普通肝素通过降低肺组织Rho激酶活性缓解脓毒症小鼠的肺损伤

目的探讨普通肝素对腹腔注射脂多糖(LPS)所致脓毒症小鼠肺组织Rho激酶活性以及肺损伤的影响。方法腹腔注射LPS制作小鼠脓毒症模型,将小鼠随机分为对照组、LPS组和LPS+肝素治疗组。分别于造模后3h和6h收集血液标本和肺组织。ELISA法分别测定血清TNF-α、IL-1β浓度;取肺组织进行HE染色,测定肺水含量;用Westernblot法观察肺组织中p-MYPT1蛋白表达变化。结果 LPS组和肝素治疗组3h和6h的血浆TNF-α和IL-1β含量均显著高于正常对照组(P<0.05);与LPS组比较,肝素组3h和6h的血浆TNF-α和IL-1β含量均有显著降低(P<0.05);肝素可以缓解脓毒症小鼠肺损伤程度(6h),降低肺水含量(6h),下调肺组织p-MYPT1蛋白表达(3h,6h)。结论普通肝素缓解脓毒症小鼠的肺损伤可能与降低肺组织Rho激酶活性相关。     

肾上腺素对内毒素致大鼠炎症性肝损害的保护作用

目的 探讨肾上腺素（Epi）对内毒素（脂多糖，LPS）致大鼠炎症性肝损害的保护作用及其作用机制。方法 50只SD大鼠随机分为5组（每组各10只）：对照组：静脉滴注生理盐水2．4mL·kg^-1·h^-1；LPS组：静脉注射LPS6mg·kg^-1后，静脉滴注生理盐水2．4mL·kg^-1·h^-1；低、中和高剂量Epi组：静脉注射LPS6mg·kg^-1后，分别静脉滴注Epi0．12、0．3和0．6μg·kg^-1·min^-1。在LPS注射前、注射后2和6h3个时点取血，检测血清ALT、AST、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-10水平，并在6h时点观察肝脏的组织病理学改变。结果 LPS组注射LPS后2、6h血清AST和ALT水平较对照组显著升高。同时血清TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-10水平亦较对照组显著升高（P〈0．05）。病理检查结果示：LPS组肝窦扩张、充血，局灶性肝细胞坏死。高剂量Epi可显著降低血清AST和ALT水平，减轻肝脏病理损伤，并显著可降低TNF-α水平和升高IL-10水平（1）8LPS组，P均〈0．05），但对IL-1β水平无影响。中、低剂量Epi对LPS致炎症性肝损害无明显保护作用。结论 Epi可通过抗炎作用减轻LPS诱导的炎症性肝损害。     

小檗碱预防脂多糖性肝损伤的机制研究

目的： 观察小檗碱对脂多糖性肝损伤的防治效果及其作用机制。 方法： 将雄性昆明小鼠随机分成4组：① 对照组：用蒸馏水灌胃（0.01 mL/g），每天1次，共5 d，第5 d灌胃后1 h，腹腔注射生理盐水（0.02 mL/g）；②小檗碱组：用5 g/L中性硫酸小檗碱灌胃（0.01 mL/g），每天1次，共5 d，第5 d灌胃后1 h，腹腔注射生理盐水（0.02 mL/g）； ③ 脂多糖（LPS）组：除腹腔注射LPS（0.02 mL/g，28 mg/kg）外，其余处理同①；④小檗碱防治组：除腹腔注射LPS（0.02 mL/g，28 mg/kg）外，其余处理同②。腹腔注射后2 h和10 h去眼球取血，分别检测各组小鼠血清中TNF-α的含量以及丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）的活性；另于腹腔注射后24 h取肝组织标本，观察各组小鼠肝脏的组织学和超微结构的变化,同时测定肝组织MDA的含量及SOD的活性。 结果： LPS组小鼠血清ALT、AST活性明显高于对照组（P＜0.01），而小檗碱防治组小鼠血清ALT和AST活性明显低于LPS组（P＜0.05）。腹腔注射LPS后2 h，LPS组小鼠血清中TNF-α含量明显高于小檗碱防治组。组织学检查发现，LPS组小鼠肝细胞水肿、变性、坏死，肝窦充血；电镜下可见，肝细胞核溶解、部分核膜不完整，线粒体肿胀、嵴消失。小檗碱防治组小鼠肝脏的病理变化明显轻于LPS组。此外，LPS组肝脏组织中MDA的含量明显高于对照组（P＜0.01），而小檗碱防治组肝脏组织中MDA的含量低于LPS组（P＜0.05），但小檗碱防治组肝组织中SOD活性与LPS组比较无显著差异。 结论： 小檗碱可以减轻LPS引起的肝脏损伤，其作用机制可能与其抑制LPS诱导的TNF-α释放，减少肝组织脂质过氧化和保护肝细胞线粒体有关。     

