilds only for species that use an environment for breeding, because transients and winter residents probably use the same zones of the habitat in the same ways. Potential guilds are identified by cells of a two-dimensional matrix, the axes identifying primary feeding and nesting zones. Some questions may be answered with guilds as delineated by all cells in the matrix. Alternatively, larger guilds can be formed by grouping all species in each column or row of the matrix to identify, for example, all species that depend on tree canopies for foraging, or tree boles for nesting. One can also consider separately the resident breeders, migrant breeders, and winter residents to obtain insights into whether observed changes in numbers of birds in a guild are a result of conditions locally or elsewhere. I conclude that the guild concept probably has a place in wildlife management, but much testing must be done before it is widely applied.     

Better environmental future in Europe through environmental auditing?

environmental auditing must be rejected if the aim is to make companies introduce a specific management concept. Rather, it is preferable to leave the search for effective environmental protection strategies to the competitive system, especially since the criteria for environment-oriented management in the European Community audit proposal are without substance. Environmental auditing can, however, assume a complementary function in the framework of an overall environmental policy if it is designed as an information tool with which companies provide information on the development of environmental problems deriving from their manufacturing processes and products. However, the model required to establish a framework of quantity and evaluation criteria is not available. Further, auditing does not cover products. Similarly, there are no proposals defining the evaluation procedure for ecological resource scarcity. Thus, the attempt of the Commission of the European Communities to create the elementary prerequisites for consistent and verifiable environmental auditing in the corporate sector has failed.     

The Information Cycle as a Framework for Defining Information Goals for Water-Quality Monitoring

/ The necessity to tailor information becomes increasingly urgent as the information revolution continues to generate ever-increasing flows of data and so-called information. From European experiences, a new approach for monitoring system design is suggested in this paper. In this approach, careful and detailed specification of information needs is a major contributing factor to the effectiveness of information products. To develop better specifications for information products, the process of collecting and transforming data into useful information requires careful thought and guidance. A dialogue between information users on one hand and information producers on the other is essential. This dialogue can be based on the information cycle, describing the continuous process from specifying information needs for water management and a strategy to collect information through data collection and data analysis up to utilization of information by water management. By following the respective steps in the information cycle, the process of information gathering can be completed. The cyclic character provides a quantitative means of connecting monitoring system design and operations with the information expectations and/or products required by management.     

环境监测中最优化抽样策略

本文分析了基本抽样程序,并用来解决环境监测的抽样优化问题。抽样过程形成马尔可夫链,通过划分接收水平和抽样区间建立抽样策略。计算每一组策略的目标函数的取值,找到备选策略中最小成本抽样策略即最优抽样策略。     

A heuristic optimization approach for Air Quality Monitoring Network design with the simultaneous consideration of multiple pollutants

An interactive optimization methodology for allocating the number and configuration of an Air Quality Monitoring Network (AQMN) in a vast area to identify the impact of multiple pollutants is described. A mathematical model based on the multiple cell approach (MCA) was used to create monthly spatial distributions for the concentrations of the pollutants emitted from different emission sources. These spatial temporal patterns were subject to a heuristic optimization algorithm to identify the optimal configuration of a monitoring network. The objective of the optimization is to provide maximum information about multi-pollutants (i.e., CO, NO(x) and SO(2)) emitted from each source within a given area. The model was applied to a network of existing refinery stacks and the results indicate that three stations can provide a total coverage of more than 70%. In addition, the effect of the spatial correlation coefficient (R(C)) on total area coverage was analyzed. The modeling results show that as the cutoff correlation coefficient R(C) is increased from 0.75 to 0.95, the number of monitoring stations required for total coverage is increased. A high R(C) based network may not necessarily cover the entire region, but the covered region will be well represented. A low R(C) based network, on the other hand, would offer more coverage of the region, but the covered region may not be satisfactorily represented.     

Social Learning Through Evaluation: A Case Study of Overcoming Constraints for Management of Dryland Salinity

Conventional approaches to evaluation of environmental programs have tended to limit themselves to restricted measures of program effectiveness. This paper shows how a social learning approach can be incorporated into evaluating public environmental programs. A social learning approach is particularly suited to complex environmental challenges which are inherently difficult to understand, predict, and manage, thus complicating the evaluation process. The paper presents an Australian case study of dryland salinity management where there are major knowledge barriers impeding conventional management techniques. The research presented in this paper focused on evaluating a public demonstration program to track its impact through its design, implementation, and monitoring phases. The paper shows that, by incorporating social learning principles and practices, program evaluation can promote collective action, critical reflection, and increased knowledge to underpin improved environmental management.