伸展盆地构造演化的数值模拟——以南海北部白云凹陷为例

介绍了瞬时均匀拉伸模型、挠曲悬臂梁模型和多幕伸展模型,特别强调各种模型的基本假设和适用条件,以及基于这些模型发展出的二维正反演模拟和一维应变速率模拟的方法。这些方法在计算岩石圈伸展系数和盆地张裂的过程中,具有一定的优越性。在盆地的数值模拟中,有时需要综合运用多种数值模型来突破单个模型假设条件的约束。为了研究南海北部白云凹陷的裂后沉降特点,分别应用二维正反演和一维应变速率正反演方法计算岩石圈的伸展系数,并计算理论热沉降,与实测裂后沉降进行对比。模拟结果表明,白云凹陷岩石圈的伸展系数大致呈钟形分布,在凹陷中心处最大,大约为3.5;凹陷的实测裂后沉降远大于理论值,即存在裂后异常沉降,裂后期的异常沉降总量在凹陷中心和南部在2km以上。     

南海北部珠江口盆地珠一坳陷西江凹陷与陆丰凹陷差异裂陷过程定量分析

西江凹陷和陆丰凹陷均位于南海北部珠江口盆地珠一坳陷,前者盆地结构为两条NE向铲式边界断层控制的近对称地堑,后者表现为6条弯曲主干断层控制的“两洼夹一隆”构造格局。文章运用三维地震资料,在盆地结构、断裂系统描述的基础上,选取了两个凹陷共8条地震—地质剖面进行平衡剖面恢复,计算两幕裂陷阶段盆地伸展量、拆离深度等定量参数,并据此分析二者差异裂陷演化过程及与区域构造演化之间的联系。两个凹陷在新生代均经历裂陷一幕、二幕以及裂后拗陷阶段,其中每幕裂陷又可细分为早、晚两个亚幕。西江和陆丰凹陷的裂陷演化具有时空差异性。从裂陷一幕到二幕,二者伸展量都具有随时间减小的一般特征,其中西江凹陷的伸展量随时间持续减小,在裂陷二幕晚期仍具有较大伸展量,而陆丰凹陷在裂陷二幕早期伸展量略有升高,但在晚期伸展量急剧减小,其减弱程度远大于西江凹陷。两个凹陷的拆离深度都具有随时间逐渐加深的特征。在裂陷一幕早、晚亚幕,陆丰凹陷的拆离深度略大于西江凹陷。在裂陷二幕早、晚亚幕,西江凹陷的平均拆离深度由约8 km增长至9 km左右,而陆丰凹陷的平均拆离深度由约8 km跳跃式增长至约35 km。盆地的几何结构、断裂系统以及伸展量和拆离深度变化特征均反映陆丰凹陷在裂陷二幕晚期受热沉降作用或提前结束裂陷阶段,而西江凹陷在裂陷二幕之后结束裂陷作用。研究区的裂陷阶段自东向西逐渐结束可能受控于东北次海盆的扩张及南海的自东向西渐进式扩张。区域板块构造演化提供了珠江口盆地沿其轴向向SW方向伸展作用增强的差异伸展环境。该研究所揭示的盆地裂陷演化差异性对认识珠江口盆地的裂陷时限的时空分布和差异裂陷演化都具有重要的意义,也对认识南海北部大陆边缘裂陷过程提供重要的定量数据约束。     

伸展盆地构造演化的数值模拟——以南海北部白云凹陷为例

介绍了瞬时均匀拉伸模型、挠曲悬臂梁模型和多幕伸展模型,特别强调各种模型的基本假设和适用条件,以及基于这些模型发展出的二维正反演模拟和一维应变速率模拟的方法。这些方法在计算岩石圈伸展系数和盆地张裂的过程中,具有一定的优越性。在盆地的数值模拟中,有时需要综合运用多种数值模型来突破单个模型假设条件的约束。为了研究南海北部白云凹陷的裂后沉降特点,分别应用二维正反演和一维应变速率正反演方法计算岩石圈的伸展系数,并计算理论热沉降,与实测裂后沉降进行对比。模拟结果表明,白云凹陷岩石圈的伸展系数大致呈钟形分布,在凹陷中心处最大,大约为3.5;凹陷的实测裂后沉降远大于理论值,即存在裂后异常沉降,裂后期的异常沉降总量在凹陷中心和南部在2km以上。     

