A correlation of critical points

Critical points were correlated for fluids which obey the three-parameter equation of state according to which the compressibility factor, $\text{Z=}\text{P}\text{dRT}$, is given by Z=1 + k_Bδκ (θ, δ), in which κ (θ, δ) is a universal function of reduced temperature, $\text{θ =}\text{T}\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{B}}$, and reduced density, $\text{δ =}\text{d}\text{d}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>O</mtext>}}$. The three parameters which distinguish one fluid from another are k_B, T_B, and d_O. It is shown that experimental inflection points of the pressure versus density isotherms of gases obeying this equation of state all fall on the same reduced curve of θ versus δ. Critical points also must lie on this curve, at a location dependent on k_B. Critical densities are too uncertain experimentally to permit a definite correlation, but the critical temperatures of sixteen fluids are shown to fall on a common θ_c versus k_B curve with an average deviation of 0.4 degrees. The critical pressures of these same fluids lie within a few tenths of an atmosphere on a common π_c ($\text{π =}\text{P}\text{d}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>O</mtext>}}\text{RT}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>B</mtext>}}$) versus k_B line. This correlation of critical points is accomplished using values of the three parameters that had previously been determined by fitting supercritical PVT data to the equation of state.     

Wind direction modelling using multiple observation points

The prediction of wind direction is a prerequisite for the intelligent and efficient operation of wind turbines. This is a complex task, due to the intermittent behaviour of wind, its non-Gaussian and nonlinear nature, and the coupling between the wind speed and direction. To provide improved wind direction forecasting, we propose a nonlinear model with augmented information from an additional measurement point. This is further enhanced by making use of both the speed and direction components of the wind field vector. The analysis and a comprehensive set of simulations demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves improved prediction performance over the standard and persistent model. The potential of the proposed approach is justified by the fact that even relatively small improvements in the forecasts result in large gains in the produced output power.     

协方差矩阵的相关法Toeplitz改进算法

提出一种基于均匀线形阵列的相关Toeplitz矩阵构造方法,建立了两种Toeplitz矩阵的构造方式,结合子空间法形成一种相干信源方位估计的高分辨方法。具体将接收阵列各阵元与参考阵元输出信号做相关,获得一组相关向量,应用相关Toeplitz矩阵构造算法构造阵列输出的Toeplitz矩阵,从而得到去相干的相应接收阵列的协方差矩阵,最后再应用高分辨子空间估计方法完成相干信源方位估计。仿真结果表明：所采用的相关Toeplitz矩阵构造算法达到了很好的去相干效果,并将Toeplitz近似化方法改进成为无偏估计方法,显著提高了相干信源方位估计的精度,并使Toeplitz矩阵构造的计算量减少到原方法的1/M。     

融入上下文相互关系的概率矩阵分解推荐

上下文感知推荐系统在传统的推荐算法中加入了上下文信息,从而有效地提高了推荐效果.上下文感知推荐算法将上下文融入推荐生成过程的不同阶段分成三类.大部分算法虽整合了上下文信息,但忽略了上下文之间的相互关系.针对这种情况,提出一种推荐算法.首先在众多的上下文信息中,通过统计方法,提取具有显著不同的上下文特征,从而降低了数据的维度和稀疏度;然后计算上下文信息之间的修正余弦相似度,并与概率矩阵分解模型结合,从而有效地将上下文相互关系融入到了概率矩阵分解中.实验结果表明,该方法可以有效利用上下文的相互关系,提高推荐的准确度.     

Interframe intensity correlation matrix for self-calibration in phase-shifting interferometry

A new method of estimating reference phase shifts in phase-shifting interferometry is proposed. The reference phase shifts are determined from a matrix that represents the interframe intensity correlation (IIC) of phase-shifted interferograms. The root-mean-square error of intensity measurement is automatically obtained from the smallest eigenvalue of the IIC matrix. The proposed method requires only four interferograms, unlike others, and can extract phase shifts reliably even from interferograms without well-defined fringes, such as speckle patterns. In typical conditions, reference phase shifts and wave-front phases can be determined with an accuracy of lambda/6310 and lambda/150, respectively. The validity of the method is tested by comparing it with other methods in experiments and simulations.     

