巧家盆地黄土的粒度特征及其成因分析

通过对巧家盆地地区金沙江左岸阶地上的厚层黄土进行实地考察,并进行了系统采样和粒度特征分析,结果表明该区黄土的粒度组成较为一致,以10～50μm的“风成基本粒径”粗粉砂质为主,其含量在26．09％-46．06％。同时〉63μm的砂质也较大,在剖面顶部达到了28．73％,随着地层向下呈现出粗粒径减小,粘粒含量增大的趋势。巧家黄土地粒度频率曲线呈双峰态特征,与长江以南的典型红土有着相似的分布特征。其粒度组成与粒度参数特征反映了风成近源堆积特性,通过将巧家黄土的粒度参数特征与洛川黄土和河流相沉积的相对比,显示其与典型的风成黄土具有相同的成因。     

岷江上游晚更新世黄土粒度与元素组成特征及其物源指示意义

岷江上游地区广泛分布黄土地层,揭示其成因和物源对深入理解该区环境演变具有重要意义。以位于四川省茂县叠溪镇的晚更新世黄土剖面为研究对象,分析了黄土粒度分布、粒径频率曲线和粒度参数以及元素地球化学特征,并与北方黄土和邻近的成都粘土对比。结果表明叠溪黄土剖面粉砂(2～50μm)平均含量达81. 59%,且变异较小,而粘粒(2μm)和砂粒( 50μm)平均含量分别为13. 77%和4. 95%,相对北方黄土含较多1μm左右的细颗粒。粒径频率曲线和粒度参数特征表明叠溪黄土具有典型风成沉积特征,沉积物主要由1000 m高度的近地表风力搬运沉积为主。叠溪黄土常量元素含量与北方黄土基本相同,表现为明显的Na淋失而K相对稳定,风化程度较低。Ti O2/Al2O3、K2O/Al2O3、Eu/Eu*、(La/Yb)N、(Gd/Yb)N和(La/Sm)N等特征值以及Zr、Th、Sc、La、Th、Ba、Sr、Rb、Pb和U含量分布反映出叠溪黄土与北方黄土物源具有相似性,均明显区别于成都粘土。末次冰期亚洲冬季风和邻近山原地带产生的重力风可能均对岷江上游黄土沉积发挥了重要作用。     

长江三峡巫山第四纪沉积物粒度分布特征

以长江三峡巫山第四纪沉积物为主要研究对象,目的在于弄清它究竟是风化壳还是北方黄土在此区的沉积。利用马尔文激光粒度仪对其粒度进行了检测,并计算了粒度参数,结果表明:(1)砂含量极少,平均值为0.7﹪,粉砂最高,为68.64﹪,黏粒次之,为30.66﹪;风尘基本粒组10~50μm含量较高,平均值为52.07﹪,推测其成因有一定的风成特性。(2)剖面粒度分布曲线呈单峰形态,拖有细尾,与风成黄土类似,可能指示沉积后经历了风化成壤作用。(3)望天坪剖面粒度参数特征与北方风成黄土具一定相似性,判别参数分析对应于风成成因。根据以上分析,初步判定其物源具风成特性,但其环境意义还有待进一步探讨。     

澧阳平原晚冰期短尺度气候变化的风成沉积物稀土元素和粒度记录

对澧阳平原SL剖面的系统采样和室内稀土元素分析、粒度分析和AMS14C年代测定,揭示了澧阳平原岗地黄土剖面成因特征,探讨了澧阳平原晚冰期短尺度的气候变化过程。结果表明,澧阳平原岗地黄土在稀土元素配分模式上与黄土高原黄土-古土壤、镇江下蜀黄土具有高度的一致性,而且岗地剖面沉积物无任何水流作用痕迹,因此表明,澧阳平原岗地黄土剖面为风成成因。粒度结果表明,SL剖面较好地记录了晚冰期短尺度的气候变化过程,SL遗址剖面自然沉积物记录了晚冰期千年尺度的气候事件,如BL事件、OlderYD事件、AL事件、YD事件。SL剖面全新世早期表现为升温阶段,9.0～8.00kaBP的彭头山文化在此区兴起,表明此时气候相当适宜,适合人类生存。     

