抗菌剂用于牙科复合树脂的研究进展

龋病是常见的口腔疾病,填充修复是治疗的重要手段.复合树脂凭借色泽美观和理化性能优异等特点,广泛应用于牙科修复材料中.继发龋是临床应用中导致修复失败的主要原因之一.为了抑制继发龋、延长树脂使用寿命,研发具有长期抗菌功能的牙科复合树脂具有重要意义.目前,主要通过向复合树脂体系中添加抗菌型无机粒子或抗菌型有机单体赋予材料抗菌...     

Effect of thermal cycling on whisker-reinforced dental resin composites

The mechanical properties of dental resin composites need to be improved in order to extend their use to high stress-bearing applications such as crown and bridge restorations. Recent studies used single crystal ceramic whiskers to reinforce dental composites. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of thermal cycling on whisker-reinforced composites. It was hypothesized that the whisker composites would not show a reduction in mechanical properties or the breakdown of whisker–resin interface after thermal cycling. Silicon carbide whiskers were mixed with silica particles, thermally fused, then silanized and incorporated into resin to make flexural specimens. The filler mass fraction ranged from 0% to 70%. The specimens were thermal cycled in 5 °C and 60 °C water baths, and then fractured in three-point bending to measure strength. Nano-indentation was used to measure modulus and hardness. No significant loss in composite strength, modulus and hardness was found after 10⁵ thermal cycles (family confidence coefficient=0.95; Tukey's multiple comparison test). The strength of whisker composite increased with filler level up to 60%, then plateaued when filler level was further increased to 70%; the modulus and hardness increased monotonically with filler level. The strength and modulus of whisker composite at 70% filler level were significantly higher than the non-whisker controls both before and after thermal cycling. SEM revealed no separation at the whisker–matrix interfaces, and observed resin remnants on the pulled-out whiskers, indicating strong whisker–resin bonding even after 10⁵ thermal cycles. In conclusion, novel dental resin composites containing silica-fused whiskers possessed superior strength and modulus compared to non-whisker composites both before and after thermal cycling. The whisker–resin bonding appeared to be resistant to thermal cycling in water, so that no loss in composite strength or stiffness occurred after prolonged thermal cycling.     

Compressive and ultrasonic properties of polyester/fly ash composites

The addition of hollow fillers having appropriate mechanical properties can decrease the density of the resulting composite, called syntactic foams, while concurrently improving its mechanical properties. In this study, hollow fly ash particles, called cenospheres, are used as fillers in polyester matrix material. Cenospheres are a waste by-product of coal combustion and, as such, are available at very low cost. In this study, the composites were synthesized by settling cenospheres in a glass tube filled with liquid polyester resin and subsequently curing the resin. This process resulted in a functionally graded structure containing a gradient in the cenosphere volume fraction along the sample height. Uniform radial sections were cut from each composite and were characterized to observe the relationship between cenosphere volume fraction and compressive properties of the composite. The composite was also tested using ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation method. Results show that the modulus of the composites increases with increasing cenosphere volume fraction. The modulus of composites containing more than 4.9 vol% cenosphere was found to be higher than the matrix resin. In general, the modulus of composites increased from 1.33 to 2.1 GPa for composites containing from 4.9–29.5 vol% cenospheres. The specific strength of the composite was found to be as high as 2.03 MPa/(kg/m³) compared to 0.96 MPa/(kg/m³) for the neat resin. Numerous defects present in fly ash particles caused a reduction in the strength of the composite. However, the reduction in the strength was found to be only up to 22%. Increase of over 110% in the specific modulus and only a slight decrease in the strength indicates the possibility of significant saving of weight in the structures using polyester/fly ash syntactic foams.     

Mechanical and degradation behavior of polymer-calcium sulfate composites

Calcium sulfate (CS) is one of the oldest bone graft materials still in use. Its main limitations are poor handling characteristics, poor mechanical properties, and a resorption rate that is too fast for some applications. The present study investigated the effect of viscous polymers, such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and hyaluronan (HY), on the handling characteristics, mechanical properties, and degradation behavior of CS. CMC and HY were added to CS at concentrations from 1–10 wt%. Addition of CMC to CS at more than 4 wt% produced a putty-like material and decreased the density of the composite, while also increasing flexural and compressive strength at higher loadings. Incorporation of CMC produced a concentration-dependent increase in water absorption and degradation rate. At an equivalent loading, HY-containing CS composites showed better compressive strength than CS with CMC. Overall, addition of CMC or HY to CS resulted in composite materials with better handling characteristics and improved mechanical properties after set, however the degradation rate of the augmented materials was increased. These properties suggest that the enhanced CS materials may be useful in certain clinical situations, such as filling non-uniform bone defects and situations that require mechanical integrity of the bone graft substitute during implantation.     

