遮光对不同基因型玉米光合特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了遮光对4个基因型玉米光合特性的影响.结果表明:4个基因型玉米叶片的光饱和点、净光合速率(Pn)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)均受光强的影响.遮光降低了玉米的光饱和点,苗期遮光处理豫玉2号和丹玉13分别在光量子通量密度(PFD)为1400μmol·m-2·s-1和1100μmol·m-2·s-1时达到饱和.遮光还降低了玉米的Pn、ETR、Fv/Fm和ΦPSⅡ,但不同基因型玉米表现不同,豫玉2号和掖单22的下降幅度较小,而丹玉13和掖单6号的下降幅度较大.     

全光和遮阴下两种亚热带木本植物的光合作用对光的响应

以气体交换和调制叶绿素荧光测定技术测定了2年生亚热带乔木黧蒴,林下灌木九节在全自然光和17％自然光下叶片同部位的光合作用和与之相关的荧光参数的日变化。和全光照比较,遮阴下植物叶片净光合速率Pn,气孔导度gs,胞间CO2浓度与大气CO2浓度之比Ci/Ca,类胡萝卜素与叶绿素含量之比Car/Chl,光系统Ⅱ原初光[化学效率Fv/Fm 的变化幅度相对较小,种间差异较不明显,全光照黧蒴和九节Pn的口变化图式与gs,Ci/Ca类似,与Φpsll,qp的下降吻合。全光下黧蒴叶片qN和Car/Chl的口进程表现为增加,九节则下降,低的Car/Chl可能是导致强光下九节未能提高其qN的原因,正午前后,黧蒴qN和Car/Chl增大,而qp和Φpsll降低,Fv/Fm则保持相对稳定,反映其开放的PSII反应中心数目在此期间虽有所减少,但仍然维持了较高的光化学效率,提高的Car/Chl和qN则说明其肯有较强的对过剩激发能的耗散能力,此条件下九节的gs,Fv/Fm和qN下降且明显低于黧蒴,Φpsll和qp保持相对稳定但高于黧蒴的水平,表明九节的PSII反应中心活性较稳定,但强光下气孔部分关闭,较低的Fv/Fm和qN限制了CO2供应和对光能的有效利用,且未能诱导热能耗散机制的积极运行及对光合器起到保护作用。总体上说,九节对高光强反应比黎蒴敏感。     

外源水杨酸对光抑制条件下小麦叶片光合作用的影响

以浓度为50、100、200 mg·kg-1的水杨酸(SA)预先处理灌浆期的小麦叶片,可有效防护强光所致的氧化损伤,维持较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,减轻丙二醛(MDA)积累.叶片在光抑制条件下,可维持较高的通过PSⅡ电子传递速率(Fm/Fo)、PSⅡ原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、净光合速率(Pn)和较低的非光化学猝灭系数(qNP).其中,以较低浓度SA(50 mg·kg-1)的效果较好.     

外源水杨酸对黄瓜幼苗叶片PSⅡ活性和光能分配的影响

以黄瓜品种‘中农203号’幼苗为试材,采用水培法研究了根际施用0.05、0.10和0.50 mmol/L水杨酸对黄瓜幼苗叶片PSⅡ活性和光能分配的影响,以探讨水杨酸对光合作用的调节机制。结果显示:黄瓜幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、荧光参数和光能分配对水杨酸的响应存在明显的浓度依赖性。0.05和0.10 mmol/L水杨酸处理提高了叶片PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP),降低了非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ),使PSⅡ吸收光能中分配于光化学反应的能量增加,进而提高了Pn,并以0.10 mmol/L水杨酸施用效果最明显,差异达极显著水平(P<0.01);而0.50 mmol/L水杨酸处理降低了ΦPSⅡ、Fv/Fm等,使光能分配于热耗散和荧光耗散的比例升高,导致Pn下降。研究表明,水杨酸对黄瓜叶片光合的正负调节作用与浓度依存下的PSⅡ活性和光能分配改变有关。     