汉江上游郧县辽瓦店剖面粒度组成特征及其意义

对汉江上游河谷辽瓦店（LWD）剖面的地层特征及粒度分布进行了研究,并与渭河河谷典型风成堆积物对比。结果表明：该剖面中黄土和古土壤的粒度组成以粗粉砂（10～50 μm）为主,频率曲线图、三角图、参数结构散点图等均指示它们具有相同的物质来源,但明显区别于洪水滞流沉积物;其地层序列、宏观特征和粒度分布与渭河河谷全新世黄土-古土壤序列具有良好的可比性。LWD剖面的黄土和古土壤具有风成的基本特性,但其粒度组成比渭河河谷黄土整体偏细,这可能与沙尘暴越过秦岭后强度减弱有关。     

辽东半岛黄土粒度分维特征及其环境意义

应用分形理论中的幂指函数关系法,分别选取粒径r区间和质量累计百分含量5%～95%的范围为无标度区,对辽东半岛黄土的粒度分维特征进行分析。结果显示:以粒径r区间为无标度区(0.76～263.75μm),七顶山马兰黄土的粒度分维值介于2.2085～2.3184之间,平均值为2.2744,相关系数为0.8835;离石黄土粒度分维值介于2.2748～2.4237之间,平均值为2.3467,相关系数为0.8920。全剖面粒度分维值在2.2085～2.4237之间,平均值为2.3187,相关系数达0.88以上,粒度分布具有分形特征。而以质量累计百分含量5%～95%的范围为无标度区,马兰黄土分维值介于2.4220～2.5042之间,平均值为2.4761,相关系数为0.9889,分选系数为2.4067;离石黄土分维值介于2.4268～2.545之间,平均值2.4993,相关系数为0.983,分选系数为2.5097。全剖面分维值介于2.422～2.545之间,相关系数达0.98以上。研究得出:分维值的大小对黄土的形成环境有良好的指示意义,对同一种成因以及不同种成因的沉积物分维特征研究应注意无标度区的选择。本区马兰黄土比离石黄土...     

雅鲁藏布江河谷黄土的沉积特征及成因

在野外调查和室内资料分析的基础上,对西藏雅鲁藏布江中部流域河谷地区黄土的形成时代、物质特征及成因进行了研究,认为该黄土是近源黄土,形成时代与青藏高原东缘武都黄土相近。黄土的重矿物组成明显受到雅鲁藏布江河谷第四纪碎屑物质的影响,其地球化学元素构成与黄土高原北部榆林剖面相近,粒度组成以100~50μm和50~10μm的颗粒为主,为沙黄土。该黄土是在雅鲁藏布江河谷丰富碎屑物质、宽谷与峡谷相间地貌特征的基础上,受冬季或寒冷时期西风急流和河谷与山地间热力差异产生的谷风搬运堆积,并在温暖时期经历生物、化学、粘化作用等过程共同形成的。     

成都粘土与其下伏粘土粒度特征对比及古环境意义

成都粘土下伏地层为褐色粘土和网纹红土,揭示其沉积环境特征差异性对深入理解区域环境演变具有重要意义。通过对比分析三层粘土的粒度组成、粒径频率曲线、粒度参数和分形维数特征,探讨了三层粘土沉积环境的差异性。结果表明:(1)成都粘土及其下伏粘土均以粉砂(5～50μm)为主,相较北方黄土粘粒(5μm)含量偏高而Kd值偏低,且含较多100μm的粗颗粒。(2)三层粘土的粒度参数特征与典型风成黄土相似而明显区别于河湖相沉积物。(3)褐色粘土具有较高的粗粉砂(10～50μm)含量和较大的粒径分布偏度、峰度值,而平均粒径(φ值)和分形维数最小;成都粘土标准偏差为最大,峰度最小,而网纹红土的平均粒径和分形维数最大。(4)三层粘土的粒度分形维数均与粒度组成、平均粒径和峰度呈显著相关性,而仅有褐色粘土分形维数与标准偏差和偏度具有显著相关性。(5)风化成土作用会影响沉积物粒度组成、粒度参数和分形维数,成都粘土和网纹红土较褐色粘土经历了较强的风化成土作用,三层粘土按沉积时间先后古气候特征表现为暖湿-冷干-暖湿的变化趋势。     