EGCG掺入聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖复合薄膜的制备与表征

为了研制一种综合性能更好的环境友好型活性包装材料,以聚乙烯醇和壳聚糖为基材,以表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（EGCG）为改性剂,制备了含不同质量分数EGCG的PVA/CS/EGCG复合薄膜。利用紫外-可见分光光度计对复合薄膜紫外光屏蔽性进行表征分析;并对复合薄膜的厚度、色差、光透性、力学性能、抗氧化特性和抗菌活性进行测定。实验结果表明：EGCG的掺入降低了复合薄膜的亮度,使薄膜具有出色的紫外线阻隔性能;提高了复合薄膜的拉伸强度且保持了较高的断裂伸长率;DPPH自由基清除活性随着EGCG添加量的增加而明显提升,说明复合薄膜的抗氧化性显著增强;复合薄膜的抗菌性能得到显著提升,EGCG质量分数为5%的复合薄膜的抑菌率达到92.58%。     

不同秸秆增强环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能研究

秸秆具有生物降解、绿色环保等特性,且来源丰富,在绿色纺织复合材料领域受到广泛关注。本文采用真空辅助法制备了长芦苇秆、麦秆、高粱秆、稻草秆增强环氧树脂复合材料,研究了芦苇秸秆在整体和劈裂状态下复合材料的力学性能,并比较了在劈裂状态下芦苇秸秆和其他3种秸秆增强复合材料的力学性能及形态特征,分析了4种秸秆的红外光谱、表面润湿性、表面元素及微观结构。结果表明:4种秸秆均有相似的振动吸收峰位置,且它们表面微观结构差异较大,但其相同之处是表面均有硅元素、氧元素以及碳元素。同时4种秸秆都具有疏水性,芦苇秆、高粱秆、麦秆和稻草秆与水的接触角依次降低。在力学性能上,由于纤维素纤维在秸秆内合理有效分布使其出现结构物效应,秸秆增强复合材料的弯曲性能较拉伸性能具有明显的优势,同时芦苇秆劈材增强环氧树脂复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度比芦苇秆复合材料高165.07%、55.72%。在4种秸秆劈材复合材料中,芦苇秆劈材复合材料的拉伸、弯曲性能最好,其次是稻草杆、高粱杆、麦秆复合材料。秸秆增强复合材料的开发有利于提高秸秆资源利用率,为复合材料的开发利用提供了新路径。     

Novel resin-based dental material with anti-biofilm activity and improved mechanical property by incorporating hydrophilic cationic copolymer functionalized nanodiamond

There is an increasing clinical need to design dental restorative materials that combine excellent mechanical property and anti-biofilm activity. In the current study, photocurable polycation functionalized nanodiamond (QND) was synthesized and proposed as novel filler for dental resins. By reason of increased repulsive force between nanoparticles and enhanced compatibility with resin matrix, QND dispersed uniformly in reinforced resins, which would help to transfer stress and deformation from the matrix to fillers more efficiently, resulting in a significant improvement in mechanical properties. Notably, the Vickers’s hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of resins containing 1.0?wt% QND were 44.5, 36.1 and 41.3% higher than that of control, respectively. The antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) showed that QND-incorporated resins produced anti-adhesive property due to their hydrophilic surfaces and could suppress bacterial growth as a result of the contact-killing effect of embedded nanocomposites. As the synergistic effect of anti-adhesive and bactericidal performance, resins loading 1.0~1.5?wt% QNDs displayed excellent anti-biofilm activity. Meanwhile, the results of macrophage cytotoxicity showed that the proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells remained 84.3%, even at a concentration of 1.0?wt% QNDs after 7-day incubation. Therefore, the QND-containing dental resin with the combination of high mechanical property, bacteria-repellent capability and antibacterial performance holds great potential as a restorative material based on this scheme.

