Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit (Lamiaceae), a medicinal plant protects the stomach against several gastric ulcer models

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Hyptis suaveolens is used by the traditional population in several parts of the world to treat inflammation, gastric ulcer and infection and is used as a crude drug to relieve symptoms related with gastric ulcer or gastritis in northeaster and central region of Brazil.

Materials and methods

the standardized ethanolic extract (Hs-EtOHE) and hexanic fraction (Hs-HexF) of Hyptis suaveolens (62,5, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) was evaluated in several models of acute gastric ulcers. The participation of NO was evaluated by pretreatment with L-NAME and non-protein sulfyhydryls by NEM in the gastroprotective effect.

Results

Hs-EtOHE and Hs-HexF markedly reduced the gastric lesions induced by all ulcerogenic agents (HCl/ethanol, ethanol, NSAIDs and hypothermic restraint-stress). Gastric ulcerations were exacerbated by administration of NEM suggesting that the gastroprotective mechanism of action of Hs-EtOHE and Hs-HexF involves sulfhydryl groups.

Conclusion

Ours results show that an extract of Hyptis suaveolens, administered orally to rodents, present gastro protective activity in different models of acute of gastric ulcer and give some support to the reported claims on the use of this plant as a gastro protective agent.     

Antimalarial alkaloids from a Bhutanese traditional medicinal plant Corydalis dubia

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Corydalis dubia is used in Bhutanese traditional medicine as a febrifuge and for treating infections in the blood, liver and bile which correlate to the signs and symptoms of malarial and microbial infections.

Aim of the study

To validate the ethnopharmacological uses of the plant and to discover potential new therapeutic drug leads.

Materials and methods

C. dubia was collected from Bhutan and the alkaloids were obtained using acid–base fractionation and separation by repeated column and preparative plate chromatography. The alkaloids were identified from analysis of their physiochemical and spectroscopic data and were tested for antiplasmodial, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities.

Results

A systematic extraction and isolation protocol yielded one new natural product, dubiamine, and seven known isoquinoline alkaloids, scoulerine, cheilanthifoline, protopine, capnoidine, bicuculline, corydecumbine and hydrastine. Among the four alkaloids tested, scoulerine showed the best antiplasmodial activity with IC₅₀ values of 5.4 μM and 3.1 μM against the antifolate sensitive and the multidrug resistant P. falciparum strains: TM4/8.2 and K1CB1, respectively. None of the alkaloids tested showed significant antimicrobial or cytotoxicity activities.

Conclusions

The antiplasmodial test results, of the isolated alkaloid components, are commensurated with the ethnopharmacological uses of this plant.     

Immunomodulatory potential of Enicostema axillare (Lam.) A. Raynal, a traditional medicinal plant

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Enicostema axillare (Lam.) A. Raynal., (Gentianaceae) has been used in traditional Indian system of medicine as depurative and for the treatment of psoriasis, intermittent fever and cancer. Ethnobotanical survey conducted in Theni District indicated a high consensus for this plant as blood purifier and to treat dermatopathy and venereal infections. The present study evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of the methanol extract of Enicostema axillare.

Materials and methods

In vivo immunomodulatory activity of Enicostema axillare methanol extract (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w) was evaluated by assessing its effect on the total and differential leukocyte count, organ weight, hemaggultinating antibody titer, plaque forming cells, quantitative hemolysis of SRBC and delayed type hypersensitivity. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC, 5 × 10⁸ cells/0.1 mL) were used to immunize the animals. In vitro immunomodulatory potential of the extract was studied using peritoneal macrophages by evaluating its effects on NBT reduction, NO production and cytokine release.

Results

The animals treated with Enicostema axillare methanol extract showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in weight of the thymus and spleen. The total leukocyte and lymphocyte count was increased significantly (P < 0.005) by the treatment. There was no significant alteration in neutrophil count. A dose dependent increase in antibody titer value was observed. A decreased response to DTH reaction induced by SRBC was recorded. A potential phagocytic response was seen on treatment with the extracts at 10 and 25 μg/mL. The extract inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and production of NO significantly in a dose dependent manner.

