微/纳米ZnO粉体在Glu-BF_4离子液体水溶液中的诱导生长

以一定浓度谷氨酸-氟硼酸(Glu-BF_4)离子液体水溶液为反应介质,摩尔比为1∶6的二水合醋酸锌和氢氧化钠为反应物,在室温下制备前驱体,再通过微波辅助加热制备了具有绒球形貌的微/纳米ZnO粉体.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪、比表面积测试仪、能谱仪、拉曼光谱仪和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等对产物形貌、晶型、比表面积、组成和晶面分布进行了测定.结果显示,所得产物为六方晶系纤锌矿结构,平均粒径20.4 nm,绒球大小1.6~3.0μm,比表面积为28.3 m~2/g,产物纯度较高.当反应物浓度一定,离子液体浓度分别为0.02,0.04,0.08和0.12 mol/L时都得到了类似形貌的微/纳米ZnO粉体,且随着离子液体使用量的增加,绒球尺寸分布更加均一.当离子液体浓度一定,而反应物浓度逐渐下降时,产物形貌发生递变性变化.ZnO晶粒在Glu-BF_4离子液体诱导下首先生成不规则的纳米片,纳米片进一步聚集,在一定反应物浓度范围内生成绒球形貌粉体,反应物浓度较低时只生成绒球的核心部分,而浓度更高时则生成纳米针阵列.通过不同条件下纳米ZnO粉体形貌变化规律,探讨了强碱性条件下Glu-BF_4离子液体水溶液中微/纳米ZnO粉体的生长机制.     

不同制备方法对铬掺杂NiFe2O4分解CO2的活性影响

采用共沉淀法和柠檬酸络合法分别制备掺杂4%Cr3 的N iFe2O4,运用XRD、DTA-TG、BET等手段对其结构进行表征,并探讨其直接催化分解CO2成C反应活性影响。研究结果表明,采用共沉淀法和柠檬酸络合法均能制备具有单一尖晶石结构的纳米晶的铬掺杂N iFe2O4。共沉淀法制备的铬掺杂N iFe2O4晶粒很小,平均晶粒只有8.3nm,比表面积为160.2 m2g-1,H2还原后其分解CO2成C的转化率为96%;而柠檬酸络合法制备的铬掺杂N iFe2O4晶粒比前者大,平均晶粒37.5nm左右,比表面积为51.6 m2g-1,其CO2分解成C的转化率只有82%。     

硫化镉与硫化锌纳米材料的界面法合成

采用界面自组装方法制备了CdS纳米线及ZnS球形纳米颗粒,利用TEM和XRD对其形貌和结构进行了表征,并考察了碱的种类和反应物浓度对材料形貌的影响。结果表明,氨水是该合成法必要的试剂,反应物浓度对产物形貌有一定的影响,但界面扩散和反应途径是决定其形貌的主要因素;采用该法合成无机纳米材料具有合成条件温和、易于控制、纯化简单、省去了使用模板/消除模板的过程等优点。     

柠檬酸根辅助多元醇法制备直径和磁性可控的Fe_3O_4亚微球

以柠檬酸三钠作辅助剂,用多元醇溶剂热还原法制备了纳米晶粒和微球直径可控的、单分散的超顺磁Fe3O4亚微球.发现与铁原子有强亲和力的柠檬酸根能有效吸附在还原产生的初始Fe3O4纳米粒子表面,阻碍其晶粒生长和影响其静电排斥力的大小,从而能在较大范围内调控最终产物Fe3O4亚微球的直径和饱和磁化强度.改变柠檬酸根或铁盐浓度不但可以调控初始Fe3O4纳米粒子的粒径,而且可以在220-550nm范围内调控单分散Fe3O4亚微球的直径,从而得到粒径均一的超顺磁Fe3O4亚微球.     

制备条件对稀土复合氧化物粉体材料性能的影响

用柠檬酸络合法制备出双掺杂CeO2基粉体材料, 考察了柠檬酸用量、焙烧温度、升温速率和成胶温度等制备条件对粉体材料BET比表面积、孔容、平均孔径和平均粒径的影响. 柠檬酸用量和焙烧温度对粉体材料的这些性能影响较大, 升温速率只是对平均粒径产生影响, 成胶温度对BET比表面积没有影响, 对孔容和平均孔径影响也很小, 对平均粒径影响大一些. 通过对不同柠檬酸用量和不同焙烧温度所得样品进行XRD表征, 发现双掺杂并未改变CeO2晶型, 但晶胞参数略有增大, 表明掺杂离子进入CeO2晶格. 柠檬酸用量几乎不影响平均晶粒大小, 而焙烧温度对平均晶粒产生较大影响, 焙烧温度越高, 平均晶粒越大. 不同掺杂元素对粉体材料的表面性能也产生一定影响, 掺杂Ca2+的平均粒径比同主族的Mg2+和Sr2+小. 通过对不同制备条件的考察, 为制备固体氧化物电解质粉体材料提供了基础.     

