两栖动物在环境污染生物监测中的应用前景

简单介绍了生物监洲的优越性和选择指示生物的一般标准，沦述了不同生态类群作为指示生物的研究；重点讨论了两栖动物作为指示生物在环境监测中的优越性及其与环境的父系，总结了两栖动物在污染环境中的异常反应，综述了两栖动物作为指示生物在环境污染生物监测中的研究历史和现状，提出了利用两栖动物的形态和行为模式建立水体污染生物监测仪器的可能性，为生物监测提供了科学依据，表1参51     

江苏连云港两栖动物多样性及时空格局

物种资源调查和观测是我国两栖动物保护工作的前期基础,对生物多样性保护具有重要意义。过去的20 a里,江苏省出现了快速城市化现象,导致栖息地丧失、栖息地破碎化/隔离以及栖息地退化,进而严重威胁两栖动物的生存与分布。为了解连云港两栖动物多样性现状及时空分布特点,于2018年4、6、8月采用样线法进行调查,共记录到两栖动物5种,隶属于1目3科4属,分别为中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)、黑斑侧褶蛙(Pelophylax nigromaculatus)、金线侧褶蛙(Pelophylax plancyi)、镇海林蛙(Rana zhenhaiensis)和泽陆蛙(Fejervarya multistriata),其中泽陆蛙种群数量最多,镇海林蛙遇见率最低。各调查月份之间两栖动物的物种多样性存在差异,6月物种多样性指数最高,其次为8月,4月最低。该研究基本掌握了连云港两栖动物的资源现状和分布格局,分析了该区域两栖动物面临的胁迫因素,并对两栖动物的保护提出了相关建议。     

江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区两栖动物资源现状及保护对策

近年来我国两栖动物受胁迫物种增多,并且总体数量呈下降趋势,两栖动物及其栖息地保护迫在眉睫。为阐明鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区两栖动物资源现状,于2018年4、6和8月,运用样线法调查该区域两栖动物物种组成、种群数量及栖息地利用状况,以期为鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区两栖动物保护提出针对性建议。该研究共观测到两栖动物8种,隶属于1目4科,其中包括1种国家Ⅱ级保护动物[虎纹蛙(Hoplobatrachus chinensis)]及5种国家"三有"保护动物。泽陆蛙(Fejervarya multistriata)为保护区优势种(共计3 432只,占总个体数的64.93%)。两栖动物物种数、个体数和物种多样性在调查月份间无显著差异。而栖息地类型对两栖动物数量和Pielou均匀度指数具有显著影响。两栖动物对栖息地的偏好及自身生态位宽度是影响该地区两栖动物分布的主要因素。     

云南玉龙雪山两栖动物多样性时空格局的观测

2018年6和8月采用样线法对云南玉龙雪山两栖动物多样性进行2次观测。设置11条样线,共记录到1 143只个体,包括成体、亚成体和幼体,鉴定出2目6科8属8种。个体数量在不同季节相差较大,6和8月分别记录到705和438只。各条观测样线两栖动物物种数和个体数受平均水温、气温和人为干扰强度等因素的影响明显,表现为平均水温和气温越高、人类干扰强度越弱,物种数及个体数越多。不同生境下两栖动物物种数和个体数不同,人工水渠物种数最多,河流物种数最少。这些结果表明,生境类型、水温、气温和人类干扰是影响两栖类物种多样性的重要生态因子。     

广西大明山两栖动物多样性时空格局观测

两栖动物对环境变化非常敏感,可作为生物多样性监测的指示物种。为了解两栖动物种类、种群数量、生存状态以及受威胁状况,于2016—2018年的4、6和8月对广西大明山样区两栖动物多样性的时空格局进行观测。观测方法主要采用样线法(共布设10条样线),并以人工庇护所法作为补充。观测结果表明,广西大明山样区的两栖动物总计5科14属18种,其中鸭嘴竹叶蛙(Odorrana nasuta)、金秀纤树蛙(Gracixalus jinxiuensis)和红吸盘棱皮树蛙(Theloderma rhododiscus)是该保护区的新增物种。不同样线观测到的物种数或个体数略有差异,不同月份的物种丰富度和香农-威纳指数均呈显著性差异,而Pielou均匀度指数差异不显著。不同年份间的物种丰富度、香农-威纳指数和Pielou均匀度指数均无显著性差异。此外,保护区内和保护区外的物种丰富度和香农-威纳指数呈显著性差异,而Pielou均匀度指数无显著性差异。方差分析结果显示,物种丰富度、香农-威纳指数分别与海拔相关性显著,而Pielou均匀度指数与海拔没有显著相关性。物种丰富度、香农-威纳指数、Pielou均匀度指数与生境类型均无显著相关性。总体来说,大明山样区的两栖动物物种数和个体数趋于稳定,意味着其受保护状况较好。在人为干扰较弱的常绿阔叶林、草本泥泽、竹林区,两栖动物种类和数量分布比较均匀,而在低海拔山区和农田,两栖动物物种数和香农-威纳指数较高。     

