喉癌及下咽癌手术治疗进展

喉癌、下咽癌的治疗应遵循多学科综合治疗的原则。手术治疗只是其中的一个手段,如何综合应用现有的治疗手段,如放疗、化疗,是更好地治疗肿瘤,特别是晚期肿瘤的关键。本文仅就喉癌、下咽癌手术治疗进展加以论述。     

气管造口复发癌的临床分析和治疗转归

目的探讨气管造口复发癌的原因及手术治疗的可行性。方法回顾分析13例气管造口复发癌的临床资料,分析复发原因,对比手术和非手术治疗的效果。结果13例气管造口复发癌中,未行手术治疗4例,除1例存活1年3个月,其余3例均在2～7个月死亡;接受手术治疗9例,6例存活1年以上,4例随访3年,有1例仍存活。手术组1年生存率显著高于非手术组。结论气管造口复发癌预后较差,适当的手术治疗可延长患者生命,提高生活质量。     

喉癌和下咽癌颈淋巴结转移临床对比分析

目的：探讨喉癌、下咽癌患者颈淋巴结转移的特点和分布规律。方法：对全喉切除术同期及复发后第1次行颈淋巴结清扫的129例喉癌、下咽癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性对比分析，研究不同类型的喉癌、下咽癌患者颈淋巴结的转移情况。结果：声门上型喉癌、下咽癌患者易发生早期淋巴结转移；下咽癌患者的转移淋巴结融合率高，颈静脉下区出现阳性淋巴结的比率高；声门上型喉癌、下咽癌患者原发病灶分化差的比率相对偏高；同期与复发后行颈淋巴结清扫的患者原发病灶分期差异无显著性意义。结论：对T2期及以上的声门上型喉癌及下咽癌患者，尤其当细胞分化比较差时，即使颈淋巴结阳性体征不明显亦应积极考虑颈淋巴结清扫问题，对下咽癌患者行颈淋巴结清扫时应考虑彻底清扫颈静脉下区的淋巴结。     

影响下咽癌患者复发及其预后的临床病理学因素

示,复发时间(RR=0.317,P＜0.0001)、复发后的治疗方式(RR=6.119,P=0.0001)与复发性下咽癌患者预后明显有关.结论 下咽癌患者术后局部区域复发率较高,严重影响患者预后.其复发以颈部多见.重视颈部淋巴结病理学因素,特别是颈部阳性淋巴结累及区域数、颈阳性淋巴结破膜情况,并采取措施预防和控制颈部复发,对改善患者预后有重要意义.对适合病例实施挽救性手术可以改善患者的预后.     

下咽癌喉癌术后广泛下咽及颈段食管缺损修复方法的比较

目的：探讨4种方法Ⅰ期修复下咽癌及晚期喉癌术后广泛下咽及颈段食管缺损的适应证及治疗效果。方法：用健侧喉黏膜瓣修复部分咽部缺损12例(伴颈段食管切除术2例)．胸大肌皮瓣修复部分咽部缺损6例，游离前臂皮瓣修复保留喉的部分下咽切除术2例．游离空肠重建全下咽和食管上段缺损1例。结果：术中无一例死亡，术后无修复组织坏死．全部组织瓣存活。采用健侧喉黏膜瓣修复者，仅1例术前放疗的患者术后发生咽漏；胸大肌皮瓣修复者，1例发生咽漏。全部病例愈合后均可进普通饮食。随访9～84个月，4例出现吞咽梗阻。结论：下咽癌缺损的修复方法各有侧重。肿瘤的部位和大小是选择修复方法最重要的因素；其次，也应仔细考虑减少并发症。     

影响下咽癌患者复发及其预后的临床病理学因素

示,复发时间(RR=0.317,P＜0.0001)、复发后的治疗方式(RR=6.119,P=0.0001)与复发性下咽癌患者预后明显有关.结论 下咽癌患者术后局部区域复发率较高,严重影响患者预后.其复发以颈部多见.重视颈部淋巴结病理学因素,特别是颈部阳性淋巴结累及区域数、颈阳性淋巴结破膜情况,并采取措施预防和控制颈部复发,对改善患者预后有重要意义.对适合病例实施挽救性手术可以改善患者的预后.     

