基于领域敏感兴趣圈的社会化推荐算法

为了更好地融入信任关系对用户评分的影响，并考虑用户兴趣随领域变化的特点，提出了一种基于领域敏感兴趣圈的社会化推荐算法DSC-PMF。DSC-PMF算法通过构造领域敏感兴趣圈（DSC）模型，并结合概率矩阵分解（PMF）推荐算法，对用户进行推荐。DSC模型仅考虑兴趣相似朋友的影响，用信任划分的方法度量了不同朋友的影响程度，同时引入用户领域敏感度来衡量用户受朋友影响的意愿程度。通过在Yelp数据集上的多组对比实验，该算法不仅降低了MAE和RMSE，还提高了系统推荐准确率。     

融合用户动态标签和信任关系的协同过滤算法

针对协同过滤推荐算法中的冷启动以及数据稀疏问题,提出一种融合用户动态标签和用户信任关系的矩阵概率分解模型。该模型首先通过构建用户集、标签集和物品集三者间的动态联系,建立用户动态偏好矩阵;接着构建基于用户社会网络信息的用户信任关系矩阵,该信任关系矩阵使用用户信任反馈机制以实时更新用户间的信任值;最后提出融合用户动态标签和用户信任关系的矩阵概率分解模型,并在MovieLens与Jester_Joke_data数据集上进行仿真实验。实验结果表明,该算法在绝对误差均值、准确率与召回率方面获得了较好的效果,在一定程度上能有效提高了协同过滤推荐算法的性能。     

融合社交关系与时间因素的主题模型推荐算法

用户的行为偏好往往会受到社交关系、时间变化等多种因素影响,只考虑单一因素会导致构建的用户兴趣模型比较片面,难以准确地产生推荐。为此,融合用户社交关系和时间因素,提出一种主题模型推荐算法。利用主题模型对用户标注行为进行主题建模,得到用户-物品概率矩阵。根据用户标注物品的时间计算用户标注行为的时间权重,将其与用户的标注行为权重相结合,计算基于时间的用户相似度。对用户的社交关系与基于时间的用户相似度进行加权处理得到用户的权重,在此基础上,考虑其他用户的影响,计算用户对物品最终的偏好权重,并根据排名产生推荐结果。在Last.fm数据集上的实验结果表明,该算法能更全面地考虑用户特征,有效提高推荐的质量。     

社会网络环境下基于信任传递的推荐模型研究

现有基于信任的推荐算法中没有充分挖掘用户间的信任关系,且缺乏合理的信任关系传递规则,极大地影响了推荐算法的可靠性和准确性。针对上述问题,通过用户评分数据与用户的社会关系建立信任传递模型,提出一种基于信任传递的推荐算法。该算法首先利用评分数据计算信任传递模型中用户的隐式直接信任关系,其次通过求解有序加权平均算子融合多条信任传递链的间接信任关系,最后将计算出的用户信任度与相似度融合为综合相似度进行预测推荐。实验结果证实了所提算法可有效提升系统的推荐质量。     

社交网络环境下基于信任的推荐算法

现有的基于信任的推荐算法通常假设用户是单一和同质的,没有充分挖掘信任关系信息,且相似关系和信任关系的融合缺乏高效的模型,极大地影响了推荐的准确性和可靠性。本文提出一种基于信任的推荐算法。首先结合全局信任和局部信任,并利用信任的传播性质对信任关系进行建模,然后设置推荐权重,综合考虑相似度和信任度来构建用户间的偏好关系,筛选出邻居。接着将基于记忆的协同过滤思想和社交网络的信任关系融入概率矩阵分解模型,同时使用自适应权重动态决定各部分的影响程度,形成高效统一的可信推荐模型Trust-PMF。本文的算法在FilmTrust、Epinions这两个数据集上与相关算法做了对比验证,结果证实了此算法的高效性。     

