基于元胞遗传算法的风力机叶片优化设计

采用经过叶尖损失、轮毂损失及失速状态下动量理论修正的片条理论为基础,在满足设计功率的前提下,以最大升阻比系数为优化目标,以叶片的形状参数弦长、扭角为优化设计变量,通过元胞自动机遗传算法对风力机叶片进行优化。最后应用该优化模型对某2 MW变桨距风力机叶片进行优化设计,并对优化结果进行比较分析,验证了该算法的有效性,为风力机叶片的后续研究奠定了基础。     

复合材料风力机叶片气动/结构一体化优化设计

基于多学科优化理论,提出复合材料风力机叶片气动/结构一体化优化设计方法。采用多岛遗传算法,以叶片的气动和结构性能为约束、质量为目标,对复合材料风力机叶片进行优化设计。气动性能分析采用叶素动量理论,考虑叶梢损失和轮毂损失。结构分析采用有限元方法对风机叶片三维参数化CAD模型进行分析。算例结果证明了该方法的有效性,对实际的工程设计有较强的参考价值。     

低比转速压气机轮毂轮缘型线多目标优化设计

对电动增压器用低比转速离心压气机轮毂轮缘进行优化设计。采用NUMECA/FINE Design 3D对压气机进行几何参数化,生成数据库样本,利用人工神经网络和遗传算法对轮毂轮缘型线进行优化,并进行流场分析。仿真结果表明,在设计转速为40000 r/min时,优化后设计点压比和效率分别提高6.59%和3.73%。     

双馈式风力发电机组传动链优化设计

为智能优化双馈式风力发电机组传动链系统,基于最优拉丁超立方理论,采用Isight软件的simcode组件方法,将轴承、齿轮箱、主轴等各部件评估优化,搭建一套风力发电机组传动链优化设计平台,分析各参数对传动链目标值的影响敏感性。以1.5 MW双馈式风力发电机组为例,筛选出满足载荷要求的部件,并得出最优传动链设计。从设计参数对结果影响分析看,轮毂至浮动轴承之间的跨距参数对传动链成本影响较大,其余参数影响不明显。     

风电机组轮毂组件配平程序的设计

轮毂组件是风电机组的核心旋转部件,保证轮毂组件的静平衡是保证风电机组平稳运行的重要方面。通过运用理论力学原理对轮毂组件的静平衡进行了力学分析,推导出了计算公式并编制了EXCEL配平程序,实现了轮毂组件配平的自动分析、计算,进而分析了影响轮毂组件配平的因素及实际配平过程中的注意事项,以供设计人员在设计配平工装及程序时参考。     

风力机叶片叶根优化方法研究

利用CFD商用软件对叶根优化前后的两支叶片进行数值模拟,通过对比分析发现,叶根优化后,叶片的气动性能明显增加.考虑到叶片与轮毂、机舱、塔架的相互关系,将叶根进行适当的调整,最终使发电量增加1.5%.为机组的优化设计以及后期叶片改造提供依据.     

轴流压气机盘轮毂优化设计与分析

为解决清洗水在轴流压气机盘轮毂凹腔内无法排出的问题，对轴流压气机盘轮毂进行优化设计，并 对优化后的轴流压气 的排水功能、零件 、振 寿命 。结果表明，优化后的轴流压气 ： 排水效果明显，零件变形 储备系数变化 ，振型及振动频率变化 ，且疲劳寿命变化 。 优化后的轴流压气 型 的使用要求，优化方案可行。     

大型风电机组测试平台加载装置的优化设计

针对大型风力发电机组全功率地面测试平台,提出一种6自由度并联机构加载装置。建立了加载机构参数化力学模型、加载轮毂处载荷与油缸作用力之间的力学传递方程和性能评价指标,给出加载机构优化设计数学模型和方法。以2 MW风力发电机组为实例进行了加载装置结构优化设计,优化结果表明,该方法可有效降低所需加载驱动力。     

基于输电线路拉线地锚结构的优化设计研究

通过对以往拉线地锚设计方法的分析,研究了输电线路拉线地锚结构优化设计的方法。在满足拉线基础上拔稳定性的前提下,考虑到经济因素,利用MATLAB自行编制拉线地锚结构优化程序,对输电线路拉线地锚的结构进行了优化设计研究与分析。最后将提出的优化设计方法与相应规范进行了对比,其优化结果与规范吻合较好,说明该优化方法是实用、可靠的。文中的结论将为拉线地锚结构的制备及设计方法提供理论依据和技术支持。     