复苏被子植物牛耳草脱水和复水期间叶黄素循环的保护作用

研究了复苏被子植物牛耳草(Boea hygrometrica (Bunge) R.Br.)离体叶片在微弱光强下(3 μmol photons*m-2*s-1)和黑暗中叶黄素循环组分及叶绿素荧光随脱水复水的变化.结果发现:脱水期间随着光系统Ⅱ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际量子产率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)值的降低,微弱光强下的对照叶片玉米黄素含量显著增加,而微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片都没有玉米黄素的积累.经过3 d复水后,微弱光强下对照叶片的Fv/Fm, ΦPSⅡ, qP 和 NPQ值能完全恢复,但是微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片其Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP 和 NPQ值只有部分恢复.说明脱水的牛耳草离体叶片光系统Ⅱ的光化学活性的恢复明显受到DTT处理和黑暗的影响,因此玉米黄素可能对微弱光强下脱水的牛耳草叶片具有重要的保护作用.     

遮荫对裸花紫珠苗期光合特性及总黄酮含量的影响

为了解遮荫对裸花紫珠(Callicarpa nudiflora)幼苗生长和药材质量的影响,研究了遮荫处理(遮荫30%、50%、70%和对照0%)下2年生裸花紫珠苗的光合气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数、光合色素和总黄酮含量的变化。结果表明,无遮荫或遮荫30%下,裸花紫珠的叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线呈典型的双峰型,而随遮荫程度的增加,Pn日变化曲线逐渐转变为单峰型。蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)日变化曲线呈单峰型,且峰值随着遮荫程度的增加而降低。PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和潜在活性(Fv/Fo)的日变化曲线呈"V"型,且两者均随遮荫程度的增加而升高。幼苗叶片的叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量随遮荫程度的增加而显著增加(P0.05),而Chl a/b和Car/Chl却随遮荫程度的增加而下降。随遮荫程度的增加,叶片中总黄酮含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,以遮荫30%为最大。因此,裸花紫珠幼苗最适宜生长在无遮荫条件下,但为获得更高的总黄酮含量,可以选择30%遮荫处理。     

苗期遮荫对花生（Arachis hypogaea L.）光合生理特性的影响

大田条件下,以花生品种"花育22号"为材料,齐苗期设置遮荫50%和85%两个遮荫强度分别处理40d,研究了遮荫对花生光合特性的影响及遮荫解除后的光合恢复规律.结果表明:(1)与正常光照条件相比,遮荫花生叶片净光合速率(Pn)、RuBP羧化效率降低,叶绿素含量、表观量子效率及光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)增加,表明花生对弱光胁迫有一定的自我调节和适应能力.(2)遮荫和自然光下生长的花生中午强光下的Fv/Fm值均明显下降,表明发生了光抑制,遮荫程度越大,光抑制愈严重.(3)Fv/Fm值和净光合速率Pn遮荫解除后5d之内持续下降,之后逐步恢复.遮荫50%处理的叶片Fv/Fm值和Pn分别于遮荫解除后8d和10d左右恢复到对照水平;遮荫85%的处理分别于遮荫解除后15d和20d左右才恢复到最大,但Pn不能恢复到对照水平,显著低于对照.     

夜间低温后日间光照对海桐和榕树叶片的光抑制以及光系统Ⅱ功能的影响

夜间低温导致海桐和榕树叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ光合电子传递量子效率(φPSⅡ)、天线转化效率(F'v'/Fm')、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)降低,其后日间光照先引起海桐叶片Fv//Fm、ΦPSⅡ、F'v'/Fm'稍微降低,其后又逐渐得到恢复,但NPQ却表现出相反趋势;夜间低温及随后的日间光照并未对海桐叶片光化学猝灭系数(qP)和初始荧光强度(Fo)产生影响.夜间低温后日间光照进一步引起榕树叶片Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、Fv'/F'm、qp、NPQ下降,在午后光照减弱后仍不能得到恢复.     

文心兰浅绿条纹突变体的生理生化及叶绿素荧光特性研究

以文心兰浅绿条纹突变体为材料,分析叶片光合色素含量和组成、叶绿素合成前体物质含量以及叶绿素荧光参数的变化,观察突变体叶绿体超微结构的改变,以探寻其叶色变异的生理基础。结果表明:(1)突变体叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)和总叶绿素(Chl)含量分别比叶色正常植株显著降低了37.1%、34.0%、30.8%和36.3%。(2)突变体叶绿素生物合成受阻于胆色素原(PBG)到尿卟啉原Ⅲ(UrogenⅢ)的反应步骤。(3)突变体叶绿体发育存在明显的缺陷,基粒数目及基粒片层的垛叠层数明显减少,嗜锇颗粒及囊泡较多。(4)突变体初始荧光(Fo)比正常植株高39%,最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)和PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)均显著低于正常植株,但光化学淬灭系数(qP)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)与正常植株无显著差异。研究结果说明,文心兰叶绿素生物合成受阻和叶绿体结构发育不良,导致叶绿素的含量下降,致使突变体叶片呈现浅绿条纹,光能利用率降低。     