基于用户信任和张量分解的社会网络推荐

社会化网络中的推荐系统可以在浩瀚的数据海洋中给用户推荐相关的信息。社会网络中用户之间的信任关系已经被用于推荐算法中,但是目前的基于信任的推荐算法都是单一的信任模型。提出了一种基于主题的张量分解的用户信任推荐算法,用来挖掘用户在不同的物品选取的时候对不同朋友的信任程度。由于社交网络更新速度快,鉴于目前的基于信任算法大都是静态算法,提出了一种增量更新的张量分解算法用于用户信任的推荐算法。实验结果表明：所提出的基于主题的用户信任推荐算法比现有算法具有更好的准确性,并且增量更新的推荐算法可以大幅度提高推荐算法在训练数据增加后的模型训练效率,适合更新速度快的社会化网络中的推荐任务。     

基于贝叶斯后验概率和非合作博弈的推荐算法

针对传统协同过滤推荐算法推荐精度较低等问题,提出一种基于贝叶斯后验概率预测和非合作博弈的个性化推荐算法。采用文件主题模型求取用户与其参加过的所有社交活动的主题分布,利用隐含主题概率分布表征用户兴趣度,根据信任传递机制求取用户的直接信任和间接信任,形成用户间的信任度;将用户的兴趣度和信任度等隐式特征赋予合理的先验分布,利用贝叶斯后验概率预测隐式特征后的显式反馈;依据显式反馈将推荐结果转化为非合作博弈中用户效益最大化的纳什均衡求解。仿真对比实验表明,与其他三种推荐算法相比该算法的查准率至少提高了3.13%,查全率至少提高了2.62%。     

基于本体用户兴趣模型的个性化推荐系统

针对传统个性化推荐系统用户兴趣模型创建和更新的不足,无法准确地感知用户特定背景下的语义信息和用户兴趣随着时间的变化,基于用户兴趣本体提出一种新用户兴趣模型,并通过激活扩展理论描述该用户兴趣模型的更新算法。同时,改进了推荐算法,结合协同过滤进行个性化推荐。实验结果表明,该模型能够有效反映用户兴趣,新的推荐算法在MEA、多样性、冷启动处理、稳定性方面都具备很高的性能。     

基于综合信任的社会化混合推荐算法

推荐系统是处理信息过载问题的重要手段,现有的基于信任网络推荐算法没有充分挖掘用户信任关系信息,影响推荐效果。提出了综合评估信任（CETrust）的模型,该模型综合考虑了用户间的直接信任和间接信任等因素。结合推荐项目的特征属性信息,集成到概率矩阵的因式分解模型中推荐。实验表明,新提出的推荐算法（H-CETrust）推荐精度高于现有推荐算法的推荐精度。     

动态融合社交信息的社会化推荐

针对推荐算法中的数据稀疏问题,通常引入社交数据作为辅助信息进行社会化推荐。传统的社会化推荐算法忽略用户的兴趣迁移,导致模型无法描述用户兴趣的动态变化特征,也忽略了社交影响的动态特性,导致模型将很久以前的社交行为与近期社交行为同等对待。针对这两点提出一种社交信息动态融合的社会化推荐模型SLSRec。首先,利用自注意力机制构建用户交互物品的序列模型,以实现对用户兴趣的动态描述;然后,设计具有时间遗忘的注意力机制对社交短期兴趣进行建模,并设计具有协同特性的注意力机制对社交长期兴趣进行建模;最后,融合社交的长短期兴趣与用户的短期兴趣来获得用户的最终兴趣并产生下一项推荐。利用归一化折损累计增益（NDCG）和命中率（HR）指标在稀疏数据集brightkite和稠密数据集Last.FM上把所提模型与序列推荐模型（自注意力序列推荐（SASRec）模型）和社会化推荐模型（社会推荐的神经影响扩散（DiffNet）模型）进行对比验证。实验结果显示,SLSRec模型与DiffNet模型相比,在稀疏数据集上的HR指标提升了8.5%;与SASRec模型相比,在稠密数据集上的NDCG指标提升了2.1%,表明考虑社交信息的动态特性使推荐结果更加准确。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).