大型风力发电机组轮毂强度数值分析

文章基于德国劳埃德（GL）认证规范,对某1．5MW风力发电机组的轮毂做了强度及疲劳分析。通过计算分析,找到了轮毂在各种工况下的应力分布规律和疲劳影响因素。从而获得了风力发电机组关键零部件设计与分析的方法。     

Design and kinetic analysis of wind turbine blade-hub-tower coupled system

A typical 1.5 MW wind turbine suitable for Xuzhou City is designed and simulated in this paper. The wind turbine blade-hub-tower coupling system and most of the parameters are designed and calculated in the design process. In the kinetic analysis process, the force analysis under 4 different situations are taken to verify the structure design, which are under quiescent condition, under random angle and random wind turbine, under maximal wind speed and over maximal wind speed. At last, the modal analysis selected the turbine hub and tower to solve the inherent frequencies and vibration modes. The first 5 order inherent frequencies and vibration modes of the hub and tower are solved to verify the design rationality.     

Sensitivity of southern California wind energy to turbine characteristics

Using output from a high‐resolution meteorological simulation, we evaluate the sensitivity of southern California wind energy generation to variations in key characteristics of current wind turbines. These characteristics include hub height, rotor diameter and rated power, and depend on turbine make and model. They shape the turbine's power curve and thus have large implications for the energy generation capacity of wind farms. For each characteristic, we find complex and substantial geographical variations in the sensitivity of energy generation. However, the sensitivity associated with each characteristic can be predicted by a single corresponding climate statistic, greatly simplifying understanding of the relationship between climate and turbine optimization for energy production. In the case of the sensitivity to rotor diameter, the change in energy output per unit change in rotor diameter at any location is directly proportional to the weighted average wind speed between the cut‐in speed and the rated speed. The sensitivity to rated power variations is likewise captured by the percent of the wind speed distribution between the turbines rated and cut‐out speeds. Finally, the sensitivity to hub height is proportional to lower atmospheric wind shear. Using a wind turbine component cost model, we also evaluate energy output increase per dollar investment in each turbine characteristic. We find that rotor diameter increases typically provide a much larger wind energy boost per dollar invested, although there are some zones where investment in the other two characteristics is competitive. Our study underscores the need for joint analysis of regional climate, turbine engineering and economic modeling to optimize wind energy production. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fatigue and extreme load reduction on two‐bladed wind turbines using the flexible hub connection

The load reduction potential in regular operation and the design drivers of a flexible hub connection on two‐bladed turbines are presented in this paper. Developed for the two‐bladed Skywind 3.4 MW wind turbine, the flexible hub connection integrates an additional, multidirectional elasticity between the hub mount and the nacelle carrier to reduce the load transfer into the support structure. The stiffness and damping properties of the interface connection determine the load amplitudes of the system and influence the overall turbine dynamics. Consequently, the design relevant operating scenarios change due to a potential dynamic instability, resonance, or violation of deflection margins in comparison with a nonflexible hub connection. The system's capability to reduce fatigue and ultimate loads is assessed in several turbulent inflow conditions and transient operating states, while taking into account the operating limits of displacements. A permutation of the dynamic coupling parameters is conducted to characterize the sensitivity of load characteristics to the design variables. By identifying the critical operating conditions, it is possible to provide design guidelines for an effective optimization strategy.     

上风向山头对风电机组的安全性影响研究

  目的  由于生态保护和风场边界等条件的限制,有些机位点的主风向方向存在明显山头障碍物遮挡,影响了机组的发电量和安全性能,文章旨在研究减小山头对机组影响的方法。  方法  基于STAR-CCM+软件平台对主风向上有山头遮挡的机位点附近地形进行了数值模拟,分析了扇区管理、提高轮毂高度、地形修整等方法对机组的安全影响。  结果  结果表明:扇区管理、提高轮毂高度和地形修整都能改善风机的安全性。但在该项目中,采用双平台的地形修整的方法对改善风机安全性更加有效。  结论  分析结果可为如何降低来风方向的山头对风机的影响提供方法参考。     

永磁直驱风力发电机组弯头形机舱优化分析

[目的]针对某型永磁直驱风力发电机组机舱几何外形不规则,受载荷复杂、重量较大的情况,需对其进行优化分析与设计。[方法]基于有限元方法,建立了机舱的有限元模型,分析了弯头形机舱的几何结构和主要形状影响参数,并基于分析结果对参数进行优化调整与复核计算。[结果]优化后的机舱最大von Mises应力由181 MPa减小到173 MPa,应力降低了4.4%,满足强度要求,重量由52.7 t减小到45.2 t,重量减少了约14.2%。[结论]研究表明,优化效果明显,为风电机组此类机舱设计与优化方法提供了借鉴和参考。     

