直升机不平衡旋翼动力学建模与轴心运动轨迹分析方法研究

研究了Johnson提出的倾转旋翼不平衡载荷前飞动力学模型,将其桨叶分析方法应用于直升机旋翼系统模态分析。在刚性条件假设下推导了直升机旋翼弹性阻尼和惯性力综合作用时桨叶的挥舞和摆振运动方程,给出了固定和旋转坐标系下对应的运动方程。通过引入均匀入流和线性扭转假设,获得了运动方程的理论解析解。利用叠加原理,得到了桨毂轴心运动方程;采用Newmark法进行振动微分方程求解,最终得到了直升机旋翼的轴心运动轨迹。以某型直升机旋翼系统为例,验证了本研究所提出旋翼桨叶模态分析方法的准确性,给出了兼顾计算精度和效率的最佳求解步长选取方法;预测了典型飞行状态下的桨毂轴心运动轨迹,为直升机旋翼系统设计提供了基础方法和技术参考。     

用鲁棒Riemann求解器和运动重叠网格计算旋翼粘性绕流

发展了一种基于鲁棒Riemann求解器和运动重叠网格技术计算直升机悬停旋翼流场的方法。基于惯性坐标系,悬停旋翼流场是非定常流场,控制方程为可压缩Reynolds平均Navier-Stoke方程,其对流项采用Roe近似Reimann求解器离散,使用改进的五阶加权基本无振荡格式进行高阶重构,非定常时间推进采用含牛顿型LUSGS子迭代的全隐式双时间步方法。为实施旋转运动和便于捕捉尾迹,计算采用运动重叠网格技术。计算得到的桨叶表面压力分布及桨尖涡涡核位置都与实验结果吻合较好。数值结果表明:所发展方法对桨尖涡具有较高的分辨率,对激波具有较好的捕捉能力,该方法可进一步推广到前飞旋翼粘性绕流的计算。     

基于运动嵌套网格的前飞旋翼桨叶气动干扰数值模拟

采用运动嵌套网格和求解Navier-Stokes方程的方法,数值模拟了前飞状态的旋翼流场,结果同试验数据吻合得很好;在此基础上,分别对单双桨叶旋翼在两种桨距情况下的前飞流场,进行了对比计算,模拟了各种因素对旋翼桨叶间气动干扰作用的影响,并对其机理进行了探讨,得到一些与工程实际吻合的现象和结论.     

一种复合材料旋翼桨叶结构大变形分析方法的改进及验证

提出了一种适用于直升机旋翼复合材料桨叶大变形分析的改进方法。将旋翼桨叶变形分析分解为一维非线性分析和二维剖面特性分析,并考虑横向剪切、翘曲对剖面刚度及弹性耦合的影响;为使方法适用于旋翼气动弹性分析,将应变能中的广义应变用参考轴线处的弹性运动表示,保留所有非线性项,推导出计算复合材料桨叶大变形的公式;采用有限元法处理方程,对梁结构进行了分析,并将大变形状态下的位移计算结果与Princeton梁实验值、Minguet复合材料梁实验值以及中等变形梁理论计算结果进行了比较,验证了大变形状态下本文计算方法的正确性;此外与中等变形梁模型计算结果的对比,验证了本文方法在计算精度上的提高。     

直升机旋翼瞬态气动响应分析的一个高效方法

基于旋翼动量-叶素组合理论,计入桨叶挥舞运动和动态入流对旋翼拉力的非定常影响,建立了一个快速计算垂直飞行状态总距突增时旋翼气动响应的方法,可用于旋翼拉力、桨叶挥舞运动和诱导速度的瞬态变化的分析。为验证方法的有效性,分别对三种不同总距突增情况下的旋翼气动响应进行了计算,并与可得到的实验结果进行了对比。应用该方法,研究了铰接式旋翼桨叶的挥舞铰外伸量对动态响应的影响,对比了总距突增和突减两种情况下的不同瞬态变化。在此基础上,得出了一些结论。     

机翼刚心位置对回转颤振稳定性边界的影响分析

基于哈密顿原理,建立了适合快速开展回转稳定性设计参数评估的倾转旋翼/短舱/机翼多体气弹耦合动力学分析模型,并通过参数影响分析,获得机翼刚心位置前移有利于提高倾转旋翼机回转颤振稳定性边界的重要结论。所建立的分析方法和获得的结论,对工程设计具有重要的指导意义,可以在机翼气动外形约束条件下,通过调整机翼内部结构特性,合理将机翼的刚心位置向机翼前缘移动,达到提高该构型飞行器回转颤振稳定性裕度的目的。     