水热法制备Fe3+改性的SnO2纳米颗粒

采用水热法制备了Fe3+改性的SnO2纳米颗粒, 通过XRD、BET、TEM、FT-IR和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(DRS)对其结构和光学性质进行研究. 结果表明, 水热过程实现了氧化锡的直接晶化, 产物为金红石结构, Fe3+进入SnO2的晶格之中形成固溶体. 这种方法制备的Fe3+改性的SnO2纳米颗粒为单分散状态, 粒径分布均匀, 纯的SnO2未焙烧前平均粒径为6.0 nm, 随着Fe3+添加量的增大, 样品的粒径减小. BET显示纯的SnO2样品比表面积为206.1 m2•g−1, 随着Fe3+添加量增大, 产物的比表面积增大, 同时样品的紫外-可见吸收发生红移.     

聚丙烯酰胺凝胶法合成TbFeO3 纳米颗粒及其可见光催化活性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶法制备了TbFeO3纳米颗粒, 研究了不同络合剂对样品的纯度、 颗粒尺寸及形貌的影响. XRD分析结果表明, 以酒石酸、 柠檬酸或乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)为络合剂, 在650 ℃下烧结均可制备出单相TbFeO3纳米颗粒, 但产物的平均粒径不同; 而采用乙酸或草酸为络合剂则难以制得纯相样品. SEM观测结果表明, 以酒石酸为络合剂制备的颗粒细小, 均匀、 形貌规整、 呈球状, 平均粒径约为50 nm; 以柠檬酸为络合剂制备的颗粒主要以近球形为主, 颗粒的尺寸分布相对较宽, 平均粒径约为100 nm; 以EDTA为络合剂制备的颗粒主要呈椭球状, 颗粒尺寸较均匀, 但颗粒间存在不同程度的黏连现象, 平均粒径约为110 nm. 这3种样品的BET比表面积分别为15.4, 8.3和6.8 m2/g. 紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱研究表明, TbFeO3纳米颗粒的带隙为1.95~1.98 eV. 分别以甲基橙(MO)、 罗丹明B(RhB)、 亚甲基蓝(MB)、 酸性品红(AF)和刚果红(CR)5种有机染料为目标降解物, 考察了TbFeO3颗粒的光催化活性. 结果表明, 在可见光辐照下颗粒表现出良好的光催化活性, 其中, 以酒石酸为络合剂制备的样品光催化效果最好.     

气相扩散法制备的碳酸钙的形貌控制和机理

采用不同质量比的柠檬酸作为晶型控制剂制备碳酸钙,研究了在气相扩散体系中柠檬酸对所制备的碳酸钙微晶的粒度、形貌的影响.结果表明,随着柠檬酸浓度的增大,碳酸钙在溶液中结晶成为纳米小单晶体的二次聚集体,其晶粒度逐步变小,其形态呈现从疏松结构的球体、密实球体、花生状颗粒、大长径比针状到密集针状球体有规律的转变,晶型从0.24%和0.72%的球霰石到更大浓度的方解石.通过对柠檬酸在溶液中的聚集状态和柠檬酸分子与碳酸钙微晶的相互作用初步解释了柠檬酸对碳酸钙微晶形貌控制作用的机理.     

均匀沉淀法制备单分散纳米ZnS及发光性能

采用均匀沉淀法,乙酸锌和硫代乙酰胺(TAA)分别提供Zn源和S源,无水乙醇为分散介质,十八胺(ODA)为分散剂,成功制备了小于50nm的单分散ZnS纳米颗粒,并就反应温度、分散剂浓度、溶液浓度和陈化时间对ZnS纳米颗粒粒径的影响进行系统研究。用SEM、激光纳米粒度仪、XRD、PL、EL对样品进行了表征,结果表明:维持一定的分散剂和溶液浓度于0℃陈化24h,样品粒径最小且结晶度佳,干燥和退火后的发光样品在275nm的紫外光激发下发射出490nm左右的蓝绿光,在2kV(样品厚度1mm)激励下发射出520nm的绿光。     