大型风电机组塔筒门洞的参数化优化设计

风电机组塔筒结构的薄弱处是门洞,门洞设计的好坏将直接影响到塔筒整体的可靠性。借助CAE工具ANSYS Workbench对大型风电机组塔筒门洞进行参数化建模,并将决定门洞形状的3个参数（椭圆长轴RMX16、短轴RMN18和直边H21）作为输入参数,von mises应力作为输出参数,设优化目标为应力最小,得到优化后门洞形状为椭圆形。实践证明,利用结构优化设计的理念,对塔筒门洞进行形状参数优化,可以求得最优塔筒门洞形状,用以提升塔筒的可靠性。与常规结构设计方法相比,采用优化设计方法,显著提高了设计效率、设计品质,而且节约了设计成本,可以在风电机组的产品设计中推广应用。     

Optimization of turbine design in wind farms with multiple hub heights,using exact analytic gradients and structural constraints

Wind farms are generally designed with turbines of all the same hub height. If wind farms were designed with turbines of different hub heights, wake interference between turbines could be reduced, lowering the cost of energy (COE). This paper demonstrates a method to optimize onshore wind farms with two different hub heights using exact, analytic gradients. Gradient‐based optimization with exact gradients scales well with large problems and is preferable in this application over gradient‐free methods. Our model consisted of the following: a version of the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady‐State wake model that accommodated three‐dimensional wakes and calculated annual energy production, a wind farm cost model, and a tower structural model, which provided constraints during optimization. Structural constraints were important to keep tower heights realistic and account for additional mass required from taller towers and higher wind speeds. We optimized several wind farms with tower height, diameter, and shell thickness as coupled design variables. Our results indicate that wind farms with small rotors, low wind shear, and closely spaced turbines can benefit from having two different hub heights. A nine‐by‐nine grid wind farm with 70‐meter rotor diameters and a wind shear exponent of 0.08 realized a 4.9% reduction in COE by using two different tower sizes. If the turbine spacing was reduced to 3 diameters, the reduction in COE decreased further to 11.2%. Allowing for more than two different turbine heights is only slightly more beneficial than two heights and is likely not worth the added complexity.     

Aerodynamic shape optimization of wind turbine blades using a Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes model and an adjoint method

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is increasingly used to analyze wind turbines, and the next logical step is to develop CFD‐based optimization to enable further gains in performance and reduce model uncertainties. We present an aerodynamic shape optimization framework consisting of a Reynolds‐averaged Navier Stokes solver coupled to a numerical optimization algorithm, a geometry modeler, and a mesh perturbation algorithm. To efficiently handle the large number of design variables, we use a gradient‐based optimization technique together with an adjoint method for computing the gradients of the torque coefficient with respect to the design variables. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we maximize the torque of the NREL VI wind turbine blade with respect to pitch, twist, and airfoil shape design variables while constraining the blade thickness. We present a series of optimization cases with increasing number of variables, both for a single wind speed and for multiple wind speeds. For the optimization at a single wind speed performed with respect to all the design variables (1 pitch, 11 twist, and 240 airfoil shape variables), the torque coefficient increased by 22.4% relative to the NREL VI design. For the multiple‐speed optimization, the torque increased by an average of 22.1%. Depending on the CFD mesh size and number of design variables, the optimization time ranges from 2 to 24h when using 256 cores, which means that wind turbine designers can use this process routinely. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Developement and verification of a performance based optimal design software for wind turbine blades

In this research, we developed software for designing the optimum shape of multi-MW wind turbine blades and analyzing the performance, and it features aerodynamic shape design, performance analysis, pitch–torque analysis and shape optimization for wind turbine blades. In order to verify the accuracy of the performance analysis results of the software developed in this research, we chose the 5 MW blade, designed by NREL, as the comparison model and compared with the analysis results of well known commercial software (GH-Bladed). The calculated performance analysis results of GH-Bladed and our software were consistent in all values of C_P in all λ ranges. Also, to confirm applicability of the optimum design module, the optimum design of the new 5 MW blade was performed using the initial design data of the comparison model and found that solidity was smaller in our design even though it produced the same output and efficiency. Through optimization of blade design, efficiency increased by 1% while the thrust coefficient decreased by 7.5%.