基于色素特征荧光光谱的浮游植物分类测量方法

光合作用色素组成是浮游植物分类的重要依据。通过对蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻、甲藻和隐藻等5个门类浮游植物三维荧光光谱的差异性分析,提取了与叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素c、类胡萝卜素、藻蓝蛋白和藻红蛋白等光合色素相关的36个特征荧光光谱点,提出了基于色素特征荧光光谱的不同门类浮游植物分类测量方法。对铜绿微囊藻、小球藻、桅杆藻、光甲藻和卵形隐藻的实验结果表明:色素特征荧光光谱法对5种藻类纯种样品的测量误差分别为5.15%、5.63%、7.90%、4.85%、6.55%,对优势藻类(质量分数高于50%)的测量误差分别为7.96%、8.69%、5.44%、10.78%、15.57%,对劣势藻类(质量分数低于30%)的测量误差分别为18.29%、17.52%、20.01%、29.11%、20.14%,测量结果准确度达到了三维荧光光谱法水平,但数据量和计算时间仅是三维荧光光谱法的1.1%和2.2%,是一种快速有效的浮游植物分类测量方法。     

叶绿素荧光技术对受Cu~(2+)胁迫藻类暗适应时间的研究

利用叶绿素荧光技术,对受相同浓度Cu2+胁迫的蛋白核小球藻、斜生栅藻、铜绿微囊藻的最佳暗适应时间进行研究.通过对三种供试藻在光照和暗适应时间分别为30s、1min、3min、5min、10min和20min条件下的光合荧光参量进行测定,以光化学淬灭参量值为主要参考依据,结合t检验方法对暗适应时间进行显著性差异分析,结果表明:暗适应条件下三种供试藻的潜在最大量子效率值略有增加,实际量子效率值基本保持不变;蛋白核小球藻和斜生栅藻的光化学淬灭参量值和非光化学淬灭参量值随暗适应时间的延长显著增加;铜绿微囊藻光化学淬灭参量值在光照1min时达到最大,无需进行暗适应,这可能与蓝藻在暗适应时发生状态转换有关;藻类不是暗适应时间越长越好,蛋白核小球藻和斜生栅藻的最佳暗适应时间分别为5min和10min.这将为采用叶绿素荧光技术进一步研究毒物对藻类的胁迫机理提供可靠依据.     

藻类叶绿素荧光对除草剂生物毒性响应特性的研究

以蛋白核小球藻、铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻为敏感藻,研究了莠去津、敌稗、敌草隆、灭草松四种除草剂及其混合剂对藻类光合特性的影响规律,实验同时确定了三种微藻荧光对除草剂的最佳响应时间。实验结果表明,除草剂显著降低了藻细胞类囊体膜中光系统Ⅱ的最大光合效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光合效率(Y(Ⅱ))、绝对电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(qP),而非光化学猝灭系数(qN)呈现上升趋势,400 μg·L-1敌草隆使蛋白核小球藻Fv/Fm参数值下降了41%。实验选用的三种实验藻在四种除草剂单独和混合胁迫下均发生了不同程度的光抑制效应,表现出光合效率、电子传递速率、光合活性的降低和光保护能力的增强,藻类自身具有一定的光保护机制可以降低除草剂的影响。除草剂能够影响藻细胞叶绿素荧光强度,其中灭草松对蛋白核小球藻的影响最为显著,在400 μg·L-1灭草松影响下蛋白核小球藻的叶绿素荧光强度下降了44%。     

OJIP荧光动力学曲线J、I点特征时间确定方法

OJIP荧光动力学被广泛应用于藻类光合作用研究,而在常用的OJIP曲线分析中,常将J、I点的特征时间固定,忽略了藻类种类对J、I点特征时间的影响,这会造成J、I点荧光强度计算结果的偏差,直接影响测量结果的准确性。鉴于此,提出使用三级指数函数逼近OJIP曲线的方法动态获取J、I点的特征时间。不同藻种的J、I点的特征时间和二氯苯基二甲脲（DCMU）胁迫下J点特征时间实验的测试结果表明：所提方法能够有效获得不同藻类J、I点的特征时间,二形栅藻、蛋白核小球藻、普通小球藻和新月筒柱藻J点的特征时间分别为2.22,1.52,1.33,1.01 ms, I点的特征时间分别为28.80,27.15,29.90,15.28 ms,多次计算结果的相对标准偏差均小于10%,具有较好的一致性;在DCMU浓度（质量浓度）分别为10,20,40μg/L的毒性胁迫实验条件下,所提方法计算的普通小球藻的J点特征时间分别为1.25,1.18,1.10 ms,相对标准偏差为12.03%。此外,利用所提方法计算得到的光合活性参数V_J与DCMU浓度之间具有良好的毒性剂量-效应关系,相关性系数R^...     

不同生境条件下藻蓝蛋白活体荧光光谱特性研究

蓝藻生物量检测技术发展是应对目前频繁发生的水华事件的重要环节。藻蓝蛋白作为蓝藻的特异性蛋白,在一定程度上比叶绿素更能准确反应自然水体中的蓝藻生物量,因而成为蓝藻生物量检测技术的重要指标。本文利用三维荧光光谱技术,以不同光照、不同生长期的铜绿微囊藻、鱼腥藻活体为研究对象,比较了单点法和包络法两种光谱解析方法的可靠性,探究了不同生境条件下的藻蓝蛋白活体荧光光谱特性。结果表明：(1)荧光光谱强度随生长期延长而增大;(2)采用包络法解析藻蓝蛋白特征荧光光谱的方法比单点法更为可靠;(3)在不同生境条件下,铜绿微囊藻藻蓝蛋白活体荧光激发波长基本保持614 nm、发射波长基本保持654 nm不变,鱼腥藻藻蓝蛋白活体荧光激发波长随生长期在610和620 nm之间波动减小,发射波长随生长期在650和660 nm之间波动增大。这种波动与藻种样品颗粒度大小和光谱扫描模式有关。该研究结果为发展蓝藻生物量活体荧光监测技术发展提供了实验基础。     

