含不同添加剂的细水雾洗消氨的试验研究

采用小尺度模拟实验对含有FeCl3、AlCl3、MgCl2、HCl等不同添加剂的细水雾和纯细水雾进行氨洗消对比实验.研究发现,添加剂的加入可以提高细水雾的洗消效率,细水雾用量和洗消时间均有较大程度的减少,但添加剂的加入也改变了细水雾的酸碱性等物理化学性质及洗消产物,需要根据实际的氨泄漏情况选择合适的洗消添加剂.     

组合式细水雾洗消喷头的设计与研究

针对危险化学品泄漏的特点,设计研究了一种同时具有中心射流喷嘴和外层雾化喷嘴的组合式细水雾洗消喷头.该喷头喷射距离远,洗消剂雾化程度高,并能阻隔危险化学品向洗消作业人员扩散,同时可通过旋转分流芯,实现不同喷雾方式的组合,能满足多种场合的洗消要求,洗消效率高,操作方便.     

公安消防部队在化学事故处置中的应急洗消

文章综述了化学事故应急洗消的基本方法、原理，分析了化学事故应急洗消的目的、任务和基本洗消方式。提出了公安消防部队在化学事故应急洗消工作中应坚持的原则，探讨了洗消剂的选择原则和不同染毒对象的洗消实施方法。     

活性炭粉对硝基苯水相洗消性能实验研究

选取活性炭粉作为洗消剂,以硝基苯为洗消吸附对象,对其水相泄漏进行小型实验模拟。利用恒温水浴振荡加热、紫外光谱、控制变量等方法,精确得到活性炭粉对硝基苯的水相洗消量,并结合洗消动力学、洗消等温机理等理论模型计算出相应方程,对其洗消机理和影响因素进行深入研究。得出活性炭粉对硝 基苯的水相洗消不仅仅是物理吸附过程,还受内部化学分配以及 电子间相互作用的影响的结论。     

谈北京朝阳医院化学中毒救治基地洗消设计

介绍了北京朝阳医院化学中毒救治基地洗消设计,并阐述了洗消的重要性。     

多功能化学洗消消防车研制

针对危险化学品重特大事故救援特点,分析了消防队伍洗消处置的实战需求,在对比分析现有国内外化学洗消消防车功能技术指标的基础上,提出了多功能化学洗消消防车的设计方案。介绍了该车的结构组成以及关键系统的工作流程。该车可进入污染区开展应急智能洗消,执行侦检洗消一体化处置和人员救助任务,具备了公众洗消能力、侦检能力以及智能洗消救援能力,为消防救援队伍提供了正压防护、侦消一体、突击处置、智能洗消等功能为一体的化学事故洗消处置技术装备保障。     

防空专业队工程连通口洗消间设计探讨

防空专业队队员掩蔽部与装备掩蔽部相邻设置时,连通口宜设置洗消间,这就造成防空专业队队员掩蔽部要设置两个洗消间,可能出现洗消间闲置或滤毒通风量倍增的问题.本文分析了主要出入口兼连通口的特点,提出了主要出入口与连通口共用洗消间的设计思想,这样既可优化设计,提高设计质量,又有助于相关规范标准的实际执行.     

局部染毒皮肤洗消的实验研究

介绍化学事故洗消的程序和方法,综述了洗消剂种类及选择原则。用苯和甲苯两种化学毒物直接沾染皮肤,分别以水、吸附颗粒、吸液颗粒、活性炭作为洗消剂进行洗消,同时用AreaRAE RDK快速部署系统进行实时检测,分析洗消前后皮肤表面毒物浓度变化情况,测定各类洗消剂对化学毒物的洗消效果,在此基础上确定最适合的洗消剂以及洗消剂的用量和洗消时间。实验结果表明,只要水对苯和甲苯的洗消时间足够长,就能够将皮肤表面的染毒物质彻底消除。吸附颗粒、吸液颗粒、活性炭三种固体洗消剂都能够有效地消除皮肤表面的沾染物。对苯的洗消,活性炭效果最好,其次是吸液颗粒和吸附颗粒。对甲苯的洗消,则是吸附颗粒效果最好,其次是吸液颗粒和活性炭。     

一种新型氨气洗消剂的研究

采用含有有机酸、沉淀剂及表面活性剂的复合型氨气洗消剂对氨气泄漏进行模拟洗消试验,并探讨洗消剂的浓度和洗消时间等对其洗消效率的影响。经研究发现,该洗消液具有良好的洗消效果,中和剂与沉淀剂之间存在着协同洗消作用。该洗消剂可有效洗消空气中的氨气。少量表面活性剂的加入,可以降低洗消剂的表面张力,改善细水雾的流动特性。相对于传统的自来水,该复合型洗消剂配制工艺简单,洗消效率高,洗消彻底,洗消产物无毒无害,是一种高效的环保型洗消剂。     

“消防超人”身价260万元

一辆身价260万元的化学事故救援洗消车去年落户于浙江温州市消防支队特勤大队一中队。据说，这辆车集侦检、堵漏、运输、自我防护、化学洗消等五大功能于一体，是温州市目前惟一处置化学灾害事故的专车。     

Relative survival of Bacillus subtilis spores loaded on filtering facepiece respirators after five decontamination methods