Conclusion

These findings suggested that the methanol extract of Enicostema axillare acted on both humoral and cell mediated immune functions and decreased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the peritoneal macrophages.     

Effects of aqueous extracts of medicinal plants on MNNG-treated rat hepatocytes in primary cultures

Aqueous extracts of Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae) (Ns), Teucrium polium (Labiatae) (Tp) and Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fabaceae) (Tf) have been traditionally used to treat inflammations, liver disorders, and arthritis. Experimentally, it has been demonstrated that these herbs possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties. To evaluate their in vitro toxicological properties and potential antimutagenic effects aqueous extracts of the three plants were tested in primary rat hepatocyte cultures against N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The extracts were applied before, during and after application of MNNG to discriminate between different mechanisms of action. Tp itself significantly increased apoptosis, but in the combined treatment with MNNG significantly reduced it. Post-treatment with Ns or combined treatment with Tf significantly reduced the percentages of necrotic cells. The three plant extracts themselves significantly increased the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. Summarizing, our results suggest that aqueous extracts of the three herbs have neither cytoprotective nor antimutagenic activity, instead there is evidence for a mutagenic potential.     

Evaluation of 13 selected medicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodial properties

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiplasmodial properties of 13 plants used against malaria in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso.

Materials and methods

In vitro antiplasmodial activity of dichloromethane, methanol and aqueous crude extracts obtained from vegetal samples collected in Burkina Faso was first evaluated on the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 chloroquine-sensitive strain using a colorimetric method.

Results

Thirteen extracts obtained from 8 different species were found to exhibit antiplasmodial activity (IC₅₀ < 50 μg/ml). Five species demonstrated a moderate activity (15 μg/ml < IC₅₀ < 50 μg/ml): Boswellia dalzielii (leaves), Waltheria indica (roots and aerial parts), Bergia suffruticosa (whole plant), Vitellaria paradoxa (bark) and Jatropha gossypiifolia (leaves). The best results were obtained with extracts from the Dicoma tomentosa whole plant, from Psorospermum senegalense leaves and from Gardenia sokotensis leaves. These extracts found to display promising antiplasmodial activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 7.0 to 14.0 μg/ml.The most active plant extracts were then tested for in vitro activity on the Plasmodium falciparum W2 chloroquine-resistant strain and also for in vitro cytotoxicity on normal human fibroblasts (WI-38) in order to determine the selectivity index.

Conclusions

Dicoma tomentosa (Asteraceae) and Psorospermum senegalense (Clusiaceae) appeared to be the best candidates for further investigation of their antiplasmodial properties, reported for the first time by this study.     

基于ITS序列的藏药“川布”的分子鉴定研究

目的:对常用藏药川布进行品种整理。 方法:野外实地考察,经典分类学鉴定,植物核糖体DNA内转录间隔区序列测定与分析。 结果:确定西藏产川布的2种基原植物为大戟科大戟属的高山大戟Euphorbia stracheyi与大果大戟E. wallichii;前期基础工作表明,在甘肃藏区所使用的川布,基原植物为甘肃大戟E. kansuensis;序列分析显示,高山大戟E. stracheyi与大果大戟E. wallichii的完整序列(ITS1-5.8S-ITS2)总长度均为646 bp:其中ITS1区为261 bp,ITS2区为221 bp,5.8S编码区为164 bp;高山大戟E. stracheyi的ITS 1区序列在72号位具有1个杂合位点(C/G)。 结论:nrDNA ITS区序列在藏药川布及来源于大戟属的中药品种的鉴定中具有很好的种间分辨率,可用于川布及其相关品种的分子鉴定。     

Antimicrobial activity of Ulopterol isolated from Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.: a traditional medicinal plant

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The leaves of Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. (Rutaceae) are widely used in folk medicine in India to treat various ailments like cough, malaria, indigestion, influenza lung diseases and rheumatism, fever, stomach ailments, cholera and diarrhea. In our earlier communication we have reported the antimicrobial study on the various extracts of the leaves and the isolation and identification of Flindersine, a quinolone alkaloid as the major active principle. In the present study, we report the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Ulopterol, a coumarin isolated as another major active antimicrobial principle.