湖南八大公山两栖动物多样性时空格局观测

研究多样性的时空格局是探明生物多样性与生态系统相互关系的有效途径,能为保护政策的制定提供理论依据。于2018年对八大公山国家级自然保护区两栖动物物种多样性的时空格局进行观测,从低海拔至高海拔选取10条样线,在4、6、8和10月进行4次调查。结果显示,两栖动物物种组成和物种多样性指数(物种丰富度、香农-威纳指数、Pielou均匀度指数)随着时间、空间的变化存在明显不同。在时间尺度上,4月的优势种为福建掌突蟾和华南湍蛙;6月的优势种为花臭蛙;8月的优势种为花臭蛙和绿臭蛙;棘腹蛙和华南湍蛙在10月占绝对优势。在空间尺度上,低海拔样线的优势种为花臭蛙和华南湍蛙;中海拔样线的优势种为福建掌突蟾和黄斑拟小鲵;高海拔样线的优势种为棘腹蛙、峨眉髭蟾和桑植趾沟蛙。在物种多样性的时间尺度上,3个多样性指数基本表现为6、8月高于4、10月。在物种多样性的空间尺度上,全年的物种丰富度与海拔无显著相关性,全年的香农-威纳指数和Pielou均匀度指数随着海拔升高呈驼峰型响应。将4个月份的物种多样性指数与海拔分别进行相关性分析,均无显著相关关系,但6月的香农-威纳指数随着海拔升高呈现接近驼峰型的响应。两栖动物因其各自不同的生活史会产生不同的繁殖周期、冬眠周期,所以物种多样性在时间尺度上存在差异;同时又因为不同两栖动物的温度适应能力和生境偏好不同,因此空间尺度上的物种多样性也各有不同。     

江西省永丰样区两栖动物多样性的时空差异

两栖动物作为环境监测的指示生物,具有重要的生态学意义。为了解江西省永丰样区两栖动物多样性的时空格局,于2018年4、6和8月选取溪流、水田和人工水渠3种不同生境类型,设置15条样线开展监测,记录样线内环境数据及两栖动物种类和数量。结果显示:(1)共调查到两栖动物2目7科16属18种,其中濒危和易危种各1种;(2)溪流、水田和人工水渠生境的优势物种分别为武夷湍蛙、泽陆蛙和福建大头蛙,但不同月份间存在差异;(3)皮尔森相关分析显示,水田生境下相对多度与气温、物种丰富度和相对多度与水温均呈负相关,人工水渠生境下相对多度与气温呈正相关;(4)水田和人工水渠生境的物种丰富度、相对多度、辛普森指数和香农-维纳指数明显高于溪流生境,4、6和8月相对多度逐渐减少,生境类型和月份的交互作用是相对多度的变异来源;(5)水田-人工水渠的Cody指数明显低于其余生境间的两两比较。综上所述,江西永丰样区的两栖动物多样性存在明显的时空差异。     

江西寻乌样区两栖动物多样性的时空格局分析

江西省寻乌县位于赣南赣州市东南部,闽、赣、粤三省交界处,因独特的地理位置、温暖湿润的亚热带季风气候、发达的水系河网,被全国两栖动物多样性观测网络列为观测样区.根据地形、地貌和生境,选择河流、池塘、人工水渠设置12条调查样线,于2018年4月底、6月中旬和7月底进行观测.此次调查发现两栖动物755只,隶属于1目5科10属...     