内毒素性急性肺损伤大鼠内源性H2S/CSE体系的变化

目的：观察内毒素性急性肺损伤（ALI）大鼠内源性硫化氢/胱硫醚-γ-裂解酶（H2S/CSE）体系、IL-1β和IL-10的动态变化。方法:健康雄性SD大鼠共80只，随机分为Ⅰ（对照）组；Ⅱ（LPS 1 h）组；Ⅲ（LPS 3 h）组；Ⅳ（LPS 6 h）组；Ⅴ（LPS 9 h）组；Ⅵ（LPS 12 h）组。给予LPS复制内毒素性ALI大鼠模型，分别于1、3、6、9、12 h处死，观察光镜和电镜下肺组织形态学改变，检测肺系数、肺湿/干重比、血浆中H2S含量、肺组织CSE活性、血清中IL-1β和IL-10的动态变化。结果:⑴LPS 1 h组，光镜和电镜下肺组织形态学无明显改变，肺系数、肺湿/干重比、血浆中H2S的含量和肺组织CSE活性与对照组比较无明显变化，血清中IL-1β和IL-10含量明显高于对照组(IL-1β，P<0.05；IL-10，P<0.01)。⑵LPS 3、6、9、12 h组，光镜和电镜下肺组织明显受损，超微结构明显改变，肺系数和肺湿/干重比明显高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)，血浆中H2S的含量和肺组织CSE活性明显低于对照组（P<0.05 或P<0.01) ，血清中IL- 1β和IL-10的含量明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:内源性H2S/CSE体系、IL-β和IL-10参与内毒素性ALI的病理生理过程。     

槐定碱抑制内毒素血症小鼠肺组织LPS模式识别受体的表达

目的:探讨槐定碱对内毒素血症小鼠肺组织LPS识别受体LBP、CD14、TLR4及下游炎症介质TNF-α的影响及意义。方法:BALB/c小鼠尾静脉注射LPS制备内毒素血症小鼠模型,注射LPS后30分钟给予槐定碱高(12 mg/kg)、中(6mg/kg)、低(3 mg/kg)三个剂量干预,并分别在2、6、12、24小时各时间点取血液和肺组织,肉眼及光镜观察肺组织的病理变化;以肺湿/干重(W/D)比检测肺水含量;用RT-PCR检测肺组织中LBP、CD14、TLR4的mRNA表达;Western blot检测肺组织TLR4蛋白的表达;放免法检测血清TNF-α含量。结果:与内毒素血症模型组小鼠肺组织比较,槐定碱三个剂量干预组均不同程度减轻内毒素血症小鼠肺组织病理损伤,降低肺组织W/D值,并且显著下调同时间点模型小鼠肺组织LBP、CD14、TLR4的mRNA表达及TLR4蛋白的表达;槐定碱高、中剂量干预可显著抑制模型小鼠血清TNF-α水平(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:槐定碱对内毒素血症小鼠肺组织的保护作用机制可能与下调LPS识别受体LBP、CD14、TLR4表达,抑制下游炎症因子TNF-α的释放有关。     