正断层的阶区构造及生长机制：以狼山山前断层带为例

正断层带在生长过程中内部发育有阶区构造,阶区在正断层的相互作用、连接过程中起重要控制作用,同时阶区还影响地表径流和沉积盆地的发展、流体的运移和圈闭的形成。位于内蒙古河套断陷西缘的狼山山前断裂是晚新生代以来持续活动的大型正断层系统,断层带内部发育有不同类型的阶区构造。识别出了两种类型阶区的连接方式,一种是两条平行断层之间的斜坡从"软连接"到"硬连接"的演化过程;另一种是楔状阶区通过一条断层向另一条断层扩展的方式连接产生。基岩中的先存构造要素控制并影响山前正断层的展布方位及阶区的形态:基底内部NNE向糜棱面理控制山前断层带的走向,早期向SE倾斜的逆冲断层面被正断层局部利用。沿断层倾向方向,山前正断层逐渐向盆地方向扩展,最新活动的断层位于盆地边缘甚至盆地内部;沿断层走向方向,狼山山前正断层逐渐向南西侧扩展。     

珠江口盆地构造变形特征与白云凹陷构造-沉积正演模拟研究

珠江口盆地构造演化与南海扩张运动之间的关系一直是众多研究者关注的重点,盆地内构造变形信息对南海多期次的扩张运动具有十分重要的指示作用。为研究珠江口盆地构造变形特征与白云凹陷构造演化,本文对横跨珠江口盆地的三条区域地震反射剖面及过白云凹陷沉积中心的地震反射剖面进行精细的构造解析,同时对白云凹陷主控正断层系统开展正演模拟研究。结果表明,过珠江口盆地东部、中部和西部的三条区域地震反射剖面都反映“三隆夹两坳”的结构特征;剖面对比发现盆地中部吸收的累计构造变形量最大,其中白云凹陷最为突出。对白云凹陷内的控凹正断层系统展开的2D-Move几何学正演模拟研究结果表明,该凹陷主要受控于三条北倾的铲形正断层,活动时间集中于T80～T70(约38～32 Ma)。结合白云凹陷反映的强烈活动时间和沉积分布特征,我们认为白云凹陷的形成可能与南海北部早期伸展作用相关,期间可能叠加了西北次海盆的扩张作用;西北次海盆扩张作用结束后,整个珠江口盆地构造演化都受到了东部次海盆扩张作用的影响。     

南海北部陆缘盆地反转构造研究:以莺歌海盆地临高隆起和珠江口盆地琼海凹陷为例

为揭示南海北部陆缘盆地反转构造的几何形态、演化及形成时期,文中利用反转构造定量分析方法,以莺歌海盆地临高隆起和珠江口盆地琼海凹陷反转构造为例,对两盆地中的反转构造生长指数、位移-距离曲线和反转率进行了定量分析。结果表明:莺歌海盆地临高隆起构造反转始于早渐新世,主要反转期为晚渐新世—早中新世,反转程度中等,为上盖下正的断层型反转构造;珠江口盆地琼海凹陷构造反转主要发生在晚中新世,反转程度轻微,为上凸下凹的褶皱型反转构造.两反转构造均具有良好的生、储、盖条件和时空配置关系,为有利的油气聚集区。     

旋转平面型正断层向铲式正断层的递进演化过程：以渤海湾盆地牛庄洼陷的断裂系统为例

基于渤海湾盆地牛庄洼陷的3D地震精细构造解释成果,本文揭示了伸展盆地内部正断层由旋转正断层向连通的铲式正断层递进演化过程,该演化过程划分为4个阶段：以旋转平面型正断层为主要类型的初始阶段,以多米诺断阶为主要类型的发展阶段,以单条独立铲式正断层为主要类型的成熟阶段以及以连通铲式正断层为主要类型的高成熟阶段;并建立了在伸展量的递进增加且浅层存在滑脱层的地质条件下,旋转平面型正断层向铲式正断层递进演化模式。通过分析研究区剖面伸展量数据以及系列断层断距的变化,认为伸展量在不同级别断裂（主干断裂与次级断裂）之间的分配方式是研究区该递进演化过程的主控因素。本文提出的伸展盆地内部正断层递进演化过程及其模式将有助于丰富与完善伸展盆地正断层递进演化理论,同时也可为伸展量较大的背景下,正断层样式演化程度较低的现象提供一种新的成因解释。