Materials and methods

The leaves were successively extracted with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. The extracts were studied for their antimicrobial activity against selected bacteria and fungi by using disc-diffusion method. The ethyl acetate extract which was found to possess highest antimicrobial activity was subjected to activity guided fractionation by column chromatography over silica gel. This resulted in the isolation of the coumarin, Ulopetrol, an active principle besides Flindersine which was reported by us earlier. The structure of the compound was elucidated using physical and spectroscopic data. Flindersine and Ulopterol were quantified by HPLC.

Results

Ulopterol showed activity against the bacteria viz. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-3967), Escherichia coli (ESBL-3984) and fungi viz. Aspergillus flavus, Candida krusei and Botrytis cinerea. Quantification by HPLC showed the content of Flindersine and Ulopterol to be 0.361% and 0.266% respectively on dry weight basis of the leaves.

Conclusions

Ethyl acetate extract (successive extraction) contained Ulopterol, a coumarin, besides Flindersine, a quinolone alkaloid, as a major active principle in the antimicrobial studies. This is the first report of the antimicrobial activity of Ulopterol and also its first report from the plant.     

The effect of Cree traditional medicinal teas on the activity of human cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Rhododendron groenlandicum (Bog Labrador tea), Rhododendron tomentosum (Marsh Labrador tea) and Juniperus communis (Juniper) are used in medicinal teas by Canadian aboriginal cultures alone and in combination with conventional drug products. The safety of this combination had not been previously examined and this study was initiated to examine the potential of medicinal teas to inhibit the major human drug metabolizing enzyme, cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4).

Materials and methods

The decoctions of Rhododendron groenlandicum and Rhododendron tomentosum leaves and Juniperus communis berries were examined in a microtiter fluorometric assay to examine their potential to inhibit CYP-mediated metabolism.

Results

The decoctions showed progressive inhibition towards CYP3A4 the longer the leaves or berries were brewed. R. Rhododendron groenlandicum and Juniperus communis may have the potential to inhibit CYP3A4-mediated metabolism.

Conclusions

The findings of this study with these traditional medicines are significant in that they provide mechanistic support that these products have the potential to affect the safety and efficacy of other health and medicinal products. As this study only examined CYP3A4, it is possible that these medicinals contain substances that could also affect other metabolic enzymes.     

Toxicological screening of traditional medicine Laghupatha (Cissampelos pareira) in experimental animals

Laghupatha (Cissampelos pareira) a important medicinal plant in Indian traditional system of medicine and is widely used in many countries by different tribal. Despite the wide use of Cissampelos pareira in folk medicine, no study has been published in the scientific literature about its toxicological profile. In present study 50% aqueous ethanolic extract of Cissampelos pareira (Menispermaceae) was evaluated for the acute and subacute toxicity. In the acute toxicity test, oral administration of 2g/kg of Cissampelos pareira produced neither mortality nor changes in behavior or any other physiological activities in mice. In subacute toxicity studies, no mortality was observed when the two doses of 1 or 2g/kg day of 50% aqueous ethanolic extract of Cissampelos pareira were administered p.o. for a period of 28 days in rats. There were no significant changes occurred in the blood chemistry analysis including glucose, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, chloride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, conjugated billirrubin, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, total billirrubin, albumin, prothrombin time and thromboplastin partial time in both sexes of animals. Hematological analysis showed no marked differences in any of the parameters examined (WBC count, platelet and hemoglobin estimation) in either the control or treated group of both sexes. The urinalysis was negative for glucose, ketonic bodies, casts, red blood cells, and albumin in the control and treatment groups. There were no significant differences in the body and organ weights between controls and treated animals of both sexes. Pathologically, neither gross abnormalities nor histopathological changes were observed. Cissampelos pareira was found safe in acute and subacute toxicities while chronic toxicity studies are further required for the support of the safe and sound use of this traditional plant.     