超临界水体系制备二氧化铈纳米颗粒

采用超临界水氧化的方法,使用自主设计的SCWO连续性反应釜制备出纳米Ce O2粉末,并应用XRD,FE-SEM,XPS等一系列分析手段对实验样品的结构与形貌进行了表征。结果表明:采用SCWO超临界反应釜制备的产物Ce O2纳米颗粒呈球形,结晶良好,平均粒径控制在10 nm左右,随着Ce(NO3)3·6H2O水溶液浓度的增大,制备出的纳米Ce O2粉末的粒径逐渐减小,粒度分布更加集中,但是粒子间团聚现象加重,Ce与O的结合能力逐渐减弱;随着Ce(NO3)3·6H2O水溶液浓度的增大,所制得的产物纳米Ce O2颗粒的BET比表面积也逐渐增加,平均比表面积为48 m2·g-1。     

Molten-salt Synthesis and Properties of ZnS with Hexagonal Prism Morphology

ZnS with hexagonal prism morphology has been synthesized successfully by molten-salt method with ZnS nanoparticles as precursors, and the ZnS nanoparticles were prepared by one-step solid-state reaction of Zn（CH3COO）2·2H2O with Na2S·9H2O at ambient temperature. Crystal structure and morphology of the product were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and HRTEM. Ultraviolet-visible optical absorption spectrum of the ZnS hexagonal prism shows a distinct red shift from that of bulk ZnS crystals and photoluminescence spectrum exhibits strong emissions at 380 and 500 nm, respectively. Further experiments were designed and the formation mechanism of the ZnS hexagonal prism has been also discussed in brief.     

Microwave-Assisted Heating Method for the Decoration of Carbon Nanotubes with Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles

This study focuses on in situ synthesis of ZnS nanoparticles on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. By microwave-assisted chemical reaction of Zn(Ac)₂·2H₂O and NaS·9H₂O in glycol solution with carbon nanotubes, which were pretreated by oxidization in concentrated HNO₃. Zinc sulfide crystallite densely supported on carbon nanotubes with the diameter about 1 nm. The carbon nanotubes decorated by ZnS were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. It is found that the multi-walled carbon nanotubes can not only act as a substrate but also change the crystal structures of ZnS in the reaction.     

Preparation, characterization, and catalytic activity of rare earth metal oxide nanoparticles

In present study, a series of rare earth metal oxide (CeO₂, Pr₂O₃, and Nd₂O₃) nanoparticles have been prepared by sol–gel route using Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O, Pr(NO₃)₃·6H₂O and Nd(NO₃)₃·6H₂O, and citric acid as precursor materials. Powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy are employed to characterize the size and morphology of the nano oxide particles. The particles are spherical in shape and the average particle size is of the order of 11–30 nm. Their catalytic activity was measured on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate and composite solid propellants (CSPs) by thermogravimetry (TG), TG coupled with differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA), and ignition delay measurements. The ignition delays and activation energies are found to decrease when rare earth metal oxide nanoparticles were incorporated in the system. Addition of metal oxide nanoparticles to AP led to shifting of the high temperature decomposition peak toward lower temperature and the burning rate of CSPs was also found to enhance. However, E _a activation energy for decomposition was also found to decrease with each catalyst.     

Size-controlled synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles using reverse microemulsion method

Tin oxide nanoparticles were prepared using an ionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and tin (IV) chloride as an inorganic precursor via the reverse microemulsion method. The size of the nanoparticles is controlled by variation of water-to-surfactant ratio. Eliminating of surfactant in prepared nanoparticles was confirmed by the infrared spectroscopy after sequential calcinations. Transmission electron microscopy, surface area, pore volume, average pore diameter, pore size distribution and X-ray diffraction results were used for evaluation of size distribution, shape and structure of prepared SnO₂ nanoparticles. Transmission electron micrographs confirmed that the obtained materials are spherical nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction results show the crystalline phases of all samples are SnO₂ with tetragonal structured crystal. In addition, the X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy data showed that the size of SnO₂ nanoparticles decreased with decreasing the water-to-surfactant ratio.     

