HBeAg阴性乙型肝炎患者前S1、前C区变异、HBV DNA载量的相关性研究

目的探讨HBeAg阴性的乙型肝炎(HBV)感染者前S1抗原阳性与前C区变异发生频率、HBV DNA阳性率之间的关系。方法用荧光定量PCR检测313例HBeAg阴性HBV感染者血清HBV DNA载量,ELISA法检测前S1抗原,测序分析HBV前C区nt1 762~nt1 764位和nt1 896位点基因突变。结果 313例血清HBV DNA阳性175例(55.6%),阴性138(44.1%);175例HBV DNA阳性的标本中有155例(88.6%)前S1抗原阳性,138例HBV DNA阴性的标本中前S1抗原阳性33例(23.9%)。HBV DNA与前S1抗原结果比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);总前S1抗原阳性188例,发生nt1 896位变异为160例,nt1 762~nt1 764位变异为117例。前S1抗原阴性的125例中,发生nt1 896位变异为67例,nt1 762~nt1 764位变异为69例。前S1抗原阳性与阴性患者nt 1 896位点变异率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 HBeAg阴性的HBV感染者中,前S1抗原不受前C区变异影响,可更客观地反映HBV复制状态。     

乙型肝炎病毒载量与血清学标志及preS1抗原的关系

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)载量与血清学标志及preS1抗原的关系,为乙型肝炎的诊断、疗效评估提供科学依据。方法采用荧光定量聚合酶链反应(FQ-PCR)和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),检测患者血清HBVDNA载量、血清学标志及preS1抗原。结果155例HBVDNA载量大于103拷贝/ml的标本中,preS1阳性136例,HBeAg阳性100例,两种检测指标间存在显著性差异(P<0·01)。preS1/HBeAg组合分析检测HBV复制的灵敏度100%、特异性78·1%。preS1或HBeAg阳性患者HBVDNA拷贝数显著高于preS1或HBeAg阴性患者(P<0·01)。结论血清preS1、HBeAg与HBV复制密切相关。作为反映HBV复制的指标,preS1优于HBeAg,preS1/HBeAg组合分析优于preS1,preS1/HBeAg在HBV的诊断和疗效评估方面有重要的临床应用价值。     

继续医学教育试题(5)

一、选择题1.乙肝患者HBeAg阴性、preS1抗原阳性,提示已发生;A.前C区启动子突变(A1762T/G1764A);B.前C区终止密码突变(G1896A);C.信号肽酶裂解位点突变(G1862T);D.细胞毒T细胞对HBeAg的清除。2.血清中心型脂肪酸结合蛋白:A.是一种能与心型脂肪酸结合的蛋白;B.是一种有心肌特异性的脂肪酸结合蛋白;C.血浓度在急性心肌梗死后升高;D.血浓度峰值出现早于心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnⅠ)。3.HBeAg阴性但HBV DNA和preS1抗原都阳性的乙肝患者,HBeAg阴性的机制可能是:A.血中HBeAg浓度过高引起的假阴性;B.HBV前C基因变异导致HBeAg表达障…     

HBV DNA与preS1抗原均阳性患者HBeAg阴性的原因探讨

目的探讨导致HBVDNA阳性、preS1抗原阳性标本ELISA检测HBeAg阴性的原因。方法筛选76例HBeAg阴性而preS1及HBVDNA阳性的血清分别进行（1）血清1：100稀释后重新用ELISA测定HBeAg;（2）用单克隆抗-HBe固相ELISA检测血清HBeAg／IC;（3）用寡核苷酸探针斑点杂交法测定HBV前C区的基因突变。结果76份血清稀释后重测5例HBeAg阳性;38例HBeAg／IC阳性;24例HBV前C区存在基因突变。结论后带效应、HBeAg／IC、前C区基因突变是HBVDNA阳性血清HBeAg阴性的主要原因;HBVDNA阳性、HBeAg阴性标本多为野生型毒株感染,只是由于形成了HBeAg／IC使常规ELISA检测不出HBeAg。     

乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性肝硬化患者前S1抗原、e抗原及乙型肝炎病毒DNA结果分析

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性肝硬化患者血清中HBV前S1抗原(前S1抗原)、HBV e抗原(HBeAg)及HBV核酸定量检测(HBV DNA)相关性。方法 2008年7月-2011年5月对97例HBsAg阳性肝硬化住院患者和50份HBsAg阴性的健康体检者血清进行前S1抗原、HBV血清标志物检测及实时荧光定量PCR检测HBV DNA结果进行分析。结果 97份HBsAg阳性肝硬化患者血清中,前S1抗原、HBeAg及HBV DNA阳性率分别为53.6%(52/97)、22.7%(22/97)及61.8%(60/97)。22例HBeAg阳性血清中,前S1抗原阳性18例(81.8%),HBV DNA阳性20例(90.9%)。75例HBeAg阴性血清中,前S1抗原阳性34例(45.3%),HBV DNA阳性40例(53.3%),两者的前S1抗原与HBV DNA结果间都具有很好的相关性。HBV DNA含量与前S1抗原及HBeAg阳性结果显示:HBsAg阳性的肝硬化患者血清中HBV DNA阴性率为38.1%(含量<103 copies/mL),而阳性检出率HBV DNA含量主要集中在103～105 copies/mL,占81.7%(49/60),HBV DNA含量>105 copies/mL占18.3%(11/60)。结论 HBsAg阳性的肝硬化患者血清中主要以HBV非HBeAg阳性血清学模式为主,HBV DNA阳性检出率的含量主要集中在103～105 copies/mL。前S1抗原在HBeAg阳性血清中与其含有HBsAg病毒及HBeAg阳性患者具有很好的相关性,而在HBeAg阴性血清中存在着差异。     

HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV基因型分布及其与抗病毒治疗疗效的关系

目的探讨绍兴地区拉米夫定治疗乙型肝炎病毒e抗原(HBeAg)阳性慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因型的分布及其与抗病毒治疗疗效的关系。方法对122例HBeAg阳性CHB患者进行基因分型,分析接受拉米夫定抗病毒治疗1年后HBV基因型与HBVDNA、HBeAg、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)及HBVP基因变异的关系。结果122例CHB患者中,B基因型34例(27.87%),C基因型82例(67.21%),D基因型3例(2.45%),C/D混合基因型1例(0.82%),B/C混合基因型2例(1.64%)。B基因型感染者的HBVDNA转阴率、HBeAg转阴率显著高于C基因型感染者(P均0.01),HBVDNA水平显著低于C基因型感染者(P0.05),ALT复常率高于C基因型感染者,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。B基因型感染者中临床表现以CHB轻度为主(44.12%),C基因型感染者临床表现以肝硬化失代偿期为主(30.49%)。B基因型感染者发生基因变异0例,C基因型感染者发生变异4例,两者差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论绍兴地区HBeAg阳性CHB患者HBV以C基因型为主,感染B型HBV的患者较感染C型HBV的患者对抗病毒治疗的应答为好,且临床表现较轻。     

血清HBeAg阴性HBV感染者病毒含量与基因突变的临床关系

目的 :了解HBV感染者血清HBeAg阴转后HBVDNA含量与C基因启动子 (basalcorepromoter,BCP)和C基因 (pre-core/core ,preC/C)变异的关系。方法 :采用PCR微板核酸杂交方法检测 342例血清HBeAg阴性HBV感染者血清HBVDNA含量及BCP与preC/C基因变异。结果 :在HBsAg/HbcAb/HbeAb和HBsAg/HbcAb感染模式中检测到HBVDNA阳性率为 2 2 8% (36 / 15 8)及 31 6 % (31/ 98)。两者无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;两种模式中HBVDNA阳性血清的BCP变异检出率分别为 ;6 3 9% (2 3/ 36 )、 5 1 6 % (16 / 31) ;preC/C变异检出率 77 8% (2 8/36 )、 5 8 1% (18/ 31) ;HBVDNA血清浓度平均为 4 9 2± 36 7pg/ml、 5 1 7± 31 5pg/ml,均无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。两种基因变异间无相关关系 (P >0 0 5 )。但BCP变异组HBVDNA (6 1 8± 34 1pg/ml)显著高于非变异组 (34 4±2 9 7pg/ml) ;preC/C变异组HBVDNA (5 5 7± 31 5pg/ml)显著高于非变异组 (38 7± 2 4 1pg/ml)。结论 :BCP基因变异与preC/C变异是随机存在于HBeAg转换中 ,突变后血清HBVDNA浓度显著升高     

