Surgical staging in endometrial cancer

Early presentation of endometrial cancer permits effective management with excellent clinical outcome. The addition of hysteroscopy to dilatation and curettage (D&C) in the evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding adds little to the detection of malignancy. Imaging studies such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron-emission tomography may be of use in determining the presence of extrauterine disease in patients medically unfit for surgical staging. However, these studies are not sufficiently sensitive to replace surgical staging and have little role in routine preoperative evaluation. Clinical staging alone is clearly inadequate, as 23% of preoperative clinical stage I/II patients are upstaged with comprehensive surgical staging. Preoperative tumor grade from D&C or office biopsy may be inaccurate and lead to an underestimate of tumor progression if used to determine which patients should be surgically staged. Clinical estimation of depth of invasion, with or without frozen section, is inaccurate and may lead to underestimation of disease status when surgical staging is not performed. The practice of resecting only clinically suspicious nodes should be discouraged as it is no substitute for comprehensive surgical staging. Comprehensive surgical staging provides proper guidance for postoperative adjuvant therapy, avoiding needless radiation in 85% of clinical stage I/II patients. Finally, resection of occult metastasis with surgical staging may improve survival.     

鼻腔癌临床TNM新分期的研究

目的根据对目前几种主要鼻腔癌临床分期的分析,提出新的临床分期标准。方法运用122例鼻腔癌患者的临床资料,对目前主要的鼻腔癌临床分期进行分析。并结合临床资料,通过计算机优化和筛选,提出新的临床分期。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,多因素分析采用Cox回归模型。结果根据新的临床分期标准,本组122例中,T1期16例,12期32例,13期42例,T4期32例,其5年生存率分别为78．8％,64．6％,49．9％和30．0％;Ⅰ期患者16例,Ⅱ期患者26例,Ⅲ期患者45例,Ⅳ期患者35例,其5年生存率分别为78．8％,68．4％,51．3％和29．0％。全组总的5年生存率为61．6％。新的临床分期标准结合了现代影像学技术,与现有各分期比较,更符合TNM分期的一般原则,各期例数分布均匀,生存曲线有显著差异。结论新的临床分期标准在各项参数上均优于现存的鼻腔癌各临床分期法,值得临床应用和推广。     

Thoracic neoplasms: Imaging requirements for diagnosis and staging

This article reviews the pathophysiology of thoracic neoplasms and discusses current imaging recommendations for diagnosis and staging of these tumors. Particular emphasis is given to primary lung cancers, which comprise a variety of tumors of differing histologic type and behavior. The development of cost-effective diagnostic/staging sequences with continually changing imaging technology continues to be a challenging goal. Our recommendations are based on the TNM system and data from the current literature employing the experience from our institution.     

2009年国际妇产科联盟子宫内膜癌分期标准对磁共振成像分期诊断价值的影响

目的 分析2009年国际妇产科联盟(FIGO)分期的变化,探讨新版分期标准下磁共振成像(MRI)对子宫内膜癌的诊断价值。方法 分析63例经术后病理证实的子宫内膜癌初治患者的MRI 资料,对比在2009和1988年FIGO分期标准下,MRI对各期子宫内膜癌的诊断价值。结果 2009年FIGO分期中,将肿瘤局限于内膜和侵犯深度＜1/2肌层合并为Ⅰa期;将侵犯深度＞1/2肌层重新定义为Ⅰb期;仅有宫颈腺体受累归为Ⅰ期;删除了腹水或腹腔冲洗液中有癌细胞这一分期标准。以1988年FIGO分期为标准,MPI对Ⅰa期、Ⅰb期、Ⅰc期、Ⅰ期、Ⅱa期、Ⅱb期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲa期、Ⅲb期、Ⅲc 期、Ⅲ期和Ⅳb期诊断的准确率分别为95.2％、79.4％、81.0％、84.1％、96.8％、90.5％、90.5％、92.1％、98.4％、92.1％、82.5％和98.4％。以2009年FIGO分期为标准,MR]对Ⅰa期、Ib期、I期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲa期、Ⅲb期、Ⅲc期、Ⅲ期和Ⅳb期诊断的准确率分别为88.9％、81.0％、88.9％、92.1％、98.4％、98.4％、92.1％、88.9％和98.4％。结论2009年FIGO分期标准在1988年FIGO分期的基础上进行简化,使MRI评价Ⅰ～Ⅲ期子宫内膜癌的准确率有不同程度地提高,并进一步增加了子宫内膜癌术前分期的可靠性。     