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Effect of alumina,silk and ceria short fibers in reinforcement of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA dental resin

The present study is focused to investigate influence of short fibers such as Alumina Microfibers (AMFs), Silk Microfibers (SMFs) and Ceria Nanofibers (CNFs) as reinforcements in Bis-GMA/TEGDMA resin towards development of composite dental filler. Morphologies of AMFs, SMFs, CNFs and their representative fracture surfaces of the reinforced dental resins/composites were examined by SEM. X-ray Diffraction Analysis was done to analyse the phase of the fibers used in this study and degree-of-conversion of the fiber incorporated base resin was studied by FTIR. Viscosity study of fiber resin mixture, depth of cure and mass change behaviour of the fibers resin composites in artificial saliva were done to analyse the flow ability and physical properties of the fiber resin composites. Mechanical properties of the composites were tested by a universal testing machine. This study demonstrated that incorporation of 10% AMFs, 5% SMFs, and 3.33% CNFs individually in Bis-GMA/TEGDMA dental resin resulted in similar degree of conversion compared to the control. Also the fiber reinforced composites (10% AMFs, 5% SMFs, and 3.33% CNFs) demonstrated significant improvement in mechanical properties compared to Bis-GMA/TEGDMA resin (Control). However, depth of cure was significantly reduced due to incorporation of fibers in the resin. The reinforcement effect of AMFs, SMFs in dental resin was superior due to their uniform distribution and good interfacial bonding between fibers and resin matrix. In case of CNFs, rapid increase in viscosity during mixing of fibers with resin and inhomogeneous mixing were the major problem encountered during formulation, which was mainly associated with high surface to volume ration of the nanofibers. The resultant composite containing CNFs had less improvement in mechanical properties which may be due to less fiber content, formation of agglomerates and improper distribution of the fibers in the composite which subsequently resulted in reduction of adhesive strength.     

聚酰亚胺颗粒层间增韧碳纤维/邻苯二甲腈树脂复合材料

邻苯二甲腈树脂是一种新型的高性能热固性树脂,具有优良的力学性能和耐高温性能,而邻苯二甲腈树脂本身的脆性限制了其用作结构材料方面的应用。本文采用热塑性聚酰亚胺(PI)颗粒对邻苯二甲腈树脂复合材料进行层间增韧改性,研究改性前后复合材料的耐热性能和力学性能。研究发现,使用PI对邻苯二甲腈复合材料进行改性时,随着掺入量的增加,复合材料的玻璃化转变温度降低。PI颗粒的引入会显著提高复合材料韧性,10wt% PI改性复合材料层间剪切强度提高了41.2%,15wt% PI改性复合材料的Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性提高了156.3%。复合材料的层间能够清晰地观察到颗粒的存在;PI的质量分数进一步提高时,出现粒子团聚缺陷,导致复合材料的层间剪切强度下降。此外PI增韧邻苯二甲腈树脂复合材料在380℃下的层间剪切强度与未改性复合材料数值相当,该温度下PI颗粒的含量已不是影响复合材料韧性的主要因素。      

等离子体处理碳纤维/树脂复合材料

为了提高碳纤维/树脂复合材料的表面浸润性,采用等离子体直接对复合材料进行表面处理,通过接触角测试、拉伸试验、金相显微分析和红外光谱分析,探究了等离子体处理碳纤维/树脂复合材料的最佳处理工艺、处理前后碳纤维/树脂复合材料的力学性能和表面官能团的变化。结果显示:电流、气压和处理时间均对碳纤维/树脂复合材料表面浸润性有明显影响,当电流为1.0A、气压为1.0Pa、处理时间为10min时,表面浸润性最佳;处理后碳纤维/树脂复合材料的拉伸强度没有减小,反而提高了8%。红外光谱分析显示处理后碳纤维/树脂复合材料表面酯基链发生断裂,酯基数量降低,相应形成更多的酮基、羧基和醇羟基,表面极性增强,浸润性显著提高。研究解决了碳纤维/树脂复合材料表面呈惰性的问题,为其表面功能涂层制备奠定了基础。     

Introducing cellulose nanocrystals in sheet molding compounds (SMC)

The mechanical properties of short glass fiber/epoxy composites containing cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) made using sheet molding compound (SMC) manufacturing method as well as the rheological and thermomechanical properties of the CNC-epoxy composites were investigated as a function of the CNC content. CNC up to 1.4 wt% were dispersed in the epoxy to produce the resin for SMC production. The addition of CNC in the resin increased its viscosity and slightly reduced the heat of reaction during the polymerization without altering the curing time and temperature and the effective pot life of the resin. The incorporation of 0.9 wt% CNC in the SMC composite resulted in increases in elastic modulus and tensile strength by ∼25% and ∼30% and in flexural modulus and strength by ∼44% and ∼33% respectively. Concentrations of CNC up to 0.9 wt% in the SMC composite did not alter the impact energy.     