Selection of Bioindicators of Pollution for Marine Monitoring Programmes

The ultimate management concerns related to toxic chemicals in the marine environment are for the magnitude and extent of biological effects, including those on human health, that may result. Over the past several years, the National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has supported the development and application of a number of bioeffects measurements, including biochemical indicators of contaminant exposure and of reproductive status in fish, prevalence of histopathological lesions, toxicity bioassays of sediments and water, and benthic community structural features. Some of these measurements have been applied as part of regular sampling at the nationwide network of NS&T sites, while others have been assessed in more intensive, regional studies. Our experience with different indicators is summarized and discussed in relation to a set of monitoring objectives and evaluation criteria. Current conclusions are: (a) iterative application of controlled laboratory experiments and field validation tests are required to verify causality and mechanisms of biological responses to contaminants; (b) contaminant concentrations, indicator species, and local conditions vary considerably in different areas and at different times, requiring the use of different effects measurements oriented toward specific objectives and hypotheses; and (c) tiered, sequential application of a mix of indicators, including direct measurements on indigenous organisms and indirect bioassay approaches, is useful and effective for estimating the magnitude and spatial extent of contaminant bioeffects.     

Selection of Bioindicators of Pollution for Marine Monitoring Programmes

The ultimate management concerns related to toxic chemicals in the marine environment are for the magnitude and extent of biological effects, including those on human health, that may result. Over the past several years, the National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has supported the development and application of a number of bioeffects measurements, including biochemical indicators of contaminant exposure and of reproductive status in fish, prevalence of histopathological lesions, toxicity bioassays of sediments and water, and benthic community structural features. Some of these measurements have been applied as part of regular sampling at the nationwide network of NS&T sites, while others have been assessed in more intensive, regional studies. Our experience with different indicators is summarized and discussed in relation to a set of monitoring objectives and evaluation criteria. Current conclusions are: (a) iterative application of controlled laboratory experiments and field validation tests are required to verify causality and mechanisms of biological responses to contaminants; (b) contaminant concentrations, indicator species, and local conditions vary considerably in different areas and at different times, requiring the use of different effects measurements oriented toward specific objectives and hypotheses; and (c) tiered, sequential application of a mix of indicators, including direct measurements on indigenous organisms and indirect bioassay approaches, is useful and effective for estimating the magnitude and spatial extent of contaminant bioeffects.     

A Resistant-Kernel Model of Connectivity for Amphibians that Breed in Vernal Pools

Abstract:  Pool-breeding amphibian populations operate at multiple scales, from the individual pool to surrounding upland habitat to clusters of pools. When metapopulation dynamics play a role in long-term viability, conservation efforts limited to the protection of individual pools or even pools with associated upland habitat may be ineffective over the long term if connectivity among pools is not maintained. Connectivity becomes especially important and difficult to assess in regions where suburban sprawl is rapidly increasing land development, road density, and traffic rates. We developed a model of connectivity among vernal pools for the four ambystomatid salamanders that occur in Massachusetts and applied it to the nearly 30,000 potential ephemeral wetlands across the state. The model was based on a modification of the kernel estimator (a density estimator commonly used in home range studies) that takes landscape resistance into account. The model was parameterized with empirical migration distances for spotted salamanders ( Ambystoma maculatum ), dispersal distances for marbled salamanders ( A. opacum ), and expert-derived estimates of landscape resistance. The model ranked vernal pools in Massachusetts by local, neighborhood, and regional connectivity and by an integrated measure of connectivity, both statewide and within ecoregions. The most functionally connected pool complexes occurred in southeastern and northeastern Massachusetts, areas with rapidly increasing suburban development. In a sensitivity analysis estimates of pool connectivity were relatively insensitive to uncertainty in parameter estimates, especially at the local and neighborhood scales. Our connectivity model could be used to prioritize conservation efforts for vernal-pool amphibian populations at broader scales than traditional pool-based approaches.     