藏北高原安多地区高山草甸土的母质成因及其成土模式

基于对藏北高原安多地区高山草甸士的粒度组成及理化性质的研究,探讨了该地区高山草甸土的母质成因及成土模式.分析结果表明,安多地区高山草甸土的粒度分布以20μm为界线呈双峰态分布.主峰峰值粒径在90 μm左右,较细峰呈宽阔细尾分布,峰值粒径在3～6 μm之间.高山草甸土的各粒级组成(＜2μm、2～20 μm、20 ～ 300 μm、300 ～2 000 μm)沿剖面变化很小.高山草甸土主要由极细砂组成(50～ 125 μm),平均粒径集中在60～90 μm,明显比黄土高原黄土、川西黄土、成都粘土的粗.高山草甸土粒度分布特征与土壤底部的薄层粗骨性残留古风化层相比存在显著差别,而与该区域河谷沉积、风尘沉积具有相似的特征.总之,各实验数据指示,安多地区高山草甸土具有土层厚、质地均匀、无砾石和层理不发育的特点,与基岩原地风化形成的高山草甸土存在明显差别,其成土母质来源于风尘沉积.该区高山草甸土成土过程符合风尘“加积型”土壤发育模式,而风尘沉积在高山草甸土的形成和发育过程中发挥了重要的作用.     

哈尔滨黄土的粒度与地球化学特征及其对粉尘物源的指示

哈尔滨黄土位于欧亚黄土带的最东端,对它的风尘物源研究是深层次理解风尘堆积与区域构造-地貌-气候变化耦合关系的关键。然而,对哈尔滨黄土地球化学组成的研究尚未开展,对其性质还存在认识上的不统一。为此,我们研究了哈尔滨天恒山剖面L₁黄土层的粒度和地球化学组成,并对其化学风化和物源等展开讨论。为了示踪哈尔滨黄土的物源,我们还对东北沙地（浑善达克沙地、科尔沁沙地、呼伦贝尔沙地和松嫩沙地）进行了表土采样和地球化学分析。结果表明：哈尔滨黄土不含细砂组分（125~250 μm）,含有极细砂组分（63~125 μm,4.8%~10.5%）,粉砂（4~63 μm）和黏土组分（<4 μm）占绝对优势,分别占73%~82%和12%~18%;粒度模式为三峰态分布（众数分别为36~40、8~10 μm和0.8 μm）,与黄土高原典型黄土的粒度分布模式一致,但明显粗于黄土高原中部黄土。哈尔滨黄土经历了初级的化学风化过程,具有较低的成熟度和再循环历史。单靠地球化学方法不能很好地确定哈尔滨黄土的物源,但整合的方法（包括粒度、元素和同位素组成、MDS和PCA统计方法以及自然地理要素等）很好确定了哈尔滨黄土有一个混合源,松嫩沙地松花江水系沉积物为哈尔滨黄土提供了主要的粉尘贡献,浑善达克沙地和科尔沁沙地为哈尔滨黄土提供了部分细颗粒粉尘。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

THE MOST PERFECT EXAMPLE OF AN ALIEN ECOLOGY EVER CONSTRUCTED

Much science-fiction literature is based upon the creation and exploration of alternative environments. Stanley G. Weinbaum's short story, “Parasite Planet,”introduces an unusual environment that may be wrong in the light of recent evidence on Venus but still stimulates the geographical imagination.     