晚期下咽癌、喉复发癌术后颈部缺损整复组织的选择

目的:探讨以不同组织移植物Ⅰ期重建晚期下咽癌、喉复发癌术后颈部、下咽食管缺损的适应证及治疗效果。方法:喉复发癌36例, 肿瘤切除后采用胸大肌肌皮 瓣修补组织缺损18例,肩胸皮瓣修补4例,胃代食管修补2例,胸部推移皮瓣重建下颈部与上纵隔组织缺损,并消灭手术死腔12例。晚期下咽癌16例,颈段食管癌8例,以游离空肠整复1例, 健侧喉黏膜瓣修复咽部缺损8例,喉气管代食道8例,胸大肌皮瓣修复咽部缺损2例,胃代食管2例,游离前臂皮瓣修复下咽1例。 结果:术中无一例死亡,术后无修复组织坏死 ,全部组织瓣存活。采用健侧喉黏膜瓣修复者,仅 1例有术前放疗史的患者发生术后咽漏,胸大肌皮瓣 修复者发生咽漏1例,胃代食道术后发生咽漏1例。全部病例愈合后均恢复正常饮食。随访 9～84个月,14例出现吞咽梗阻,可进流质饮食。结论:下咽癌患者术后组织缺损的修复方法各有侧重。肿瘤的部位和手术后组织缺损的大小是选择修复方法的首要因素;其次,应结合患者的年龄和全身状况,考虑减少并发症。     

计算机行CT断层三维成像在喉癌下咽癌中的应用

目的 探讨用个人电脑对（ＣＴ）断层图像三维重建的方法。方法 扫描仪将连续断层图像输入计算机,用ＩＤＬ５．２可视化语言编写的“医学断层片立体成像系统”进行三维成像,对喉癌２３例,下咽癌３例的喉部ＣＴ断层进行三维成像观查。结果 成像有以下几个特点：（１）扫描时采用２５６级灰度,使用自动亮部和暗部均衡设置,可以较准确地反映ＣＴ片的细节。扫描后可以对图像进行二维图像均衡化,增强。滤波和假色彩表灰度赋值并以     

下咽癌和喉癌的多重癌

对下咽，喉鳞癌患者的多重癌实况进行回顾性调查。方法 对１９８０年－１９９５年１６年间头颈部外科受诊者下咽癌１２５例，喉癌１８４例进行了分析，其中男２７６例，女３３例。结果３０９例患者中７９例发生多重癌。多重癌发生部位共１０１处，其中１７例三重癌，１例四重癌，的多重癌以食管癌和胃癌居多；喉癌，尤以声门型喉癌的多重癌以肺癌为主，声门上型喉癌的口咽，食管和胃多重癌的发生率较声门型喉癌为高。     

XRCC3遗传变异与喉癌和下咽癌发病风险相关研究

目的研究DNA修复基因XRCC3 Thr 241 Met遗传变异与喉癌和下咽癌风险的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态分析方法对175例喉癌及下咽癌患者和525名无肿瘤对照进行基因分型，采用多因素Logistic回归模型计算各基因型携带者喉癌和下咽癌的发病风险，以及与吸烟交互对喉癌下咽癌发病风险的影响。结果XRCC3 241 Met等位基因增加了喉癌、下咽癌发病风险，与XRCC3 241 Thr／Thr基因型携带者相比，至少携带一个241 Met等位基因的个体罹患喉癌、下咽癌的比值比（odds ratio，OR）为2．26，95％可信区间（confidence interval，CI）为1．33～3．82。分别分析XRCC3多态与喉癌及下咽癌发病风险关系发现，XRCC3 241 Met等位基因均增加喉癌与下咽癌的发生风险，与XRCC3 241 Thr／Thr基因型携带者相比，至少携带一个XRCC3 241 Met等位基因的个体发生喉癌和下咽癌风险的OR值（95％CI）分别为2．27（1．26～4．09）和2．99（1．27～7．04）。基因吸烟交互作用分析结果显示，重度吸烟和XRCC3 Thr 241 Met多态存在相乘交互作用，显著增加喉癌、下咽癌发病风险。至少携带一个XRCC3 241 Met等位基因的重度吸烟个体发生喉癌、下咽癌的OR值（95％CI）为19．09（7．38～49．40），大于至少携带一个XRCC3 241 Met等位基因的不吸烟个体（OR，0．91；95％CI，0．20～4．21）及重度吸烟但携带XRCC3 241 Thr／Thr基因型个体（OR，4．13；95％CI，2．38～7．17）的OR乘积。结论XRCC3 Thr 241 Met单核苷酸多态是喉癌、下咽癌的遗传易感因素。     

喉癌及下咽癌术后并发急性上消化道出血的治疗

目的探讨喉癌及下咽癌术后合并急性上消化道出血的病因,发病机理,预防和治疗方法。方法 对186例喉癌和下咽癌患者术后资料进行回顾性分析。结果186例喉癌和下咽癌中喉癌112例,下咽癌72 例,术后合并急性上消化道出血34例,发病率为18.3％。91％的出血发生在术后1周之内,平均出血时间为 4.0±2.1d,患者均经非手术治疗治愈。结论采取积极有效的防治措施是减少术后急性上消化道出血的关键。     

保留喉功能的下咽癌切除术

目的探讨下咽癌手术保留喉功能的可行性及疗效.方法对23例下咽癌患者实施保留喉功能的下咽癌切除术,应用带状肌肌筋膜等修复喉咽腔,术后予以辅助性放射治疗.结果23例均恢复发声功能,16例恢复了喉全功能,吞咽成功率为95.7%,并发症发生率为47.8%(11/23).3年和5年生存率分别为69.6%(16/23)和47.8%(11/23).结论下咽癌手术多数能保留喉的正常部分,经过整复可恢复喉的全部或部分功能.     