Limb Deformities as an Emerging Parasitic Disease in Amphibians: Evidence from Museum Specimens and Resurvey Data

Abstract:   Widespread reports of malformed amphibians are of growing conservation concern. Although accounts of mass malformations (>5%) in North American amphibian populations date back to the 1940s, they are often poorly documented and are rarely explained. We reviewed available information for nine historical accounts from California, Colorado, Idaho, Mississippi, Montana, Ohio, and Texas reported between 1946 and 1988. We then asked the following questions: (1) Which of these cases were associated with Ribeiroia (Trematoda: Digenea) infection? (2) Are malformations still occurring at these sites? And (3) if so, have the frequency or types of abnormalities changed? Each site was resurveyed between 1999 and 2002, and original voucher specimens were redescribed and examined for trematode infection. Direct identification and classification by discriminant function analysis indicated that historical malformations at six of eight sites were associated with infection by Ribeiroia , dating back as far as 1946. Malformations recorded historically at these sites were consistent with the documented effects of Ribeiroia infection, including extra limbs, cutaneous fusion, and bony triangles. Of the six sites that still supported amphibians upon resurvey, three continued to support severe limb malformations at frequencies of 7–50% in one or more species. Although no pesticides were detected, amphibians from each of these sites were infected with Ribeiroia metacercariae. Taken together, these results suggest that Ribeiroia infection has historically been an important cause of mass malformations in amphibians. We conclude that although parasite-induced malformations are not a new phenomenon, there is qualitative evidence suggesting that their prevalence has increased recently, and we highlight the need for long-term research to evaluate the impacts of malformations on amphibian population viability.     

Captive Breeding, Reintroduction, and the Conservation of Amphibians

Abstract: The global amphibian crisis has resulted in renewed interest in captive breeding as a conservation tool for amphibians. Although captive breeding and reintroduction are controversial management actions, amphibians possess a number of attributes that make them potentially good models for such programs. We reviewed the extent and effectiveness of captive breeding and reintroduction programs for amphibians through an analysis of data from the Global Amphibian Assessment and other sources. Most captive breeding and reintroduction programs for amphibians have focused on threatened species from industrialized countries with relatively low amphibian diversity. Out of 110 species in such programs, 52 were in programs with no plans for reintroduction that had conservation research or conservation education as their main purpose. A further 39 species were in programs that entailed captive breeding and reintroduction or combined captive breeding with relocations of wild animals. Nineteen species were in programs with relocations of wild animals only. Eighteen out of 58 reintroduced species have subsequently bred successfully in the wild, and 13 of these species have established self‐sustaining populations. As with threatened amphibians generally, amphibians in captive breeding or reintroduction programs face multiple threats, with habitat loss being the most important. Nevertheless, only 18 out of 58 reintroduced species faced threats that are all potentially reversible. When selecting species for captive programs, dilemmas may emerge between choosing species that have a good chance of surviving after reintroduction because their threats are reversible and those that are doomed to extinction in the wild as a result of irreversible threats. Captive breeding and reintroduction programs for amphibians require long‐term commitments to ensure success, and different management strategies may be needed for species earmarked for reintroduction and species used for conservation research and education.     

Effects of Agricultural Cultivation on Demographics of Southern High Plains Amphibians

Abstract:  Anthropogenic disturbance of landscapes surrounding wetlands is considered a factor in local and global amphibian declines. Few data exist on the effects of agricultural cultivation of wetland watersheds on amphibians, and results from previous studies are contradictory. Our objective was to test the effects of general anthropogenic land use (cultivation vs. grassland) on the demographics of seven species and three age classes of amphibians in the Southern High Plains of Texas. We partially enclosed 16 playa wetlands (4 per land use per year) with drift fences and pitfall traps and monitored relative daily abundance and diversity from 16 May to 17 October 1999 and 19 April to 18 August 2000. In general, relative abundance (i.e., average daily capture) of New Mexico and plains spadefoots (  Spea multiplicata, S. bombifrons ) was greater at cropland than grassland playas; the abundance of other species and diversity of the amphibian assemblage was not affected by land use. Also, abundance generally was greater in 1999 than 2000 for metamorph spadefoots and barred tiger salamanders ( Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium ). Differences in spadefoot abundance between land-use types may have been related to low species-specific vagility, resulting in increased nestedness within disturbed landscapes and reduced abundance of a potential keystone intraguild predator in cropland playas. The yearly difference in amphibian abundance was likely related to annual precipitation, which influenced wetland hydroperiod. Agricultural cultivation surrounding wetlands is associated with the increased abundance of some amphibian species, but other demographic and fitness parameters—such as temporal demographics, body size, and diet diversity—may be negatively affected.     