复苏被子植物牛耳草脱水和复水期间叶黄素循环的保护作用

研究了复苏被子植物牛耳草（Boea hygrometrica(Bunge)R.Br.)离体叶片在微弱光强下（3μmol photons.m^-2.s^-1)和黑暗中叶黄素循环组分及叶绿素荧光随脱水复水的变化,结果发现：脱水期间随着光系统Ⅱ光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、实际量子产率（ΦPSⅡ）、光化学淬灭（qP）和非光化学淬灭（NPQ）值的降低,微弱光强下的对照叶片玉米黄素含量显著增加,而微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片都没有玉米黄素的积累,经过3d复水后,微弱光强下对照叶片的Fv/Fm,ΦPSⅡ,qP和NPQ值能完全恢复,但是微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片其Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP和NPQ值能完全恢复。说明脱水的牛耳草主体叶片光系统Ⅱ的光化学活性的恢复明显受到DTT处理和黑暗的影响,因此玉米黄素可能对微弱光强下脱水的牛耳草叶片具有重要的保护作用。     

激光对花生诱变效果的研究

Ｈｅ－ＮｅＹＡＧ和ＣＯ２激光对花生Ｌ１代幼苗期有刺激生长的作用,ＣＯ２激光对花生Ｌ１代的株高有较明显的抑制作用,ＣＯ２,Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ和ＹＡＧ激光对花生Ｌ１代植株的总果数,饱果数有一定的增多作用,且前者最明显,但Ｎ２激光对花生Ｌ１代植株的总果数,饱果数均有明显的减少作用;Ｈｅ－ＮｅＹＡＧ,Ｎ２和ＣＯ２激光均能诱发药生根尖细胞染色体畸变,且畸变率随辐照剂量的增大而上升,以上四种激光所诱发发生的变异性状是     

Cross-resistance to antibiotics of Escherichia coli adapted to benzalkonium chloride or exposed to stress-inducers

AIMS: To study the effects of adaptation and stress on the resistance to benzalkonium chloride (BC) and cross-resistance to antibiotics in Escherichia coli. METHODS AND RESULTS: Precultivation of E. coli ATCC 11775 and E. coli DSM 682 in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of BC or stress inducers (salicylate, chenodeoxycholate and methyl viologen) resulted in higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BC and chloramphenicol (CHL). Adaptation to growth in sixfold of the initial MIC of BC resulted in stable BC resistance and enhanced tolerance to several antibiotics and ethidium bromide (EtBr). The MIC of CHL increased more than 10-fold for both strains. Enhanced efflux of EtBr in adapted E. coli ATCC 11775 indicated that the observed resistance was due to efflux. Changes in outer membrane protein profiles were detected in the BC-adapted cells. There were no indications of lower membrane permeability to BC. CONCLUSIONS: Induction of stress response or gradual adaptation to BC or CHL results in acquired cross-tolerance between BC and antibiotics in E. coli. Enhanced efflux was one of the observed differences in adapted cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Provided not taking due precautions, extensive use of disinfectants could lead to emergence of antibiotic-resistant isolates.     

Capacity of Old Trees to Respond to Environmental Change

Atmospheric carbon dioxide [CO2] has increased dramatically within the current life spans of long-lived trees and old forests. Consider that a 500-year-old tree in the early twenty-first century has spent 70% of its life growing under preIndustrial levels of [CO2], which were 30% lower than current levels. Here we address the question of whether old trees have already responded to the rapid rise in [CO2] occurring over the past 150 years. In spite of limited data, aging trees have been shown to possess a substantial capacity for increased net growth after a period of post-maturity growth decline.Observations of renewed growth and physiological function in old trees have, in some instances, coincided with Industrial Age increases in key environmental resources, including [CO2], suggesting the potential for continued growth in old trees as a function of continued global climate change.     