Partial laryngeal surgery in recurrent carcinoma

With the growing acceptance of nonsurgical therapies for laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (LSCCs), it has become important to delineate surgical salvage strategies for disease recurrences. Total laryngectomy is often recommended, but appropriately selected laryngeal recurrences may be treated successfully with partial laryngeal surgery: laryngeal function can be preserved with oncological efficacy. The main available studies dealing with partial laryngeal surgery in recurrent carcinoma were critically reviewed. The most appealing feature of salvage transoral laser surgery (TLS) is the opportunity to make tumor-tailored excisions without any reconstructive limitations and retaining the option to switch to open partial laryngectomy. A recent detailed review of 11 series found a pooled local control rate of 57% after a first TLS procedure. Supracricoid laryngectomy (SCL) seems to achieve good local control rates in selected cases of recurrent supraglottic-glottic carcinoma: one review considering seven series calculated that 85% of the patients treated with salvage SCL after radiotherapy experienced no local recurrence; and total laryngectomy after failure of salvage SCL afforded an overall local control rate of 65%. Neck dissection is mandatory in all cases of local LSCC recurrence with evidence of neck metastases, and routine elective neck dissection is recommended for recurrent supraglottic and transglottic cancers.     

Surgical voice restoration following ablative surgery for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma

Surgical voice restoration is an important part of functional rehabilitation of patients following ablative surgery for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the functional status with regard to speech of a cohort of 100 patients (age ranged 34-84 years), who underwent laryngectomy and laryngopharyngectomy over a 10-year period (1989-1999). Ninety-two patients consented to surgical voice restoration. Primary tracheoesophageal punctures were performed in 70 and secondary punctures in 22 (mainly after jejunal flap reconstruction). Nine patients were excluded from this analysis (seven patients died prior to assessment, one had the prosthesis removed at her request and one patient had insufficient follow-up). Tracheoesophageal speech was assessed in the remaining 83 patients using a rating scale measuring the number of syllables per breath, use of voice and intelligibility by non-professional listeners. Currently, Provox 2 valves are being used in the majority of patients. Overall tracheoesophageal speech results were good in 45/83 (54.2 per cent), average in 22/83 (26.5 per cent) and poor in 15/83 (18 per cent). One patient could not develop tracheoesophageal speech. The majority of laryngectomy patients had good speech but in patients who had complex reconstructions tracheoesophageal speech was mostly rated as average. Average to good speech in more than two-thirds of the cohort of patients show that surgical voice restoration is a highly successful and valuable technique to restore speech functions after ablative surgery for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma.     

Conservation surgery for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer

The charts of 173 patients treated by conservation laryngectomy and pharyngolaryngectomy were retrospectively reviewed. The patients treated by endoscopic laser resection were excluded of this study. Glottic carcinoma was diagnosed in 101 patients, supraglottic carcinoma in 44 patients, hypopharyngeal carcinoma in 24 patients and oropharyngeal carcinoma in 4 patients. The median follow-up period was 44 months, 84/101 glottic cancer, 34/44 supraglottic cancer, 23/24 hypopharyngeal cancer and 2/4 oropharyngeal cancer were staged as T1 and T2. A voice-sparing external approach was carried on in 20 patients with locally advanced tumor (T3-T4). At time of the last follow-up, 132 patients (77%) were alive when 41 patients (23%) died. Overall survival rates for patients treated for T1-T2 glottic cancer at 3, 5 and 10 years were 90, 90 and 78% respectively. Overall survival rates for patients treated for T1-T2 supralottic cancer at 3, 5 and 10 years were 73, 68 and 48% respectively. Overall survival rates for patients treated for T1-T2 hypopharyngeal cancer at 3 and 5 years were 74 and 37% respectively. The site of the primary tumor (glottic versus supraglottic or hypopharynx) showed significant impact on survival (P = 0.0025)). Regarding survival, T stage and N stage were not found statistically significant.     

中西医结合治疗喉癌下咽癌手术并发咽瘘10例

目的 探讨中西医结合治疗喉癌、下咽癌术后并发咽瘘的疗效.方法 选择喉癌、下咽癌手术后并发咽瘘患者20例,给予中西医结合治疗作为治疗组10例,单纯西医方法治疗作为对照组10例.对2个组瘘口新生肉芽开始生长时间和咽瘘瘘口愈合时间进行观察.结果 治疗组与对照组咽瘘瘘口新生肉芽开始生长天数、咽瘘瘘口愈合天数的比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).治疗组比对照组咽瘘瘘口平均提前10d愈合.结论 中西医结合治疗喉癌、下咽癌手术后并发咽瘘,较单纯西医疗法愈合快,疗效好.