基于荧光动力学参数的浮游植物有效光合反应中心浓度分析

浮游植物有效光合反应中心浓度与其生长环境、生理状态密切相关,文中以生物膜能流理论为基础,基于初始荧光效率(F_0)和功能吸收截面(σPSII)的荧光动力学参数研究了浮游植物有效光合反应中心浓度分析方法。利用该方法对不同生长条件下的蛋白核小球藻进行了测试,结果表明:正常生理状态下,荧光动力学参数法与同化系数法分析结果具有良好的一致性,相关系数R~2达到0.999;非正常生理状态下,荧光动力学参数法较同化系数法更能准确反映浮游植物光合活性(F_v/F_m)和光合单元尺寸(n_(PSⅡ))引起的有效光合反应中心浓度的变化;在短期胁迫条件下,荧光动力学参数法分析结果与F_v/F_m相关系数R~2可达0.920;在长期光照胁迫条件下的分析结果也能反映光照变化引起的浮游植物n_(PSⅡ)变化信息,且与已有研究成果相符。研究结果为浮游植物有效光合反应中心浓度的准确测量提供了一种新方法。     

Streptomyces sp.HJC-D1溶藻过程产物光谱学特征及机理

运用傅里叶红外光谱、三维荧光光谱、透射电镜等技术,研究了溶藻菌株Streptomyces sp.HJC-D1抑制铜绿微囊藻过程中溶解性有机物(DOM)的组成与特性,初步揭示了微生物溶藻机理。结果表明,溶藻菌株发酵液添加量5%(φ)时铜绿微囊藻去除率可达72.6%±5.5%;溶藻产物DOM以类腐殖酸物质为主,平均分子量在1 000Da左右;溶藻过程藻细胞结构遭到明显破坏,推测可能的微生物溶藻机理为:溶藻菌破坏铜绿微囊藻细胞壁,导致藻细胞失活、死亡。     

基于叶绿素荧光动力学的压载水活体藻细胞数表征参数选择研究

叶绿素荧光动力学过程与藻类光合作用过程密切相关,叶绿素荧光动力学法是探测活体藻类细胞的天然工具。与常用的压载水荧光素染色-显微镜检活体藻细胞计数相比,叶绿素荧光动力学法具有测量快速、灵敏度高、无需前处理等特点。海洋船舶压载水中存在大量死亡藻细胞和有色溶解有机物(CDOM),荧光背景复杂,因此,获得不受荧光背景影响且能够准确表征活体藻细胞数的光合荧光参数,是叶绿素荧光动力学法直接测量压载水活体藻细胞数的关键。本文以死细胞和CDOM溶液模拟压载水的复杂荧光背景,以二氯苯基二甲脲(DCMU)胁迫条件模拟实际应用,研究了不同荧光背景下F_m、F_0、[RCII]和F_v等多个光合荧光参数与活体藻细胞数之间的关系。结果表明:F_m、F_0、[RCII]对活体藻细胞数的表征都不同程度地受死细胞数和CDOM浓度的影响,仅有F_v不受荧光背景的影响,相对标准偏差小于5%;在不同稀释液稀释活体藻细胞溶液实验中,F_v与活体藻细胞数均具有良好的线性相关性,相关系数R~2可达0.98以上;在DCMU胁迫作用下,有且仅有F_v与活体藻细胞数呈良好的正相关性,相关系数为0.986。本研究结果证明了光合荧光参数F_v不受荧光背景干扰,是表征压载水中活体藻细胞数的最佳光合荧光参数。     

基于叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线的光合作用参数反演算法研究

快相叶绿素荧光诱导曲线中蕴含着丰富光合作用信息。该信息可以反映出植物的生存状态、病理以及受到胁迫时的生理变化趋势等多种信息。通过采集藻类荧光及诱导光信号, 拟合快相叶绿素荧光动力学曲线。基于最小二乘拟合方法,提出自适应最小误差逼近的方法对快相叶绿素荧光动力学曲线进行多元非线性回归拟合,实现F_o（固定荧光）、F_m（最大荧光产率）、σ_PSII（PSII的功能吸收截面）等细节参数的反演。实现了蛋白核小球藻光合作用参数反演,并实验了在Cu2+胁迫环境下,蛋白核小球藻的生理变化趋势。     

基于光合电子传递速率的浮游植物初级生产力测量

快速、准确评估浮游植物的初级生产力对研究海洋生态环境科学及理解全球碳循环演变规律等至关重要。针对~(14)C示踪法和黑白瓶法等传统方法表示的初级生产力存在测量周期长、操作繁琐等问题,依据生物膜能流理论,基于荧光动力学方法,即通过光源诱导产生可变叶绿素荧光获得光合参数,结合光合电子传递速率"生物-光学"模型,对基于荧光动力学参数的光合电子传递速率的测量进行研究。通过不同胁迫条件下蛋白核小球藻的测试,对比液相氧电极测量的光合放氧速率,验证光合电子传递速率测量浮游植物初级生产力的有效性。结果表明:在不同浓度的二氯苯基二甲脲的胁迫下,浮游植物的光合电子传递速率与光合放氧速率具有良好的一致性,且二者随胁迫浓度增加而减小明显,光合放氧速率与光合电子传递速率分别减小了71.55%和68.87%,二者相关系数的平方达到0.934;在不同营养盐或光照强度下胁迫培养15 d,浮游植物的光合电子传递速率与光合放氧速率仍然具有良好的一致性,二者相关系数的平方大于0.955。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.