Application of the complete multiple reciprocity method for 3D impedance extraction with multiple frequency points

A complete multiple reciprocity method (CMRM), usually employed for the eigenvalue analysis of Helmholtz equation, is applied to impedance calculation of 3D electric structures for multiple frequency points. Based on a recently proposed boundary integral formulations for impedance calculation, the CMRM is used to separate the boundary integrals into the frequency-dependent and frequency-independent portions so as to accelerate the computation for multiple frequency points. A set of approaches is proposed to handle the severe numerical problems induced by the large varieties of distance r and frequency-dependent k, when applying the CMRM to impedance calculation. As a result, the near-field integrals are calculated with the inner product of a frequency-independent sequence and a frequency-dependent sequence, while the far-field integrals are calculated with an efficient approximate formula. Since the majority of the calculation for generating the overall linear equation system becomes reusable, the impedance extraction with multiple frequency points is greatly accelerated. Several typical structures of interconnects are calculated with the boundary element method combined with CMRM. Numerical results verify the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed methods.     

Nonlinear correlation for estimating the motion of multiple objects in image sequences

A nonlinear correlation algorithm is proposed for estimating the motion of objects from an image pair. This algorithm requires no a priori information on the number, size, or shape of the moving objects and does not require feature extraction or segmentation of either image. The algorithm directly yields information on the number of moving objects, the motion of the objects, and the size of the objects. Additional processing can be performed to yield the centroid of the objects in either frame. The utility of the resulting algorithm is demonstrated by application to a pair of example image sequences.     

相关测速声呐模型参数矩阵化求解方法

相关测速声呐的基本原理是“波形不变性”。该原理指出：发射具有一定时间间隔的信号，接收回波相关性最大的两个基元之间的间距与载体移动速度成正比。相关测速算法首先通过回波数据构建数据相关矩阵，然后利用速度估计算法将理论相关模型和回波数据构建的相关矩阵进行拟合得到最优参数信息，进而解算出载体速度信息。文章以简化最优参数求解流程为目标，提出了基于矩阵推导的参数拟合运算方法。该方法通过将底混响时空相关函数模型中的目标参量进行分离，进而将函数转变为矩阵形式，随后通过矩阵QR分解等手段，根据局部最小二乘法推导目标参数的求解公式，并直接求解出目标参数的解析解。仿真和湖上试验数据验证了该方法可以作为一种速度解算方法的可行性，并且具有运算复杂度低的优点。     

Plane problems of multiple piezoelectric inclusions in a non-piezoelectric matrix

Based on the complex variable method, this paper addresses the plane problems of multiple piezoelectric inclusions in a non-piezoelectric matrix. The inclusions are assumed to be perfectly bounded to the matrix, which is loaded by in-plane mechanical loads while the inclusions are applied by anti-plane electric loads at infinity. The general solutions are first derived for the complex potentials both in the matrix and inside the inclusions, and then numerical results are presented to show the effects of applied electric field, inclusion arrays and material properties on the electroelastic fields around the inclusions. It is shown that the inclusion arrays have a significant influence on the stress distribution at the interface between the matrix and piezoelectric inclusions.     

On postponement strategies for product families with multiple points of differentiation

Several researchers have studied the benefits of product and process design that calls for delaying the differentiation of products. Previous research has focused on products having only one point of differentiation. However, in reality most product families have several points of differentiation. In this paper, we develop two models to study products with more than one point of differentiation. In each model, we examine the benefits of delayed differentiation at each of these points, and derive the necessary conditions when one type of delayed differentiation is more beneficial than the other. Our analysis indicates that demand variabilities, correlations and the relative magnitudes of the lead times play an important role in determining which point of differentiation should be delayed.     