模态修型减振的旋翼桨毂谐波振动载荷计算

基于模态修型的方法推导了直升机旋翼桨叶根部剪力的计算公式,通过合成桨叶根部载荷推导了旋翼桨毂的谐波振动载荷公式。将本文建立的桨毂谐波载荷计算模型与商用软件CAMRAD计算出的结果进行对比,结果表明:本文所建立模型的旋翼计算频率与CAMRAD计算的频率相比,基阶频率计算误差在2%以内,前十阶频率误差都在8%以内;与已有文献试验测试的桨毂谐波振动载荷相比最大误差在25%以内。说明了本文建立的旋翼桨毂谐波振动载荷计算模型具有可行性和有效性。     

基于动态面搭接技术的直升机旋翼流场分析

为了进一步提高直升机旋翼流场计算的精度与效率,本文根据直升机旋翼的运动特点,发展了一种基于结构化网格动态面搭接技术及低速预处理技术的直升机旋翼流场的非定常数值分析方法。采用该方法分别对Caradonna-Tung、UH-60A旋翼模型的悬停流场及NASA某旋翼无升力前飞流场进行了数值分析;将计算所得的旋翼表面压力分布与风洞试验结果进行了对比,对旋翼的尾涡结构进行了相关分析。分析结果表明:本文所发展的方法具有较高的精度且计算速度快,并能够比较准确地捕捉直升机旋翼的尾涡结构,可以用于直升机旋翼流场的分析研究,从而为开展考虑挥舞及变距运动的直升机旋翼前飞状态非定常气动特性的研究奠定了基础。     

粗纤维压电复合材料(MFC)对旋翼桨叶模型扭转控制的实验及数值研究

对直升机旋翼桨叶进行主动扭转控制是直升机减振主动控制技术中的有效方法之一.本文采用粗纤维压电复合材料(MFC)对旋翼模型进行了扭转控制的实验研究,并建立该结构的有限元模型,将数值结果与实验结果进行了对比分析.实验中,我们采用预扭的悬臂梁模拟旋翼桨叶,在其上表面贴有MFC压电片进行作动.测量得到了不同作动电压下结构的扭转变形,与数值结果进行对比,两者具有很好的一致性.实验及数值结果表明,随着作动电压的增大,结构的扭转角呈线性增加;MFC材料各向异性系数增大,梁的扭转角亦相应增加,采用MFC材料对旋翼进行扭转控制是行之有效的.     

直升机旋翼与机身耦合固有频率分析

在分析直升机旋翼挥舞，扭摆，变距运动基础上，应用多体系统动力学建模法建立直升机旋翼与机身耦合的动力学方程。在直升机稳定飞行状态下，对其动力学方程中描述直升机机身刚体运动的参数和旋翼刚体运动的参数进行泰勒展开，做线性化处理，导出直升机旋翼与机身耦合线性化动力学方程，然后计算系统的固有频率。分析计算了一个直升机样机的固有频率，算例表明机身的弹性变形对系统的固有特性有一定的影响。     

Electrogas- and electrohydrodynamic control of gas and liquid jets and flows

The physical and mathematical principles of the method of electrogas-and electrohydrodynamic conversion of electrical signals to pneumatic (hydraulic) signals and vice versa for control of gas and liquid jets and flows in electropneumohydraulic systems are considered. St. Petersburg State Technical University, St. Petersburg 195251. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 25–31, March–April, 2000.     

Fatigue and static strength of notched and unnotched aluminum-alloy and steel specimens

This paper describes a method of presentation of fatigue data on three commonly used aircraft materials, 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys and normalized SAE 4130 steel, such that variations in fatigue strength with stress-concentration factor can be shown. Comparisons of the fatigue strengths of 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum are made for the most useful range of stress-concentration factors. Static-strength results of notched and unnotched specimens of the three materials are presented to show how the strength varies with some parameters of the stress concentration. Comparison of the data with one theory for the strength of cracked specimens was made.     

STICTION AND ANTI—STICTION IN MEMS AND NEMS

Stiction in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has been a major failure mode ever since the advent of surface micromachining in the 80s of the last century due to large surfacearea-to-volume ratio. Even now when solutions to this problem are emerging, such as self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and other measures, stiction remains one of the most catastrophic failure modes in MEMS. A review is presented in this paper on stiction and anti-stiction in MEMS and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). First, some new experimental observations of stiction in radio frequency (RF) MEMS switch and micromachined accelerometers are presented. Second, some criteria for stiction of microstructures in MEMS and NEMS due to surface forces (such as capillary, electrostatic, van der Waals, Casimir forces, etc.) are reviewed. The influence of surface roughness and environmental conditions (relative humidity and temperature) on stiction are also discussed. As hydrophobic films, the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) turn out able to prevent release-related stiction effectively. The anti-stiction of SAMs in MEMS is reviewed in the last part. The project supported by the Distinguished Young Scholar Fund of NSFC (10225209), key project from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJCX2-SW-L2) and National “973” Project (G1999033103)     