Failure of CD4 T-cells to respond to liver-derived antigen and to provide help to CD8 T-cells

CD4 T-cell help is required for the induction of efficient CD8 T-cells responses and the generation of memory cells. Lack of CD4 T-cell help may contribute to an exhausted CD8 phenotype and viral persistence. Little is known about priming of CD4 T-cells by liver-derived antigen. We used TF-OVA mice expressing ovalbumin in hepatocytes to investigate CD4 T-cell priming by liver-derived antigen and the impact of CD4 T-cell help on CD8 T-cell function. Naïve and effector CD4 T-cells specific for ovalbumin were transferred into TF-OVA mice alone or together with naïve ovalbumin-specific CD8 T-cells. T-cell activation and function were analyzed. CD4 T-cells ignored antigen presented by liver antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in vitro and in vivo but were primed in the liver-draining lymph node and the spleen. No priming occurred in the absence of bone-marrow derived APCs capable of presenting ovalbumin in vivo. CD4 T-cells primed in TF-OVA mice displayed defective Th1-effector function and caused no liver damage. CD4 T-cells were not required for the induction of hepatitis by CD8 T-cells. Th1-effector but not naïve CD4 T-cells augmented the severity of liver injury caused by CD8 T-cells. Our data demonstrate that CD4 T-cells fail to respond to liver-derived antigen presented by liver APCs and develop defective effector function after priming in lymph nodes and spleen. The lack of CD4 T-cell help may be responsible for insufficient CD8 T-cell function against hepatic antigens.     

Ability of human T lymphocytes to adhere to vascular endothelial cells and to augment endothelial permeability to macromolecules is linked to their state of post-thymic maturation

The accumulation of mononuclear cells at sites of chronic inflammation is dependent on a number of factors including localized adherence of lymphocytes to vascular endothelial cells (EC), cytokine-mediated increased adhesiveness of endothelium, chemotactic factors and endothelial permeability. The present study investigates two of the above attributes of lymphocyte-EC interaction: namely, the ability of maturationally distinct subpopulations of human T lymphocytes to adhere to vascular EC and to increase vascular endothelial permeability to macromolecules in an in vitro model. Thus, human T lymphocytes were separated into CD4+ CD8-helper/inducer, CD4- CD8+ cytotoxic/suppressor, CD29+ CD45RA- CD45RO+ memory, and CD29- CD45RA+ CD45RO- naive/virgin T subpopulations, were activated with PHA and PMA, and then examined for their adherence to EC and also for their effect on endothelial permeability. Upon activation, cells within each of the above four subpopulations exhibited increased adherence to EC. In contrast, resting CD29+ CD45RA- CD45RO+ memory T lymphocytes exhibited two to three times greater ability to adhere to EC than their CD29- CD45RA+ CD45RO- naive/virgin counterparts. Consistent with their increased adherence to EC, CD29+ CD45RO+ memory T lymphocytes, when activated, significantly increased endothelial permeability to albumin. Although activated CD45RA+ naive T lymphocytes exhibited increased adherence to EC, these cells failed to increase significantly endothelial permeability. Similar to their polyclonal counterparts, Ag-specific CD4+ CD29+ CD45RO+ T cell clones, but not their actively released mediators, also increased endothelial permeability via a noncytolytic mechanism(s). This ability of CD29+ CD45RO+ memory T lymphocytes to augment endothelial permeability may facilitate their transendothelial migration into extravascular space. These observations may provide additional insights into molecular mechanism(s) underlying pathophysiology of localized chronic inflammatory responses in general and more specifically selective accumulation of CD29+/CD45RO+ memory T lymphocytes at sites of chronic inflammation such as rheumatoid synovium.     

Adhesion of cellulose to cell walls to Trichoderma reesei

Carbohydrate-binding components were shown to be present at the surface of Listeria monocytogenes by means of a panel of neoglycoproteins using direct agglutination. These lectin-like components bind on neoglycoproteins bearing D-glucosamine, L-fucosylamine, or para-amino-phenyl-alpha-D-mannopyrannoside residues. The interactions were inhibited by the carbohydrate moieties specific to the neoglycoproteins. The protein nature of the lectin-like components of L. monocytogenes was ascertained by the loss of carbohydrate-binding capacity following protease treatment.