Metals and models: Diagenic modelling in freshwater lacustrine sediments

This review aims to distill and synthesize the existing information on the use of models to describe and predict the distribution and movement of metals in lacustrine sediments. As such it examines the causes of metal diagenesis, the origin and form of the equations that govern these phenomena, and the predictability or measurability of the parameters that appear in the models. The paper concludes by highlighting some seminal results from modelling studies, including the determination of the factors controlling the formation of surficial Mn-Fe-enriched zone or layers, the substantial contribution possible from metal reduction to organic matter regeneration, the calculation of mixing-corrected metal input histories to lakes, and the prediction of growth rates and morphologies for both deep-sea and lacustrine ferromanganese nodules.     

Guidelines to Authors

正1.Aims and scope Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions(SCAR)is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the patterns of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions.Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,chemical and biological processes and their interactions,and on the response of cryosphere to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies;focus on the objects of glacier,snow,river,lake,sea ice,permafrost and seasonal frozen ground,and periglacial geomorphology,etc.;and think much of cold regions     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Portable Utopia: Glasgow and the United States 1820–1920. Bernard Aspinwall. Studies in Russian Historical Geography. James H. Bater and R. A. French, eds. Water and Sanitation: Economic and Sociological Perspectives. Peter G. Bourne, ed. Green Politics. Fritjof Capra and Charlene Spretnak. The Southern Cone: Realities of the Authoritarian State. César N. Caviedes. Women in Third World Development. Sue Ellen Charlton. Land Management: New Directions. David Chiddick and Alan Millington, eds. Geography and Ethnic Pluralism. Colin Clarke, David Ley, Ceri Peach, eds. Geomorphological Hazards in Los Angeles. R. U. Cooke. Regional Impacts of United States-Mexico Economic Relations. Alfonso Corona and Lay James Gibson. eds. Patterns of Jobs and Geographic Mobility. Torvald Gerger. Cities and Sickness: Health Care in Urban America. Ann Lennarson Greer and Scott Greer, eds. Neighborhoods: Their Place in Urban Life. Howard W. Hallman. Development and the Rural-Urban Divide. John Harriss and Mick Moore, eds. Patterns of Undocumented Migration: Mexico and the United States. Richard C. Jones, ed. Central Place Theory. Leslie J. King. The Geography of Western Europe: A Socio-economic Survey. Paul L. Knox. Regions and Resources: Strategies for Development. David T. Krisge, Daniel A. Seiver, Oliver S. Goldsmith and Michael J. Scott. Geography of Crowding and Human Response. A Study of Ahmedabad City. K. M. Kulkarni. Haciendo Pueblo. The Development of a Guadalajaran Suburb. Kathleen Logan. The Imperial Lion: Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Central Africa. Stewart A. Marks. Water in the Hispanic Southwest: A Social and Legal History, 1550–1850. Michael C. Meyer. Imlil: A Moroccan Mountain Community in Change. James A. Miller. Tourism in Canada: Selected Issues and Options. Peter E. Murphy, ed. David Harvey's Geography. John L. Paterson. Raster Scanning, Processing and Plotting of Cartographic Documents. Donna J. Peuquet and A. Raymond Boyle. The USSR and the Muslim World: Issues in Domestic and Foreign Policy. Yaacov Ro'i, ed. Environmental Perception and Behavior: An Inventory and Prospect. Thomas F. Saarinen, David Seamon, and James L. Sell. Incised channels, Morphology, Dynamics, and Control. Stanley A. Schumm, Michael D. Harvey, and Chester C. Watson. The Gap Between Rich and Poor: Contending Perspectives on the Political Economy of Development. Mitchell A. Seligson, ed. Twentieth-Century Richmond. Planning, Politics and Race. Christopher Silver. Land Conservation and Development: Examples of Land-Use Planning Projects and Programs. F. R. Steiner and H. N. van Lier, eds. Biogeography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. J. A. Taylor, ed. Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union. A. A. Velichko, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr. and C. W. Barnosky, eds.