饮用水水源中半挥发性有机污染物监测方法的探讨

江苏省饮用水水源地水质中富含有机物质,这类化合物种类多、浓度高,在色谱分析中,容易与痕量半挥发性有机毒物形成共流物,干扰分析。根据四极杆质谱检测器和离子阱质谱检测器的工作原理,建立了54种半挥发性有机物的选择性离子监测和2级质谱法监测方法,确定了选择性离子监测方法所选的离子范围,2级质谱法监测所选的母离子、CID电压,对比了选择性离子监测和2级质谱法监测的检测限。在此基础上初步建立了将两种质谱监测相结合的方法,该方法在实际样品分析中简便准确,可有效减少前处理工作。     

我国鸟类监测的现状、问题与对策

鸟类是开展生物多样性监测的重要指示类群.对鸟类的长期、系统监测工作在欧美已经有百余年历史,且野鸟多样性指数已经成为欧美一些国家开展生物多样性监测工作的官方指标.通过对国内鸟类监测现状的分析,结合监测对象、指标、抽样策略和监测方法等监测工作中应重点关注的几个方面,提出了我国鸟类监测存在的问题,并结合国情提出了下一步开展鸟类监测工作的对策与建议.建议我国有关部门尽快制定鸟类监测技术规程和标准,统一数据收集和分析平台,逐步构建政府引导,科研院所、高等院校、自然保护区、观鸟协会和志愿者等多方参与的鸟类监测网络.     

Effects of Urbanization on the Distribution and Abundance of Amphibians and Invasive Species in Southern California Streams

Abstract:  Urbanization negatively affects natural ecosystems in many ways, and aquatic systems in particular. Urbanization is also cited as one of the potential contributors to recent dramatic declines in amphibian populations. From 2000 to 2002 we determined the distribution and abundance of native amphibians and exotic predators and characterized stream habitat and invertebrate communities in 35 streams in an urbanized landscape north of Los Angeles (U.S.A.). We measured watershed development as the percentage of area within each watershed occupied by urban land uses. Streams in more developed watersheds often had exotic crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) and fish, and had fewer native species such as California newts ( Taricha torosa ) and California treefrogs ( Hyla cadaverina ). These effects seemed particularly evident above 8% development, a result coincident with other urban stream studies that show negative impacts beginning at 10–15% urbanization. For Pacific treefrogs ( H. regilla ), the most widespread native amphibian, abundance was lower in the presence of exotic crayfish, although direct urbanization effects were not found. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities were also less diverse in urban streams, especially for sensitive species. Faunal community changes in urban streams may be related to changes in physical stream habitat, such as fewer pool and more run habitats and increased water depth and flow, leading to more permanent streams. Variation in stream permanence was particularly evident in 2002, a dry year when many natural streams were dry but urban streams were relatively unchanged. Urbanization has significantly altered stream habitat in this region and may enhance invasion by exotic species and negatively affect diversity and abundance of native amphibians.     

Interventions for Reducing Extinction Risk in Chytridiomycosis‐Threatened Amphibians

Wildlife diseases pose an increasing threat to biodiversity and are a major management challenge. A striking example of this threat is the emergence of chytridiomycosis. Despite diagnosis of chytridiomycosis as an important driver of global amphibian declines 15 years ago, researchers have yet to devise effective large‐scale management responses other than biosecurity measures to mitigate disease spread and the establishment of disease‐free captive assurance colonies prior to or during disease outbreaks. We examined the development of management actions that can be implemented after an epidemic in surviving populations. We developed a conceptual framework with clear interventions to guide experimental management and applied research so that further extinctions of amphibian species threatened by chytridiomycosis might be prevented. Within our framework, there are 2 management approaches: reducing Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (the fungus that causes chytridiomycosis) in the environment or on amphibians and increasing the capacity of populations to persist despite increased mortality from disease. The latter approach emphasizes that mitigation does not necessarily need to focus on reducing disease‐associated mortality. We propose promising management actions that can be implemented and tested based on current knowledge and that include habitat manipulation, antifungal treatments, animal translocation, bioaugmentation, head starting, and selection for resistance. Case studies where these strategies are being implemented will demonstrate their potential to save critically endangered species. Intervenciones para Reducir el Riesgo de Extinción en Anfibios Amenazados por la Quitridiomicosis