     

岩浆底辟改造型洼陷复杂结构特征及演化规律——以珠江口盆地陆丰22洼为例

珠江口盆地东沙隆起上的陆丰22洼为岩浆底辟改造型洼陷。为了明确这种洼陷的结构变形特征与构造演化过程,本文通过地震资料构造解释和残余地层厚度分析,利用平衡剖面技术还原了洼陷演化过程。研究结果表明,陆丰22洼西斜坡和东次洼在古近纪受到3期强烈的岩浆底辟作用,其中以文昌组四段活动最活跃。岩浆底辟对洼陷结构的改造作用主要表现为3个方面：一是岩浆底辟破坏了洼陷原始构造样式,引起边界断裂弯曲变形甚至错断,在平面上分带展布;二是岩浆隆升导致地层强烈翘倾,缓坡地层大幅抬升遭受强烈剥蚀;三是岩浆底辟产生次级凸起,影响了沉积中心的位置、规模和演化,致使陆丰22洼表现出复杂的结构特征与构造演化过程。岩浆底辟强烈的西斜坡和东次洼经历了断陷和坳断演化阶段,岩浆底辟较弱的西次洼、洼中隆和东斜坡则经历了完整的断陷、坳断和坳陷3个演化阶段,各构造单元具有平面分带特征。     

成岩相分析方法在南海北部深水区储层预测的应用——以珠江口盆地白云凹陷为例

成岩相分析方法旨在在碎屑岩储层成岩作用和孔隙演化之间建立一种成因联系,建立研究区孔隙演化与成岩作用关系模型,为孔隙演化机理和主控因素分析及储层平面分布预测提供理论依据.研究表明,机械压实、胶结和溶蚀作用是本区主控成岩作用类型,据此可划分出5种主要的成岩相组合:早期碳酸盐胶结弱溶蚀相、弱压实强溶蚀相(＜1 800m)、中...     

多期走滑拉分盆地的沉积响应:以南海北部珠江口盆地为例

南海北部陆缘位于太平洋和新特提斯两大构造域之间,其形成与演化受到多期多向构造叠加作用,珠江口盆地是南海北部陆缘的重要构造单元.自新生代早期珠琼运动以来,由于太平洋板块向华南大陆俯冲在珠江口盆地形成两期强烈的走滑拉分作用,从而导致早期弥散状地堑与后两期拉分盆地的三层盆地叠合现象.本文在综合珠江口盆地的地质、构造物理和数值...     

南海北部古俯冲带的位置及其对南海扩张的控制

为了确定南海北部古俯冲带的具体位置,作者利用美国LCT综合反演软件对收集到的重磁数据进行处理解释,结果显示在南海北部从台湾西南部到一统暗沙隆起,即沿南海海盆北部陆坡为一条布格重力异常水平梯度峰值带,指示了古俯冲带的具体位置;其北部的高磁异常代表了与之对应的古火山弧。深反射地震资料也验证了南海北部陆坡位置存在古俯冲带,钻井资料显示俯冲带存在的时代为晚侏罗世到早白垩世。据此绘制了南海地区晚中生代到现今的构造古地理演化图,指出南海的扩张应与晚中生代俯冲带这个先存的软弱带有关,南海海盆正是从古俯冲带的位置开始扩张。     

Intersection patterns of normal faults in the Lufeng Sag of Pearl River Mouth Basin,China: Insights from 4D physical simulations

Interpretation of seismic data from the Lufeng Sag of the Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) in the northern part of South China Sea shows that different intersection patterns developed in the cover units above basement normal faults. A series of analogue models are used to investigate the intersection patterns and deformation in the sedimentary cover sequences above a basement horst bounded by two non-parallel faults. Modelling results show that during their upward propagation, the basement faults may intersect within the cover sequences and form a graben above the basement horst. Length and width of the graben increase with cover thickness. The strike and dip intersection points are controlled directly by the thickness of the cover sequences, dip and strike of the basement faults, and width of the basement horst. The intersection point migrates along the axis of the graben toward the wide end of the basement horst, when the cover sequence thickens. In contrast, it migrates toward the narrow end of the basement horst, where both fault dip and angle of strike difference increase. The intersection point moves upward with increasing width of the basement horst crest. Model profiles also indicate that in the presence of a ductile layer between the cover and basement such intersection patterns do not form. Interpretation of seismic data and model results show that the intersection pattern developed in the Lufeng Sag is a result of propagation of basement faults into cover units during different extension stages of the basin. Results of this study can be applied to many other sedimentary basins where such fault intersection patterns are likely to form when non-parallel conjugate basement faults are active during sedimentation.     