HBeAg阴性HBV DNA阳性HBV感染者血清HBV DNA与ALT关系之探讨

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒e抗原（HBeAg）阴性乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）DNA阳性HBV感染者血清HBVDNA与丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）之间的关系。方法对508例HBeAg阴性HBVDNA阳性（10^3～10^8copies／mL）HBV感染者血清进行ALT测定。结果乙型肝炎“小三阳”（HBsAg＋／HBeAb＋／HBcAb＋）患者血清ALT增高率：10^3～10^4copies／mL组为56．7％，10^5～10^6copies／mL组为80．5％，10^7～10^8copies／mL组为94．7％;HBsAg＋／抗-HBc＋患者血清ALT增高率：10^3～10^4 copies／mL组为64．3％，10^5～10^6copies／mL组为83．0％，10^7～10^8 copies／mL组为100．0％。结论HBeAg阴性HBVDNA阳性HBV感染者血清HBVDNA与ALT之间有显著相关性，因此HBVDNA可以作为HBeAg阴性HBV感染者肝细胞损害程度的评估指标。     

HBeAg阴性HBV感染者血清PreS2抗原和HBV DNA检测结果的比较

目的探讨HBeAg阴性的乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染者血清前S2抗原（PreS2-Ag）与HBVDNA检测的临床意义。方法采用荧光定量PCR检测120例HBeAg阴性HBV感染者血清HBVDNA，ELISA法检测血清PreS2-Ag。结果（1）120例HBV感染者血清PreS2-Ag阳性45例（37．5％），PreS2-Ag阴性75例（62．5％）；（2）120例HBeAg阴性HBV感染者中血清HBVDNA〉10^3 copies／ml 35例（29．2％）；其PreS2-Ag皆阳性（100．0％）；HBVDNA≤10^3 copies／ml 85例（71．8％），其中PreS2-Ag阳性10例（11．8％），与前者相比差异具有显著性（Χ^2=17．09，P〈0．01）。（3）110例HBV感染者血清PreS2-Ag与HBVDNA检测结果一致，符合率为91．7％（110／120），85例血清HBeAg与HBVDNA检测结果一致，符合率为70．8％（85／120），两者相比差异具有显著性（Χ^2=17．09、P〈0．01）。结论HBeAg阴性HBV感染者中，PreS2-Ag较HBeAg更敏感反映体内HBV感染和复制状态，PreS2-Ag更有利于乙型肝炎的疗效观察和预后判断。     

HBV BCP变异、前C区变异与HBeAg、HBV DNA的关系

目的 探讨慢性乙型肝炎HBV BCP变异、前c区变异与HBeAg表达、HBV DNA的关系.方法 HBV基因变异检测采用乙型肝炎病毒基因多态性检测芯片技术;血清HBV DNA水平和HBV-M的检测分别采用荧光定量核酸技术和ELISA法.结果HBV BCP变异株与HBeAg的阴转无显著相关性(P>0.05),但e抗原(+)/e抗体(-)组HBV DNA水平明显高于e抗原(-)/e抗体(+)组(P<0.001);HBV BCP联合前C区变异株与HBeAg阴性表达显著相关(P<0.001);且HBVDNA水平低于单纯HBV BCP变异组(P<0.05).结论 HBV BCP变异不能显著影响HBeAg的阴转,但可增加HBV DNA合成,使病毒复制进一步增强;前C区变异对HBeAg阴性的影响较大,但可导致HBV DNA的复制下降.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。