我国甘草药用植物资源调查及质量评价研究

目的:摸清我国甘草药用植物野生分布区和人工种植区的资源现状,分析不同分布区甘草药材中甘草酸和甘草苷的含量。方法:采用走访调查、现地样方取样和实验室数据测定分析相结合的方法。结果:我国野生甘草分布范围没有发生明显变化,但种群密集程度发生了较大改变;当前全国野生甘草蕴藏量不足50万t,栽培甘草地里蓄积量不到25万t;99份野生甘草药材甘草酸和甘草苷的平均质量分数分别为3.48%,1.73%,仅61.6%的样品达到《中国药典》(2005年版)标准;11份栽培甘草药材甘草酸和甘草苷的平均质量分数分别为2.85%,1.53%,其中4份二年生样品中有3份低于药典标准。结论:甘草资源总蕴藏量仍然在减少,人工甘草将成为野生甘草的重要替代资源;栽培与野生甘草药材之间存在较大的质量差异;加强野生甘草资源保护,提高人工甘草药材质量,发展优质甘草栽培产业,是解决资源危机与实现甘草资源可持续利用的有效途径。     

ITS2和psbA-trnH序列鉴别马鞭草科药用植物

目的:评价几条热点DNA条形码候选序列对马鞭草科药用植物的鉴别能力。方法:选择psbA-trnH,rbcL,matK,ITS2和ITS序列进行评价,使用各序列的通用引物进行扩增和测序,用扩增及测序成功率,种内种间差异,barcod-ing gap,基于BLAST 1和Nearest Distance方法的鉴定成功率等指标来评价各序列的鉴定能力。结果:对马鞭草科32个种55个样本的序列分析发现,matK的扩增成功率太低,未纳入后续分析;ITS,ITS2,psbA-trnH以及rbcL的扩增及测序成功率分别为83.6%,83.6%,96.4%,98.2%,其鉴定成功率除rbcL为77.8%,75.9%外都为100%,但ITS2序列的种间,种内差异,barcoding gap较psbA-trnH,ITS有明显优势。ITS2序列进一步纳入网上163个样品的数据后其鉴定成功率依然可以达到89.5%,87.6%。结论:考虑到psbA-trnH较高的测序成功率,ITS2和psbA-trnH是适合马鞭草科植物鉴别的一个较好DNA条形码序列组合。     

The use of Toddalia asiatica (L) Lam. (Rutaceae) in traditional medicine practice in East Africa

Toddalia asiatica (L) Lam. (Rutaceae) has been used by traditional health practitioners in East Africa for management of diseases, however, the extent of its usefulness has not been established to date. Fieldwork for this study was carried out in the Lake Victoria Basin between March and September 2006. The purpose was to collect ethnomedical information that will serve as a basis for further studies to establish current and potential medicinal uses. The ethnomedical information was obtained through interviews using semi-structured questionnaires. Consultative meetings were also conducted with traditional health practitioners and other members of the communities in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Results of this study show that Toddalia asiatica is collected in the wild, prepared mostly as decoctions or concoctions and administered orally. It is used for the management of a number of disease conditions. The most frequently cited diseases were stomach problems (78%) followed by malaria (25%). Cough (22%), chest pain (13%), food poisoning (8%), sore throat (7%), were also mentioned among other disease conditions treated. Validation studies of therapeutic claims will be carried out at a later date.     