南海北部深水区荔湾凹陷构造演化及其石油地质意义

荔湾凹陷北与白云凹陷相邻,南与双峰盆地(南海西北次海盆)相接,发育于洋陆过渡边界,具有独特的结构构造特征。选取荔湾凹陷为研究对象,在3D地震资料解释的基础上,以断裂特征分析厘定凹陷性质、构造古地貌恢复解析凹陷结构,进而指出古地貌恢复和构造演化对油气勘探的影响。研究获得三方面的创新性认识:①荔湾凹陷为洋陆过渡壳上发育的断坳,断坳作用占主导地位;②32Ma的底辟作用将荔湾凹陷改造为"四洼三凸"的构造格局,恩平组沉积期凹陷北部是一个连通的洼陷;③恩平组沉积期连通洼陷的古地貌有利于三角洲(烃源岩)的发育,背斜型圈闭的定型受控于32Ma的底辟作用,是荔湾凹陷油气勘探的有利目标。     

南海北部深水区荔湾凹陷构造演化及其石油地质意义

荔湾凹陷北与白云凹陷相邻,南与双峰盆地（南海西北次海盆）相接,发育于洋陆过渡边界,具有独特的结构构造特征。选取荔湾凹陷为研究对象,在3D地震资料解释的基础上,以断裂特征分析厘定凹陷性质、构造古地貌恢复解析凹陷结构,进而指出古地貌恢复和构造演化对油气勘探的影响。研究获得三方面的创新性认识：①荔湾凹陷为洋陆过渡壳上发育的断坳,断坳作用占主导地位;②32Ma的底辟作用将荔湾凹陷改造为“四洼三凸”的构造格局,恩平组沉积期凹陷北部是一个连通的洼陷;③恩平组沉积期连通洼陷的古地貌有利于三角洲（烃源岩）的发育,背斜型圈闭的定型受控于32Ma的底辟作用,是荔湾凹陷油气勘探的有利目标。     

南海北部深水区荔湾凹陷构造演化及其石油地质意义

荔湾凹陷北与白云凹陷相邻,南与双峰盆地（南海西北次海盆）相接,发育于洋陆过渡边界,具有独特的结构构造特征。选取荔湾凹陷为研究对象,在3D地震资料解释的基础上,以断裂特征分析厘定凹陷性质、构造古地貌恢复解析凹陷结构,进而指出古地貌恢复和构造演化对油气勘探的影响。研究获得三方面的创新性认识：①荔湾凹陷为洋陆过渡壳上发育的断坳,断坳作用占主导地位;②32Ma的底辟作用将荔湾凹陷改造为“四洼三凸”的构造格局,恩平组沉积期凹陷北部是一个连通的洼陷;③恩平组沉积期连通洼陷的古地貌有利于三角洲（烃源岩）的发育,背斜型圈闭的定型受控于32Ma的底辟作用,是荔湾凹陷油气勘探的有利目标。     

Tectono-stratigraphic evolution and hydrocarbon exploration in the Eocene Southern Lufeng Depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China Sea