Evaluation of manufacturing system redesign with multiple points of product differentiation

This paper presents a cost model for evaluating the redesign of manufacturing systems with delayed product differentiation (i.e. postponement). In addition to considering multiple points of product differentiation, the proposed model explicitly includes the operational delay cost of intermediate (semi-finished or generic) products waiting at points of postponement because of inefficient scheduling or insufficient capacity, as well as the penalty cost of late-delivered and cancelled orders owing to stockout. This operational delay cost may be particularly prominent in continuous production systems with delayed product differentiation, and is critical in analysing the trade-off between the waiting delay of end products in push-based systems and the operational delay of intermediate products in push–pull systems. This cost model was adopted to analyse the cost and benefit of the postponement strategy implemented by a large copper strips manufacturer in Taiwan. In this case, both manufacturing and logistics postponements were adopted in the redesigned manufacturing system, which involved a third-party logistics service provider. The results demonstrate that the benefits of implementing postponement are largely owing to the reduction in inventory related costs. In addition, we found that both penalty cost and operational delay cost account for a significant portion of the total cost saving resulting from implementing the postponement strategy, whereas no previous models have included these two cost items.     

Study of antibacterial activity by capillary electrophoresis using multiple UV detection points

A new methodology for an antibacterial assay based on capillary electrophoresis with multiple UV detection points has been proposed. The possible antibacterial activity of cationic molecules on bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) is studied by detecting the bacteria before, during, and after their meeting with the cationic antibacterial compound. For that, a UV area imaging detector having two loops and three detection windows was used with a 95 cm ×100 μm i.d. capillary. In the antibacterial assay, the bacteria (negatively charged) and the cationic molecules were injected separately from each end of the capillary. The bacteria were mobilized by anionic ITP mode while cationic molecules migrate in the opposite direction under conditions close to CZE. The cationic molecules were injected into the capillary as a broad band (injected volume about 16% of the volume of the capillary) to prevent dilution of the sample during the electrophoretic process. Bacteriolytic activity, as well as strong interactions between the small antibacterial molecules and the bacteria, can be investigated within a few minutes. The assay was used to study the antibacterial activity of dendrigraft poly-L-lysines on Micrococcus luteus and Erwinia carotovora. Because dendrigraft poly-L-lysines are nonimmunogenic and have low toxicity, this new class of dendritic biomacromolecules is very promising for antibacterial applications.     

Sequential detection of change points for maintained systems using segmented point process models

Traditionally a change point model has been used for detection of change points and estimation of parameters, as an off line change detection procedure. A segmented point process model has been used to identify the changes off‐line in the failure process of a maintained system, with the process domain divided into segments at the points of change in the failure process, the individual segments being modelled by any of the usual point process models with unknown parameters. This paper proposes the use of the segmented point process model for sequentially identifying a change in the failure process of a maintained system due to a change in it's operating/maintenance environment. This method is demonstrated with field data from an industrial setting and its implications for the maintenance of the systems is brought out. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new in vitro/in vivo kinetic correlation method for nitrofurantoin matrix tablet formulations

The kinetic distributions of in vitro percentage release and in vivo percentage urinary excretion rates of nitrofurantoin from matrix tablets were plotted using a kinetic program. In vitro release rates were determined using the USP paddle and half-change methods. Urinary excretion curves of the drug were characterized by means of the statistical moments. The individual linear correlations between each in vitro and in vivo kinetic distribution were established, and regression equations were calculated. The application results of the best correlations obtained were evaluated according to in vivo results. A reversed kinetic procedure was applied for transformation of the correlated kinetic values to the drug percentage release rates. The modified Langenbucher kinetic showed excellent linear correlation (r = .9985). The method that is proposed in this study, the kinetic correlation program, is simple, independent of time, and suggests that it is possible to use kinetic distributions in the in vitro/in vivo correlation. This study also suggests using kinetic correlation to investigate the suitability of the in vitro dissolution methods with the in vivo drug dissolution.