百合科药用植物丫蕊花的研究进展

丫蕊花Ypsilandra thibetica是百合科丫蕊花属植物,以全草入药,具有清热解毒、散结等功效,主治瘰疬,小便不利等症,在民间应用较广泛。化学研究显示,甾体皂苷是丫蕊花的主要成分和有效成分。据作者统计,到目前为止从丫蕊花中共报道了51个甾体皂苷类化合物,包括螺甾烷和呋甾烷2种主要类型;药理实验及临床研究表明,丫蕊花具有抗肿瘤、缩宫止血及抗菌作用,尤其对多种妇科出血症的治疗有显著疗效。该文对国内外有关丫蕊花的植物学研究、品种鉴定、化学成分和药理活性等方面进展进行了详细的总结,并分析了丫蕊花作为中药重楼资源替代品的优势,同时探讨了今后研究的方向,以期为该药材的进一步研究提供有益参考,为今后的深入开发利用提供科学依据。     

Antimalarial plant remedies from Burkina Faso: their potential for prophylactic use

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Saye, a combination remedy prepared from Cochlospermum planchonii Hook.f. (Cochlospermaceae), Cassia alata L. (Fabaceae) and Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. et Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae), N’Dribala, a Cochlospermum planchonii root decoction, and a fruit preparation of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) are plant remedies of the folk medicine in Burkina Faso and are commonly used by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria.

Aim of the study

This study aimed at validating the antiplasmodial activity of the preparations and at estimating their potential for prophylaxis, using the murine malaria system Plasmodium berghei/Anopheles stephensi.

Materials and methods

Aqueous extracts were orally administered to mice (6 animals per treatment group) at a daily dose of 200 mg/kg body weight for nine days, applying protocols that mimic as much as possible traditional recipes and treatment schemes.

Results

Saye, N’Dribala and Azadirachta indica preparations revealed prophylactic activity, reducing parasitaemia in treated mice, with respect to controls, by 52.0% (CI₉₅ 46.1–57.9), 45.5% (CI₉₅ 44.5–46.5) and 45.0% (CI₉₅ 41.1–48.9), respectively. No evidence of transmission blocking effects was detected with any of the tested remedies.

Conclusions

This study confirms, in the murine malaria system, the antiplasmodial properties of the examined remedies on the Plasmodium stages developing in the vertebrate host, thus encouraging studies aiming at identifying the active fractions and compounds responsible for the described activity and to develop standardized prophylactic remedies.     

Impact of traditional medicinal plant extracts on antiretroviral drug absorption

Ethopharmacological relevance

Traditional herbal medicines are often used for the treatment of different diseases in developing countries, especially in the rural areas where a lack of an efficient primary health care system is usually experienced. Many patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus are taking traditional herbal medicines in conjunction with their modern antiretroviral medication and drug–herb interactions can occur in these cases.

Aim of the study

To investigate the effect of water extracts of two traditional medicinal plants, Hypoxis hemerocallidea and Sutherlandia frutescens as well as l-canavanine (a constituent of Sutherlandia frutescens) on the transport of nevirapine across human intestinal epithelial cells.

Materials and methods

Nevirapine transport in the apical to basolateral and basolateral to apical directions across Caco-2 cell monolayers was determined alone (normal control) and in the presence of verapamil (positive control), water extracts of Hypoxis hemerocallidea and Sutherlandia frutescens and an aqueous solution of l-canavanine. The cumulative transport and apparent permeability coefficient (P_app) values were calculated and compared.Results: Nevirapine alone was substantially effluxed in the basolateral to apical direction across the intestinal epithelial cell monolayers, which was statistically significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased by addition of verapamil, Hypoxis hemerocallidea extract and the l-canavinine solution. The effect of Sutherlandia frutescens on nevirapine transport was not statistically significantly different from the control.

Conclusions

Hypoxis hemerocallidea and l-canavanine interact with the efflux of nevirapine across intestinal epithelial cells and therefore can potentially increase the bioavailability of this antiretroviral drug when taken concomitantly.     