丹参酮ⅡA对脓毒症小鼠脑软膜微血流速度和脑组织炎性介质水平的干预作用

目的:探讨丹参酮ⅡA(STS)对脓毒症小鼠脑微血流和神经炎症反应的干预作用。方法:32只昆明小鼠常规开颅窗后随机分成4组:假手术组(Sham组)、STS对照组(STS组)、脓毒症模型组(LPS组)、STS治疗组(LPS+STS组)。LPS组和LPS+STS组小鼠经腹腔注射内毒素(LPS,5mg/μg体重)制备脓毒症模型小鼠,1h后造模成功,随后STS组和LPS+STS组腹腔注射STS(10mg/kg)。应用BI2000型微循环图像处理系统,通过开放式颅窗观察各组小鼠不同时相(造模前,成模后2h,成模后4h)软脑膜微静脉、微动脉血流速度,用ELISA检测成模后4h小鼠脑海马组织内肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)的水平变化。结果:LPS组小鼠于成模后2h、4h软脑膜微动脉、微静脉血管血流速度较Sham组明显减慢(P<0.01);脑海马组织成模后4hTNF-α和IL-1β的水平较Sham组明显升高(P<0.01)。LPS+STS组成模后2h、4h微动脉、微静脉血流速度较LPS组明显加快,脑海马组织TNF-α和IL-1β的水平较LPS组显著降低(P<0.01)。结论:STS可改善脓毒症小鼠脑微血流速度,减轻神经炎症反应,发挥脑保护作用。     

基于小鼠脾脏转录组测序探索脓毒症预后关键基因

目的：运用脾脏高通量测序结合生物信息学筛选脓毒症死亡小鼠的关键差异表达基因（DEGs）。方法：(1)腹腔注射脂多糖（LPS）建立小鼠脓毒症模型,绘制7 d生存曲线确定生存组、死亡组造模剂量。(2)ELISA验证对照组、生存组、死亡组小鼠外周血浆TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10表达。(3)使用脓毒症生存组和死亡组脾脏测序,结合生物信息学分析DEGs,筛选关键基因。(4)RT-PCR及Western blot验证关键基因及蛋白表达差异。结果：(1)脓毒症生存组造模剂量为15 mg/kg LPS（死亡率为30%）,死亡组造模剂量为30 mg/kg LPS（死亡率为80%）。(2)脓毒症小鼠外周血IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β表达量较对照组明显升高,IL-10表达水平降低（P<0.05）;脓毒症模型组间进行比较,死亡组促炎因子水平较生存组升高,IL-10较生存组降低（P<0.05）。(3)共筛选出生存组和死亡组中2 999个DEGs,其中1 185个基因上调,1 814个基因下调,筛选出“造血细胞谱系”“原发性免疫缺陷”“非洲锥虫病”“利什曼病”“B细胞受体信号通路”...     

前列腺素E1对脂多糖诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤的拮抗作用

目的: 建立急性肺损伤（ALI）大鼠模型，初步探讨lipo-PGE1对ALI的拮抗作用机制。方法: 将雄性SD健康大鼠45只随机分成3组，A：对照组；B：LPS模型组；C：lipo-PGE1＋LPS治疗组，各组分1、2和4 h 3个时点各5只观察肺组织变化，计数肺泡灌洗液（BALF）细胞数和分类，ELISA法测血清细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-12、IL-10的浓度。结果: 模型组肺组织肉眼观体积增大，肺表面色泽暗红，可见包膜下点状、片状出血,充血、水肿明显，BALF中白细胞总数及中性粒细胞百分比及血清中IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-10浓度明显高于正常对照组；治疗组临床表现及肉眼观肺组织充血出血情况明显轻于模型组，BALF白细胞总数及中性粒细胞百分比和血清IL-1β、TNF-α浓度显著低于模型组，IL-10浓度明显高于模型组。结论: 前列腺素E1可以通过降低肺血管的通透性，减少中性粒细胞渗出，同时下调炎症因子的表达来拮抗LPS诱导的急性肺损伤。     