紫外荧光双马树脂基复合材料的制备及性能

紫外荧光树脂基复合材料可用于航空航天大型复合材料制件牺牲层的制备,减少装配中垫片的使用,并通过牺牲层的荧光显色避免切削时伤及本体铺层.采用热熔法制备了紫外荧光双马树脂及国产T700碳纤维机织物/紫外荧光双马树脂预浸料,采用热压罐法制备了国产T700/紫外荧光双马树脂复合材料.系统研究了未添加紫外荧光粉、添加1.8％含量...     

Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties of Injection Molded Polypropylene/TiO2 Nano-Composites:Effects of Surface Modification

Polypropylene (PP)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano-composites were prepared by melt compounding with a twin screw extruder. Nanoparticles were modified prior to melt mixing with maleic anhydride grafted styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS-g-MA) and silane. The composites were injection molded and mechanical tests were applied to obtain tensile strength, elastic modulus and impact strength. Antibacterial efficiency test was applied on the injection molded composite plaques by viable cell counting technique. The results showed that the composites including SEBS-g-MA and silane coated TiO2 gave better mechanical properties than the composites without SEBS-g-MA. Antibacterial efficiency of the composites varied according to the dispersion and the concentration of the particles and it was observed that composites at low content of TiO2 showed higher antibacterial property due to the better photocatalytic activity of the particles during UV exposure.     

Environmental aging of high-performance polymeric composites: Effects on durability

The effect of sub-T_g environmental aging on the durability of two high-performance polymeric composites has been investigated. The material systems under study were a thermoplastic-toughened cyanate ester resin (Fiberite 954-2) and a semicrystalline thermoplastic resin (Fiberite ITX), and their respective carbonfiber composites, IM8/954-2 and IM8/ITX. Specimens were aged for periods of up to 9 months in environmental chambers at 150 °C and in one of three different gas environments: nitrogen, a reduced air pressure of 13·8 kPa (2psi air) or atmospheric ambient air (14·7psi air). The glass transition temperatures, T_g, of the two resin systems were monitored as a function of aging time and environment. The changes in T_g showed effects of both physical aging and chemical degradation; the latter appeared to be sensitive to the oxygen concentration in the aging environment. Flexure tests were performed on 8-ply unidirectional (90 °) IM8/954-2 and IM8/ITX composites, aged up to 6 months in the three gas environments at 150 °C. The samples showed a 30–40% loss in the bending strength after aging. These strength reductions were sensitive to the oxygen concentrations in the aging environment. Stress/strain tests were also conducted on the same composites to measure the ultimate properties of the materials before and after aging in the three different environments at 150 °C. The results showed a decrease of 40–60% in the ultimate strain to failure with aging. The modulus of both composite systems on the other hand increased by up to 20 % after aging for 6 months, possibly as a consequence of the physical aging phenomena. In both systems greatest reduction in ‘useful’ mechanical properties occurred in the ambient air environment, while the least reduction occurred in nitrogen. Weight loss in the plain resin and composite samples was monitored as a function of aging time and environment. Typically, all of the samples showed 1–2 % weight loss after 9 months of aging at 150 °C, and the composite samples lost much more weight (on a polymer basis) than unreinforced resin specimens over the same aging period. The weight loss data as well as all the above-mentioned observations were indicative of an oxidation process in the composites.     

ZnO介晶填料的制备及其齿科复合树脂的性能

无机填料是齿科修复复合树脂的主要成分, 它对复合树脂的性能和功能至关重要。本文以三乙醇胺为软模板剂, 六水合硝酸锌为主要原料, 水热法制备平均晶粒尺寸37.5 nm ZnO晶粒构筑的微米级多孔介晶微球, 具有良好的有序性。经γ-甲基丙烯酰氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(γ-MPS)对ZnO介晶微球改性后, 与改性的SiO₂微球混合, 添加到Bis-GMA/TEGDMA树脂体系中, 制成复合树脂。通过形貌和性能测试发现, 20wt% ZnO介晶填充的复合树脂中填料分散均匀、力学和耐磨损性能优异, 其中树脂弯曲强度133 MPa、弯曲模量9.8 GPa; 磨损3000次后, 树脂体积损耗为1.02 mm ³, 磨损量比商业ZnO微球和单纯SiO₂填充的复合树脂分别降低了88.7%和90.8%。而且, 含氧化锌的复合树脂对口腔中变异链球菌的抗菌率达到99.9%。     