This study determines the relative survival (RS) of Bacillus subtilis spores loaded on an N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) after decontamination by five methods under worst‐case conditions. Relative survival was obtained by testing after decontamination and after storing the FFRs at 37°C and 95% relative humidity for 24 hours. The decontamination methods involved ethanol, bleach, ultraviolet irradiation (UVA 365 nm, UVC 254 nm), an autoclave, and a traditional electric rice cooker (TERC) that was made in Taiwan. Without decontamination, 59 ± 8% of the loaded spores survived for 24 hours. When 70% ethanol was added to the N95 FFR at a packing density of 0.23, the RS was 73 ± 5% initially and decayed to 22 ± 8% in 24 hours. Relative survival remained above 20% after 20 minutes of UVA irradiation. The other four decontamination measures achieved 99%‐100% biocidal efficacy, as measured immediately after the methods were applied to the test FFRs. Relative survival is a useful parameter for measuring sterilization or degree of disinfection. Bleach, UVC, an autoclave, and a TERC provide better biocidal efficacy than ethanol and UVA. Not only a higher filter quality but also a lower value of RS produced the most decontaminated FFR.     

城市雨水收集与截污技术研究

城市雨水利用对于社会、环境和经济的可持续发展有着重大意义,并具有广阔的发展前景.它涉及到雨水收集技术、处理技术、利用技术等方面.在比较国内外雨水利用现状的基础上,提出了针对我国实际情况的城市雨水收集与截污实用技术,并对屋面、道路以及停车场等雨水收集、截污措施进行了研究,其目的在于在城市雨水利用中推广这些技术.     

Laboratory-based investigation of the materials’ water activity and pH relative to fungal growth in internally insulated solid masonry walls

This project investigated fungal growth conditions in artificially contaminated interfaces between solid masonry and adhesive mortar for internal insulation. The project comprised several laboratory experiments: test of three fungal decontamination methods; investigation of development of fungal growth in solid masonry walls fitted with five internal insulation systems; and investigation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) diffusion through materials and whole insulation systems. One aim was to examine whether the alkaline environment (pH > 9) in the adhesive mortars could prevent fungal growth despite the water activity (a_w) in the interface exceeds the level (a_w > 0.75) commonly considered critical for fungal growth. The findings indicate that do-it-yourself decontamination solutions were inadequate for removal of fungal growth, while professional solutions were successful. However, the choice of decontamination method was of minor importance in the case of application of internal insulation with high pH adhesive mortar, as the high pH adhesive mortars were found to inactivate existing growth and prevented spore germination during the experimental period. The three tested VOCs were capable of diffusing through most of the examined products and could potentially affect the indoor air quality.     

卫生填埋体填土层净化机理试验研究

针对填土层在填埋体中的作用 ,以成都市万兴废弃物处置场为例 ,通过土柱试验着重研究了填土层对垃圾淋滤液的净化机理。试验证明在相同的干密度下含水率大的土层对阳离子净化效果要好 ;淋滤引起土层的渗透系数明显增大 ,变化范围在 0 .5～ 1个数量级 ;典型的一价离子NH+4 (和Cl-)的净化规律可用指数函数表征。     

21世纪环境岩土工程展望

论述了对环境岩土工程进行评价的重要性,同时讨论了常规岩土工程方法不适用研究土与环境相互作用问题的原因。阐述了笔者于80年代末提出的粒子能场理论,并特别强调其在敏感性生态岩土工程方面的应用:①土的干湿、胀缩和冻融循环机理;②土的污染和清污机理及过程;③放射性核废料和氡气的控制。最后,用两个最具挑战性的环境岩土工程为例来说明环境岩土工程问题的关联性和复杂性。     

自适应变频节水喷头的设计与应用

在传统水龙头的设计中未考虑利用自来水的压力势能,为此应用流体连续性原理,充分利用自来水管网中的压力势能,并将其转化为动能,研制出新型自适应变频节水喷头,实现了低微流量、高速喷射、强力冲击、清水去污,节水效率达60%以上.实验室清水去污试验及实际应用结果表明,该喷头节水效果明显,值得推广应用.     

An experimental study on removal efficiency of bio-particles in an airtight decontamination chamber

Many bacteria and viruses lead to global dissemination of respiratory diseases, such as SARS, influenza, tuberculosis, pneumonia and asthma, by clinging to particles and transmission through aerosol. In this paper, an experiment was conducted to investigate the removal efficiency of bio-particles when exposed to ventilation in an airtight decontamination chamber made of stainless steel. After the bio-particles (Serratia marcescens) exposure condition was established in the chamber, the bio-particles removal efficiency was investigated. And a comparison experiment was then conducted with polystyrene latex spheres (PSL) as general particles under the same environmental condition. The comparison results indicate that the removal efficiency of bio-particles is lower than that of PSL during the first 300 s, but both removal efficiencies reached 90% almost at the same time. Furthermore, the differences between bio-particles and PSL, the influence of bio-particle size, environmental velocity, temperature and relative humidity on bio-particle removal efficiency were analyzed and discussed comprehensively. These data could not only underpin future numerical simulations of bio-particles, but also give information to aid in decisions for decreasing the risk of bio-particles pollution in a microbe exposure environment.