Different morphologies of ZnO nanostructures via polymeric complex sol–gel method: synthesis and characterization

Various morphologies of ZnO nanostructures, such as nanoparticles, nanorods and nanoflowers have been achieved controllably by polymeric sol–gel method. In this approach, zinc nitrate Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, citric acid and ethylene glycol were used as the source of Zn²⁺, the chelating agent and the solvent agent, respectively. The microstructure of the ZnO nanostructures was characterized by X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy with the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effect of ethylene glycol to citric acid mole ratio on the morphology and structure of the products was discussed. The ZnO nanoparticles with diameter between 24 ± 2 nm was obtained with EG:CA mole ratio equal to 2:1. The optical properties of as-obtained power were investigated by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy.     

Preparation of Pd/C catalyst for formic acid oxidation using a novel colloid method

A novel colloid method using (WO₃)_n·xH₂O as colloidal source was developed to prepare Pd/C catalyst for formic acid oxidation. Transmission electron microscopy image shows that the Pd/C nanoparticles have an average size of 3.3 nm and a narrow size distribution. Electrochemical measurements indicate that the Pd/C catalyst exhibits significantly high electrochemical active surface area and high catalytic activity with good stability for formic acid oxidation compared with that prepared by common method. The colloid method is very simple and has great potentials for mass-producing Pd/C and others noble metal catalysts.     

Synthesis and Properties of ZrO2 Films Dispersed With Au Nanoparticles

Au nanoparticles dispersed ZrO₂ thin films were prepared from two precursors HAuCl₄·4H₂O and ZrOCl₂·8H₂O in air. The structural properties and size of Au particle in ZrO₂ film were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface analysis with atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed the effect of monoethanolamine on preventing the migration of Au particles to the surface. The absorption peak of Au particles by the surface plasma resonance was observed and the red shift of absorption peak was discussed.     

Pure CuCr2O4 nanoparticles: Synthesis,characterization and their morphological and size effects on the catalytic thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate

In the present paper a pure phase of the copper chromite spinel nanoparticles (CuCr₂O₄ SNPs) were synthesized via the sol–gel route using citric acid as a complexing agent. Then, the CuCr₂O₄ SNPs has been characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the next step, with the addition of Cu–Cr–O nanoparticles (NPs), the effects of different parameters such as Cu–Cr–O particle size and the Cu/Cr molar ratios on the thermal behavior of Cu–Cr–O NPs + AP (ammonium perchlorate) mixtures were investigated. As such, the catalytic effect of the Cu–Cr–O NPs for thermal decomposition of AP was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA/DSC results showed that the samples with different morphologies exhibited different catalytic activity in different stages of thermal decomposition of AP. Also, in the presence of Cu–Cr–O nanocatalysts, all of the exothermic peaks of AP shifted to a lower temperature, indicating the thermal decomposition of AP was enhanced. Moreover, the heat released (ΔH) in the presence of Cu–Cr–O nanocatalysts was increased to 1490 J g⁻¹.     

叶酸对磁性Fe_3O_4纳米粒子的表面修饰

以FeCl3·6H2O作为单一铁源,1,6-己二胺作为胺化试剂,利用无模板的溶剂热方法制备了胺基功能化的磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子,并利用其键合叶酸分子,制备出表面修饰了叶酸的磁性Fe3O4复合纳米粒子。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X-射线衍射仪、透射电镜、差热-热重分析仪和振动样品磁强计对所得纳米粒子的形貌、粒径、化学组成和磁性能进行了表征。结果表明,叶酸分子通过化学键牢固键合在磁性纳米Fe3O4粒子表面,叶酸修饰的复合纳米粒子仍然具有良好的磁性能。     

Perovskite-type ferromagnetic BiFeO3 nanopowder: a new magnetically recoverable heterogeneous nanocatalyst for efficient and selective transfer hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds into aromatic amines under microwave heating

Perovskite-type ferromagnetic BiFeO₃ nanopowder was readily synthesized via thermal decomposition of Bi[Fe(CN)₆]·5H₂O complex and characterized using thermal analysis (TGA/DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), magnetic measurement and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area measurements. The magnetic measurements show a ferromagnetic behavior for the BiFeO₃ nanoparticles at room temperature. This nanosized ferromagnetic oxide with an average particle size of approximately 20 nm and a specific surface area of 48.5 m²/g was used as a new magnetically recoverable heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the highly efficient and selective reduction of aromatic nitro compounds into their corresponding amines by using propan-2-ol as the hydrogen donor under microwave irradiation. This method is regio- and chemoselective, clean, inexpensive and compatible with the substrates having hydrogenlyzable or reducible functional groups. As compared with conventional heating, this method is very fast and suitable for the large-scale preparation of different substituted anilines as well as other arylamines. The catalyst can also be reused without loss of activity.