IL-18在脓毒症肺损伤发生发展过程中的作用及机制研究北大核心CSCD

目的:研究IL-18在脓毒症肺损伤发展过程中的作用及调控机制。方法:成年雄性野生型C57BL/6(WT)和IL-18基因敲除(IL-18-/-)小鼠分为野生型小鼠对照组(WT组)、脂多糖(LPS)处理的野生型小鼠组(WT LPS组)、IL-18基因敲除的小鼠对照组(IL-18-/-组)、LPS处理的IL-18基因敲除小鼠组(IL-18-/-LPS组)。腹腔注射LPS(15 mg/kg)建立小鼠脓毒症模型,对照组注射等量生理盐水。观察各组小鼠72 h生存率并处死小鼠,HE染色观察肺部病理组织变化,RT-PCR及Western blot检测各组小鼠肺组织IL-18 mRNA及蛋白表达,免疫荧光检测肺组织IL-18表达及定位,TUNEL染色检测肺组织细胞凋亡,流式细胞术检测肺组织Treg/Th17比例,ELISA检测炎症因子TNF-α、IL-17A、TGF-1β、IL-10表达。Western blot检测各组小鼠肺组织RORγt、FoxP3蛋白表达及STAT3磷酸化水平。结果:LPS诱导后,小鼠肺组织高表达IL-18。与WT LPS组相比,IL-18-/-LPS组小鼠生存率显著提高,肺组织病理损伤减轻,凋亡细胞显著减少,Treg/Th17比例提高,抑炎因子TGF-1β、IL-10表达增加,而促炎因子TNF-α、IL-17A表达明显减少,肺组织RORγt蛋白表达增加,而STAT3磷酸化水平降低。结论:IL-18可通过上调STAT3磷酸化水平,促进Treg/Th17免疫失衡及炎症因子分泌,从而加剧脓毒症急性肺损伤。     

Wortmannin对急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织IL-1β和TNF-α表达的影响

目的研究Wortmannin对急性肺损伤模型小鼠肺组织白介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达的影响。方法 30只昆明小鼠随机分为正常对照组、急性肺损伤组和Wortmannin处理组。采用腹腔注射LPS(10 mg/kg)建立小鼠急性肺损伤模型,对照组腹腔注射同体积的生理盐水,Wortmannin处理组则于造模前2 h腹腔注射Wortmannin(1.4 mg/kg)。LPS注射后6 h处死大鼠,计算肺组织湿/干重(W/D)比值,Western blot方法检测三组小鼠肺组织内IL-1β和TNF-α蛋白的表达变化,RT-PCR方法检测三组小鼠肺组织内IL-1βmRNA和TNF-αmRNA的表达变化。结果急性肺损伤组小鼠肺组织IL-1β和TNF-α蛋白及mRNA表达水平显著上升,显著高于正常对照组(0.05);相比于急性肺损伤组小鼠,Wortmannin处理组小鼠肺组织IL-1β和TNF-α蛋白及mRNA表达水平显著降低(0.05)。结论 Wortmannin能抑制急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织IL-1β和TNF-α表达。     

轻度CLP模型大鼠在脓毒症早期即发生心肌收缩与舒张功能障碍

目的:利用轻度盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)复制脓毒症大鼠模型,比较脓毒症大鼠心功能与其它器官功能障碍发生的时间。方法:将大鼠随机分为假手术组和盲肠结扎穿孔术组,分别于手术后6 h、9 h和12 h用Langendorff装置检测大鼠心肌收缩与舒张功能,并测定心肌肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM-1)和血管内皮细胞黏附因子1(VCAM-1)的表达;同时检测血清TNF-α水平以及大鼠肝、肾功能和肺湿/干重比值。结果:轻度CLP术后10 d,大鼠的死亡率为26.7%。CLP术后9 h与12 h左心室内压最大上升与下降速率显著低于假手术组;CLP术后6 h,心肌TNF-α、ICAM-1和VCAM-1的mRNA表达显著高于假手术组,CLP术后9 h心肌TNF-α和VCAM-1的蛋白表达显著升高。CLP术后9 h血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性和12 h丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性高于假手术组。而术后6 h、9 h和12 h,大鼠血尿素氮水平、肺湿/干重比与相应时点的假手术组比较,差异没有统计学显著性。结论:轻度CLP模型大鼠在脓毒症发生后6 h心肌炎症因子表达增多,9 h后即发生心肌内在收缩与舒张功能障碍,其发生早于肝、肾功能损伤。     

Effects of dexmedetomidine on early and late cytokines during polymicrobial sepsis in mice

Objective

We investigated whether dexmedetomidine provided protective effects on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)–induced septic mice, through suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interlukin-6 (IL-6)] and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1).

Methods

The model of sepsis was set up by CLP in 136 male BALB/c mice (40 mice for survival studies and 96 for cytokine studies) which were divided into four groups, including a C, CLP, DEX + CLP and CLP + DEX group. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and HMGB1 were detected at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after operations, and lung HMGB1 mRNA were analyzed at 24 and 48 h. The mortality rates were calculated 7 days after the operations.