聚乳酸/壳聚糖复合材料的制备及性能研究

目的 以聚乳酸 （PLA） 为基材,与壳聚糖 （CTS） 相结合制备抗菌复合材料。方法 通过熔融挤出复合工艺制备全生物降解抗菌复合材料, 考察壳聚糖对复合材料力学性能和抗菌性能的影响。结果 复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度随着壳聚糖质量分数的增加而略有降低的趋势, 其缺口抗冲击强度基本不受壳聚糖的影响, 断裂伸长率则呈现先上升后减小的趋势。当壳聚糖质量分数为4%时, 复合材料具有较佳的综合力学性能。当壳聚糖的质量分数为8%时, 复合材料具有较明显的抗菌能力。结论 全生物降解聚乳酸壳聚糖复合材料具有广阔的应用前景, 尚需要继续深入探讨两者之间的关系,以制备性能更加优良的全生物降解型材料。     

A facile method for preparing CNT-grafted carbon fibers and improved tensile strength of their composites

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-grafted carbon fibers (CFs) have emerged as new reinforcements for improving the mechanical properties of CF-reinforced composites but such enhancement in macroscale composites has not been realized. This paper reports a facile method for preparing CNT-grafted CFs and improving the tensile strength of their composites. A CNT/polyacrylonitrile solution was sprayed onto the surface of the CF woven fabrics, and the CNTs were grafted by a thermal treatment at 300 °C. CNT-grafted CF composites were fabricated using the CNT-grafted CF woven fabrics using a vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding process with epoxy resin. The CNT-grafted CF composite exhibited 22% enhancement in the tensile strength compared to that of the pristine CF composite. Fracture surfaces of the CNT-grafted CF composites showed that the grafted CNTs obstructed the propagation of micro-cracks and micro-delamination around the CFs and also yarn boundaries, resulting in improved tensile strength of CNT-grafted CF composites.     

Properties and in vitro biological evaluation of nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan membranes for bone guided regeneration

Nano-hydroxyapatite(n-HA)/chitosan(CS) composite membranes were prepared by solvent casting and evaporation methods for the function of guided bone regeneration (GBR). The effect of n-HA content and solvent evaporation temperature on the properties of the composite membranes was studied. The n-HA/CS membranes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, swelling measurement, mechanical test, cell culture and MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenylte-2H-tetrazolium bromide) assay. The results show that the surface roughness and micropores of the composite membranes increase with the rise of n-HA content, suitable for adhesion, crawl and growth of cells. The hydroxyapatite holds nano size and distributes uniformly in the composite membranes. Chemical bond interaction exists between Ca ions and –OH groups of n-HA and –NH₂ or –OH groups of CS. The n-HA content and solvent evaporation temperature have obvious influence on the swelling ratio, tensile strength and elongation rate of the composite membranes. Cell culture and MTT assays show that n-HA and its content can affect the proliferation of cells. The n-HA/CS composite membranes have no negative effect on the cell morphology, viability and proliferation and possess good biocompatibility. This study makes the n-HA/CS composite membrane be a prospective biodegradable GBR membrane for future applications.     

碳纤维单丝带对酚醛树脂基复合材料力学性能的增强作用

将连续碳纤维束用空气梳分散成单丝状的长带, 经60 %硝酸进行表面氧化处理后用作酚醛树脂复合材料的增强材料。用红外光谱、扫描电镜等表征复合材料的微观结构, 通过力学性能测定发现, 与连续的碳纤维束增强相比, 单丝带增强复合材料的弯曲强度提高了1 倍, 层间剪切强度( ILSS) 提高了2 倍, 但冲击强度有所降低。结果表明, 碳纤维经过表面氧化和丝束分散的处理后, 能有效地提高其与复合材料中树脂基体的结合性能。      

Mechanical properties of aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube/epoxy composites processed using a hot-melt prepreg method

This study examined the mechanical properties of aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT)/epoxy composites processed using a hot-melt prepreg method. Vertically aligned ultra-long CNT arrays (forest) were synthesized using chemical vapor deposition, and were converted to horizontally aligned CNT sheets by pulling them out. An aligned CNT/epoxy prepreg was fabricated using hot-melting with B-stage cured epoxy resin film. The resin content in prepreg was well controlled. The prepreg sheets showed good drapability and tackiness. Composite film specimens of 24-33 μm thickness were produced, and tensile tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties. The resultant composites exhibit higher Young’s modulus and tensile strength than those of composites produced using conventional CNT/epoxy mixing methods. For example, the maximum elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of a CNT (21.4 vol.%)/epoxy composite were 50.6 GPa and 183 MPa. These values were, respectively, 19 and 2.9 times those of the epoxy resin.