渐危药用植物珊瑚菜胚状体途径再生植株的研究

目的:研究离体条件下珊瑚菜种子休眠的原因,建立胚状体途径再生植株的方法。方法:研究离体条件下胚乳因素和外源激素在解除珊瑚菜种子休眠过程中的作用,以及激素浓度对胚性愈伤组织诱导及胚状体再生植株的影响。结果:保留1/3胚乳的珊瑚菜种子萌发率最高,可以达到31%。而TDZ,6-BA,GA3处理不仅对解除珊瑚菜种子休眠的作用不大,同时容易导致出现畸形苗。在附加1.0 mg.L-1 2,4-D的MS培养基上,胚性愈伤的诱导率可以达到57%。将培养20 d左右胚性愈伤组织转入MS培养基上40 d左右就可分化形成子叶期胚状体,然后再继代培养20 d即可得到再生植株。结论:建立一套有效的珊瑚菜再生植株体系。     

Identification of medicinal plants used as Tibetan Traditional Medicine Jie-Ji

Aim of the study

Based on the authors’ collection of specimens used as Jie-Ji in local Tibetan areas, China, and taxonomic determination, this paper aims to give a list of medicinal plants as Jie-Ji, formally identify the ones recognized as Jie-Ji Ga-Bao or Jie-Ji Na-Bao and to offer basic data for further studies on these Tibetan herbs.

Materials and methods

Local herbalists were visited in Tibetan areas, China to observe which plants were being used as Jie-Ji. Samples of the indigenous plants were collected at the same time. Also, the medicinal plants as Jie-Ji were taxonomically identified.

Results

A list of medicinal plants including 10 species of Jie-Ji in local Tibetan areas is given, including their morphological pictures used for identification.

Conclusions

The origin of Jie-Ji is from 10 species of the Section Cruciata, Genus Gentiana (Gentianaceae). five species with dark blue flowers are used as Jie-Ji Na-Bao, the other five with white flowers are used as Jie-Ji Ga-Bao. Also, Gentiana macrophylla Pall. with dark blue flowers in the Section Cruciata, Genus Gentiana is not the original plant of Jie-Ji Na-Bao. The species endemic to the province are used as the original plants of Jie-Ji only in local Tibetan area of the province. Finally, the drug use of Jie-Ji in Traditional Tibetan Medicine is reasonable and it is efficacious.     

Antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of medicinal plants traditionally used in the village of Kiohima, Uganda

Aim of the study

In Uganda, malaria is the most common disease and Ugandan people largely rely on traditional medicine. In this context, we carried out an ethnobotanical study on the Kiohima village, located close to the Kibale National Park in South-Western Uganda and investigated in vitro the antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of selected medicinal plants.

Materials and methods

Seventy-five plants-using adults (men and women) were interviewed to find out their plant use. From these information, 48 plants used in traditional medicine were identified and according to their reported uses and to bibliographic data, several parts of 28 plants (leaves, barks, roots), were selected and collected for biological evaluations. These samples were dried, extracted with ethyl acetate and the crude extracts were assayed for in vitro antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities at 10 μg/mL.

Results

One third of the screened plants showed a significant antiplasmodial activity with inhibition greater than 50% at 10 μg/mL.

Conclusion

These results may indicate a possible explanation of the use of some medicinal plant against malaria in the village of Kiohima and have also allowed to highlight a plant with potent antimalarial activity: Citropsis articulata root barks.     

常用藏药“蒂达”(藏茵陈)基原物种药用合理性及资源利用价值评价

目的:对“蒂达”各品种不同基原植物药用合理性及其资源利用价值作出评价.方法:采用HPLC指纹图谱共有特征峰、结合SPSS聚类分析方法,评价“蒂达”不同品种基原植物的成分组成相似性.结果:“蒂达”不同品种涉及的来源有龙胆科獐牙菜属、花锚属、扁蕾属及肋柱花属共15种1变种33个样品,指纹图谱全谱相似度较差;以10个共有峰成分的相对面积聚类,其基原植物可分别聚为4个组;上述4个属的属间成分组成差异较大;其中獐牙菜属不同种间成分组成变化较大,而其他各属种间成分组成相似度较高.结论:上述龙胆科4属植物均含有具有保肝利胆生物活性的环烯醚萜类、(山)酮类及三萜类成分,藏医学将其归为“蒂达”一类药材使用具有一定的物质基础;鉴于“蒂达”类药材不同基原各品种间在成分组成上差异较大,分别制定各品种的HPLC指纹图谱,是鉴别和控制各品种质量的有效手段,可有效控制各基原品种质量.