Results

The mortality rates 7 days after operations were significantly lower in the CLP + DEX (50 %) and DEX + CLP (30 %) groups than in the CLP group (90 %). Serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α decreased significantly in dexmedetomidine administration groups compared with the CLP group. The levels of HMGB1 and lung HMGB1 mRNA were lower in the dexmedetomidine administration groups than in the CLP group. There was a significant correlation between lung HMGB1 mRNA and serum HMGB1(r = 0.858).

Conclusions

Dexmedetomidine could reduce the mortality rate and inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine responses during polymicrobial sepsis in mice.     

四毒清对脂多糖攻击小鼠多器官功能障碍和生存率的影响

目的:观察中药复方四毒清对脂多糖(LPS)攻击小鼠生存率和器官功能的影响,寻找有效中药防治LPS性多器官功能衰竭。方法:将中药四毒清按常规方法煎制成1kg/L药液,以小鼠为实验对象,灌胃给药,3d后腹腔注射LPS(60mg/kg),观察小鼠生存率。另分批进行同样实验,观察小鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)活性、血清肌酐(Cr)和尿素氮(BUN)含量及肺、肝、肾、肠的病理变化。结果:LPS注射后96h,LPS组小鼠的死亡率为73%(n=34),而四毒清防治组小鼠的死亡率为35%(n=31),两组死亡率有明显差别(P<0.05)。同时,LPS组小鼠的血清ALT活性、Cr和BUN含量明显高于对照组,而四毒清防治组小鼠血清ALT活性、Cr和BUN含量明显低于LPS组。病理学检查发现四毒清防治组小鼠肺、肾及小肠病变明显轻于LPS组。结论:中药四毒清能防治LPS性多器官功能障碍,提高LPS攻击小鼠的生存率。     

LPS诱导的内毒素血症小鼠及重症联合免疫缺陷小鼠模型炎症反应的比较

目的:比较脂多糖(LPS)诱导的内毒素血症BALB/c小鼠及重症联合免疫缺陷(SCID)小鼠炎症反应的差异。方法:建立LPS诱导的BALB/c小鼠和SCID小鼠内毒素血症模型,观察小鼠的存活率。分别于诱导前、诱导后3h、6h、12h,取小鼠的血清及诱导后12h小鼠的肝脏、肺脏,用全自动生化分析仪检测两种小鼠血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、尿素氮(BUN)水平;HE染色评价肝脏、肺脏的炎症病理改变;用流式细胞术微球阵列法检测两种小鼠血清TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-6及MCP-1的水平。结果:(1)LPS诱导内毒素血症后,SCID小鼠于12～24h均死亡(8/8),BALB/c小鼠仅1只死亡(1/8)。(2)LPS诱导后12h,BALB/c小鼠及SCID小鼠血清ALT、AST、BUN的水平均明显升高(P<0.05),SCID小鼠前两项均高于BALB/c小鼠(P<0.05),但BUN两种小鼠无显著差异。(3)肺脏,肝脏炎症盲法的病理评分,SCID小鼠均高于BALB/c小鼠(P<0.05)。(4)SCID小鼠和BALB/c小鼠LPS诱导后3h、6h、12h,血清TNF-α,IFN-γ的水平,诱导后12h,IL-6,MCP-1的水平均显著升高(P<0.05),SCID小鼠明显高于BALB/c小鼠(P<0.05)。结论:LPS刺激SCID小鼠后,可分泌过量的炎性细胞因子,导致更严重的内毒素血症和脏器损伤,是造成小鼠死亡的重要原因。结果提示,缺乏适应性免疫应答细胞调控的情况下,异常增强的固有免疫应答,可能是危及机体生命的重症全身炎症反应综合征发生的重要原因。     

Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist abrogates lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in rat liver

Endotoxemia-induced hepatotoxicity is characterized by disturbed intracellular redox balance, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation inducing DNA, proteins and membrane lipid damages. In the present study, the protective effects of montelukast (MNT) against Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced oxidative stress were investigated in rat liver. LPS (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected and the animals were sacrificed 6 h after LPS challenge. MNT (10 mg/kg) was administered orally for seven successive days before endotoxemia induction. Blood samples were withdrawn for assessing the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and levels of serum total bilirubin, total protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Livers were dissected out and used for histological examination or stored for the determination of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl content (PCC), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Sepsis significantly increased ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, total bilirubin, TNF-α and IL-1β, MPO, MDA and PCC levels and decreased total protein, GSH and enzymatic antioxidants (CAT, SOD and GSH-Px). MNT decreased the markers of liver injury (AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, and total bilirubin), inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-alpha, IL-1β), MDA, PCC and MPO after LPS challenge. In conclusion, MNT abrogates LPS-induced markers of liver injury and suppresses the release of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers via its antioxidant properties and enhancement enzymatic antioxidant activities.     