The structural evolution and stratigraphic architecture of the Southern Lufeng Depression in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea show two second-order sequences (SSQ1 and SSQ2) and nine third-order sequences (WSQ1-5 and ESQ1-4) within the Eocene rift-related successions. Based on integrated interpretations of seismic reflections, well logs and core data, five distinct tectono-stratigraphic patterns are identified: (1) the initial synrift-I sequence (WSQ1) of low tectonic subsidence, overfilled by alluvial fan or fan-delta deposits and volcanic deposits, with no clear systems tracts; (2) the climax synrift-I sequences (WSQ2–4) developed in response to rapid tectonic subsidence, generally consisting of a low-stand systems tract (LST), transgressive systems tract (TST) and high-stand systems tract (HST); (3) the late synrift-I sequence (WSQ5) characterised by a decreased tectonic subsidence rate, dominated by braided delta, deep and shallow lacustrine sediments, mainly constructed by TST and HST; (4) the early synrift-II sequences (ESQ1–2) rapidly filled by braided deltaic sandstone and mainly composed of TST and HST with less common LST units; and (5) the late synrift-II sequences (ESQ3–4), which are totally filled by braided deltaic system in a shallow-water lake setting, presenting typical imbricate clinoforms or sub-parallel seismic configurations, consisting of only TST and HST components. During the climax stage of synrift-I development, the depositional setting changed from a prominent shallow lake (WSQ2) to a deep-lucustrine with turbiditic deposits (WSQ3) and finally dominated by mostly braided deltaic-shallow lacustrine deposits (WSQ4); the HST occupies an increasing proportion from early to late. Furthermore, the stratigraphic patterns, especially LST units of the climax synrift-I stage, are significantly influenced by topographic variations and slope-break belt types in the hanging dip-slope. This study reveals that the spatial and temporal evolution of lacustrine depositional and stratigraphic patterns were significantly controlled by the interplay of tectonic subsidence and sediment supply, and provides a fundamental basis for predicting the favourable reservoirs and geometry of source rocks related to the general variability of Eocene rift-related tectonic subsidence in the Southern Lufeng Depression of the Pearl River Mouth Basin. Furthermore, the topographic responses of differential active fault-stepped patterns associated with magma intrusions, highlight the variability of relevant sequence architectures in the hanging dip-slope in lacustrine rift basins.     

Patterns and Dynamics of Rifting on Passive Continental Margin from Shelf to Slope of the Northern South China Sea:Evidence from 3D Analogue Modeling

Affected by thermal perturbation due to mantle uprising,the rheological structure of the lithosphere could be modified,which could lead to different rifting patterns from shelf to slope in a passive continental margin.From the observed deformation style on the northern South China Sea and analogue modeling experiments,we find that the rift zone located on the shelf is characterized by half grabens or simple grabens controlled mainly by long faults with large vertical offset,supposed to be formed with normal lithasphere extension.On the slope,where the lithosphere is very hot due to mantle upwelling and heating,composite grabens composed of symmetric grabens developed.The boundary and inner faults are all short with small vertical offset.Between the zones with very hot and normal lithosphere,composite half grnbens composed of half grabens or asymmetric grabens formed,whose boundary faults are long with large vertical offset,while the inner faults are relatively short.Along with the thickness decrease of the brittle upper crust due to high temperature,the deformation becomes more sensitive to the shape of a pre-existing weakness zone and shows orientation variation along strike.When there was a bend in the pre-existing weakness zone,and the basal plate was pulled by a clockwise rotating stress,the strongest deformation always occurs along the middle segment and at the transition area from the middle to the eastern segments,which contributes to a hotter lithosphere in the middle segment,where the Baiyun (白云) sag formed.     

南海北部长昌—鹤山凹陷渐新世陆架边缘三角洲—深水扇地震响应及形成条件*

位于现今大陆斜坡之上的长昌—鹤山凹陷是继中国南海北部白云和荔湾深水区油气勘探突破之后的又一个深水战略性勘探区块。根据地震反射上超、下超和顶超等典型反射终止关系、地震相组合以及旋回特征,将渐新统珠海组自下向上划分为ZHSQ1—ZHSQ6共6套三级层序,并在层序格架中,识别出陆架弱—中振幅高连续席状、陆架斜坡变振幅中连续S型—斜交前积楔形、盆地斜坡变振幅中连续丘形双向上超等6种地震相类型,其中大型斜交S型前积和陆坡丘形双向超覆地震反射分别代表陆架边缘三角洲和深水扇沉积。研究表明,随着构造活动、海平面等地质条件的变化,陆架边缘三角洲及深水扇发育特征发生了相应变化。在珠海组ZHSQ1和ZHSQ2沉积时期,断层继承性活动,陆架坡折类型为断控型,沉积体系以局限浅海和近源的三角洲沉积组合为特征。在珠海组ZHSQ3—ZHSQ6沉积时期,盆地进入拗陷阶段,陆架坡折类型为沉积型坡折;在古珠江稳定充裕的供源作用下,陆架坡折带不断向海迁移且范围逐渐变大;伴随着相对海平面下降,大套的前积体不断向前推进,最大前积距离近20,km,且前积角度不断增大;同期深水扇自下而上出现频率增高,且位置更靠近陆架边缘三角洲,规模变大。