水和水蒸汽热力学物性参数及导数的计算与应用

本文针对现代换热设备设计、两相流动与传热研究的需要,介绍了可供科研使用的水和水蒸汽物性计算方法,完善了计算程序。根据超临界锅炉设计中的超临界水的物性计算,两相流研究和换热设备动态特性研究中对物性导数计算的需要,提供了两个算例,并进行了定性分析。     

Fracture and stability of materials and structural members with cracks: approaches and results

A new alternative approach to fracture problems for materials and structural elements with cracks is set out. It is based on the mechanism of local instability near defects. The approach is used to study the fracture of materials compressed along interacting cracks and the fracture of thin structural members with cracks under tension with allowance for local buckling.__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 40, No. 12, pp. 18–64, December 2004.     

Fundamental properties of elasto-plastic matrix and existence and uniqueness of elasto-plastic stress and displacement

Based on the assumption that the yield criterionF(,)=0 is a differentiable surface in stress space and by starting from a specially defined real Euclidean space, the fundamental properties of the elasto-plastic matrix in the incremental theory of plasticity is discussed in detail. By using these results, a convex analysis is made to prove the existence and uniqueness of 1) the distribution of incremental elasto-plastic stress for work-hardening materrials; 2) the displacement distribution for work-hardening materials. Material isotropy is assumed in all discussions of relevant problems.     

Drawing and extruding: Theoretical and approximate formulas

Summary The problem of drawing of wires and of strips has been treated in several studies; among these the studies of Sachs seem essential. However, the results deduced according to similar theories are not always in accordance with the experimental results: reduction of area or of thickness are in fact usually smaller than those resulting from the theory. This is in dependance of the fact that Sachs has adopted the Limiting Condition of Yielding by v. Mises, according to which the limit values of stress in traction and compression are equal. More recently other AA. (Alberti, Noto La Diega, Bugini), admitting the Limiting Condition of Yielding by A. (or of the Paraboloid of Revolution) of which we have treated in one of our previous works, attain results tallying with the experience. In the present study the above said subjects are treated as to evidence their unitarian signifiance and clarify their several aspects. The approximate formulas proposed by A. result of easy and quick application. In the same manner are treated other problems, among which the problem of the extrusion (Bagarello, Ammendola).

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Sommario Il problema della trafilatura dei fili metallici e delle strisce di lamiera è stato trattato in diverse Memorie, fra le quali fondamentali sono quelle del Sachs. I risultati dedotti in base a tali studi non sempre però concordano con le risultanze sperimentali: i rapporti di riduzione delle aree o degli spessori sono infatti di norma inferiori a quelli che risultano da tali teorie. Ciò dipende dal fatto che il Sachs ha posto a base dei suoi studi la Condizione di Plastificazione del v. Mises secondo la quale i limiti di resistenza del materiale che si considera alla trazione e alla compressione semplice sono uguali. Più recentemente altri AA. (Alberti, Noto La Diega, Bugini), adottando la Condizione di Plastificazione dell' A. (o del Paraboloide di Rivoluzione), del quale abbiamo trattato in un precedente lavoro, pervengono a risultati più attinenti alla practica. Col presente studio gli argomenti vengono trattati mettendone in evidenza il significato unitario e chiarendone i vari aspetti. Le formule approssimate proposte dall' A. risultano di facile e immediata applicazione. In maniera analoga vengono trattati altri problemi, fra i quali quello dell'estrusione (Bagarello, Ammendola).

     

Fracture and contact problems for and elastic wedge

The paper deals with the plane elastostatic contact problem for an infinite elastic wedge of arbitrary angle. The medium is loaded through a frictionless rigid wedge of a given symmetric profile. Using the Mellin transform formulation the mixed boundary value problem is reduced to a singular integral equation with the contact stress as the unknown function. With the application of the results to the fracture of the medium in mind, the main emphasis in the study has been on the investigation of the singular nature of the stress state around the apex of the wedge and on the determination of the contact pressure.

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Résumé Dans cet essai le problème plan élastostatique de contact pour un coin élastique d'angle arbitraire est étudié. Le milieu est chargé à travers un coin rigide de profil symétrique sans friction. En utilisant la transformation de Mellin le problème de valeurs limites mixtes, est réduit à une équation intégrale singulière où l'effort de contact est la fonction inconnue. Avec l'application des résultats de la rupture du milieu, l'étude est concentrée principalement sur l'investigation de la nature singulière de l'état d'effort autour du sommet du coin et sur la détermination de la pression de contact.

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This work was supported by NSF under the Grant GK 42771X and by NASA under the Grant NGR 39-007-011.