小檗碱和育亨宾对内毒素血症小鼠脾脏TLR4信号通路中相关基因表达的影响

目的: 观察小檗碱和α₂肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂育亨宾对内毒素血症小鼠脾脏Toll样受体4(TLR4)信号通路84种基因表达的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法: 雄性BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组、脂多糖(LPS)组、小檗碱+LPS组、小檗碱+育亨宾+LPS组、育亨宾+LPS组、小檗碱组、小檗碱+育亨宾组和育亨宾组。分别用蒸馏水、小檗碱(50 mg/kg)、小檗碱+育亨宾(50 mg/kg+2 mg/kg) 和育亨宾(2 mg/kg)灌胃,每天1次,连续3 d,第3 d灌胃1 h后,腹腔注射LPS(20 mg/kg)或生理盐水。腹腔注射1 h后,用RT² Profiler^TM PCR Array分析技术检测小鼠脾脏TLR4信号通路84种基因mRNA的表达;用Western blotting分析小鼠脾脏TLR4信号通路的抑制分子细胞因子信号抑制物(SOCS)1、SOCS3和白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶(IRAK)-M蛋白的表达。结果: LPS可上调小鼠脾脏TLR4信号转导通路中相关炎症因子的mRNA表达,包括CXCL10、TNF-α、IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-6、IFN-γ和IFN-β。小檗碱能显著下调下调髓样分化因子(MyD88)依赖信号通路下游TNF-α、IL-1α、IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA的表达,也能MyD88非依赖信号通路下游基因IFN-β和CXCL10 mRNA的表达(P<0.05)。育亨宾能显著下调内毒素血症小鼠脾脏IL-1α、IL-1β 和IFN-β mRNA的表达(P<0.05),但对TNF-α、IL-6和CXCL10 mRNA表达的下调作用与LPS组相比没有显著差异(P>0.05)。小檗碱与育亨宾合剂能显著下调内毒素血症小鼠脾脏IFN-β和CXCL10 mRNA的表达,但不能显著下调内毒素血症小鼠脾脏IL-1α、IL-1β、TNF-α 和IL-6 mRNA的表达。LPS攻击后1 h,小檗碱和(或)育亨宾均不能增强内毒素血症小鼠脾脏SOCS1、SOCS3和IRAK-M蛋白的表达。结论: 小檗碱和育亨宾均能抑制LPS诱导的MyD88依赖和非依赖信号通路下游部分基因的表达,这种抑制作用的机制与SOCS1、SOCS3和IRAK-M蛋白无关。     

Edaravone protects endotoxin-induced liver injury by inhibiting apoptosis and reducing proinflammatory cytokines

Studies have shown that edaravone may prevent liver injury. This study aimed to investigate the effects of edaravone on the liver injury induced by D-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in female BALB/c mice. Edaravone was injected into mice 30 min before and 4 h after GalN/LPS injection. The survival rate was determined within the first 24 h. Animals were killed 8 h after GalN/LPS injection, and liver injury was biochemically and histologically assessed. Hepatocyte apoptosis was measured by TUNEL staining; proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] in the liver were assayed by ELISA; expression of caspase-8 and caspase-3 proteins was detected by Western blot assay; and caspase-3 activity was also determined. Results showed that GalN/LPS induced marked elevations in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Edaravone significantly inhibited elevation of serum AST and ALT, accompanied by an improvement in histological findings. Edaravone lowered the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells. In addition, 24 h after edaravone treatment, caspase-3 activity and mortality were reduced. Edaravone may effectively ameliorate GalN/LPS-induced liver injury in mice by reducing proinflammatory cytokines and inhibiting apoptosis.     

A Novel Role of a Chemotherapeutic Agent in a Rat Model of Endotoxemia: Modulation of the STAT-3 Signaling Pathway

Sepsis caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a life-threatening disease accompanied by multiple organ failure. This study investigated the curative effects of imatinib (IMA) against hepatic, renal, and pulmonary responses caused by a single administration of LPS (10 mg/kg, i.p.) in rats. Treatment with IMA (15 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min after LPS antagonized the LPS-induced boost of liver enzymes (ALT, AST), kidney functions (BUN, sCr) as well as the elevated pulmonary vascular permeability and edema. IMA declined tissue contents of NF-κB, STAT-3, P38-MAPK, TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS. It also amplified the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 as well as the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, a cardinal indicator of the anti-apoptotic effect. Meanwhile, the rats exhibited marked reduction of the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) contents of TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and neutrophil count; however, they revealed prominent augmentation of the BALF content IL-10. In conclusion, these findings suggest that IMA is endowed with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties and hence may provide a novel agent for the management of sepsis.     

早期胰岛素泵注对脓毒症大鼠肝损害的影响

目的探讨早期胰岛素泵注对脂多糖（LPS）致大鼠脓毒症模型肝损害的保护作用。方法24只SD大鼠随机分为LPS＋生理盐水组、LPS＋胰岛素组和生理盐水对照组,各组均为8只。各组大鼠在实验前1d行右颈外静脉置管术。LPS＋生理盐水组腹腔注射LPS10mg·kg^-1,同时持续静脉泵注生理盐水1mL·h^-1;LPS＋胰岛素组腹腔注射LPS10mg·kg^-1,同时持续静脉泵注胰岛素生理盐水溶液1mL·h^-1（胰岛素用量为0．25U·kg^-1·h^-1）。生理盐水对照组腹腔注射生理盐水10mg·kg^-1,同时持续静脉泵注生理盐水1mL·h^-1。测定各组腹腔注射LPS或生理盐水前和注射后2、6、12、24h的血糖水平,检测各组腹腔注射LPS或生理盐水后2、6h的血清TNF-α、IL-6水平及24h的血清ALT和AST水平,并观察各组腹腔注射LPS或生理盐水后24h的肝脏组织病理学改变。结果LPS＋生理盐水组在腹腔注射LPS后各采样时间点,血糖水平较生理盐水对照组均显著升高（P〈0．05）。注射LPS或生理盐水后2和6h,LPS＋生理盐水组血清TNF-α和IL-6水平显著高于生理盐水对照组（P〈0．05）。注射LPS或生理盐水后24h,LPS＋生理盐水组血清ALT和AST水平均较生理盐水对照组显著升高（P〈0．05）。LPS＋胰岛素组注射LPS后各采样时间点血糖、TNF-α、IL-6、ALT及AST水平均显著低于LPS＋生理盐水组（P〈0．05）,LPS＋生理盐水组肝脏病理学检查示局灶性肝细胞坏死,炎性细胞浸润,小叶间静脉充血扩张;LPS＋胰岛素组肝脏病理学改变较LPS＋生理盐水组明显减轻。结论早期胰岛素静脉泵注可通过抗炎和降低应激性高血糖作用减轻LPS诱导的肝损害。     

Trillin Reduces Liver Chronic Inflammation and Fibrosis in Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Induced Liver Injury in Mice

Trillin is an active ingredient isolated from Dioscorea nipponica Makino. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrosis effects of trillin on CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in C57BL/6 mice. Chronic inflammation and fibrosis were induced by intraperitoneal administration of CCl₄ 0.5 μL/g of body weight twice a week for 6 weeks. Trillin (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg) was administered by gavage for 12 days before finishing the CCl₄ induction. Aspartate amino-transferase (AST) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT) in serum were determined by AST and ALT kits. Superoxidase dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum were assayed by SOD and MDA kits. Meanwhile, the levels of inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Pathological changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The proteins of the NF-κB pathway and the TGF-β/Smad pathway were measured by western blot. The trillin-treated group exhibited reduced AST, ALT, MDA, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, and increased SOD. Histological analyses of the trillin-treated group exhibited reduced inflammatory process and prevented liver fibrosis. Western blot analyses of the trillin-treated group showed reduced NF-κB pathway and TGF-β/Smad pathway. Significance: Based on the results of the present study, trillin can be used as a potential anti-inflammatory drug for chronic hepatic inflammation.