67例子宫内膜癌临床与手术分期的对比分析

目的 探讨子宫内膜癌临床与手术分期的临床意义。方法 对我院初治选择手术治疗的67例子宫内膜癌患的临床与手术病理资料进行回顾性分析，对临床分期与手术分期进行比较，并就手术方式进行探讨。结果 两不符合率为28．36％。临床Ⅰ期为21．42％(12／56)，Ⅱ期为66．67％(6／9)、Ⅲ期为50．00％(1／2)；病理类型、组织学分级手术前后总的误差率均为29．85％。临床Ⅰ期中，淋巴结转移率为1．78％，肌层浸润占73．2l％、腹腔细胞学检查阳性率为23．79％；临床Ⅱ期中，淋巴结转移率为28．57％(2／7)、肌层浸润占88．89(8／9)、腹腔细胞学阳性率为33．33％(2／6)。结论 手术分期较真实地反映了病变范围和病理特性，能客观判断预后，并指导治疗。     

Comparison of FIGO 1988 and 2009 staging systems for endometrial carcinoma

The objective of this study was to compare FIGO 1988 and 2009 endometrial carcinoma staging systems in terms of patient distribution and efficacy in predicting prognosis in patients treated with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy (RT). Medical records of 351 patients treated between 1994 and 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. Adjuvant RT was in the form of vaginal cuff brachytherapy (BRT) in patients with uterine confined disease and risk factors, whereas high-risk patients received risk-adapted external pelvic RT. The median follow-up time was 55?months (range, 2.5-133?months). Five-year overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) for the entire group was 83 and 88%, respectively. Stage migration was observed in 188 (54%) patients. Stage migration generally did not cause any significant effect in OS and DFS rates. However, 5-year OS and DFS for stage I patients with positive peritoneal cytology was significantly lower than the other patients with negative cytology in FIGO 2009 system. The survival curves overlapped for stage IA, IB and II in the new staging system. On the other hand, the division of stage IIIC as IIIC1 and IIIC2 significantly affected the prognosis. Patients with stage IIIC2 tumor had 40% OS and 48% DFS rates compared to 69 and 66% in stage IIIC1 patients (p?=?0.002). The major improvement of FIGO 2009 seems to be the subclassification of stage IIIC disease into IIIC1 and IIIC2. The positivity of peritoneal cytology per se seems to have an influence in prognosis in our cohort. To withdraw the positive cytology from staging may mislead the prognosis estimation in these patients and lead to undertreatment.     

腹水细胞学检查对子宫内膜癌分期的影响

目的探讨腹水细胞学检查对子宫内膜癌分期的影响.方法回顾性分析1989年10月～1998年10月收治的54例Ⅰ～Ⅱ期子宫内膜癌,就其术前临床分期与手术-病理分期进行比较,并分析腹水细胞学检查对分期的影响.结果因腹水细胞学阳性而使36例临床Ⅰ期患者中4例上调到手术-病理分期的Ⅲa期,分期误差率11.1%.18例临床Ⅱ期患者中5例上调到手术-病理分期的Ⅲa期,分期误差率27.8%.总误差率16.7%(9/54).结论腹水细胞学检查对子宫内膜癌分期的影响值得关注,手术前收集腹水或腹腔冲洗液送检是子宫内膜癌重要的诊断程序.     

机器人辅助子宫内膜癌分期手术的临床分析

目的 探讨机器人辅助子宫内膜癌分期手术的临床疗效及应用价值。方法回顾性分析2010年3月至2015年3月因子宫内膜癌行机器人辅助分期手术的30例患者的临床资料。结果机器人辅助子宫内膜癌分期手术的平均手术时间为（218.2±32.5）min,平均出血量为（136.8±60.1）ml,平均清扫淋巴结数为（23.9±4.4）个,术后肠道功能恢复平均时间为（1.3±0.6）d,抗生素平均使用时间为（5.1±3.7）d,平均住院时间为（9.2±5.3）d。术后发生3例泌尿系感染,1例淋巴囊肿,1例下肢血栓。结论 机器人辅助子宫内膜癌分期手术安全可行。     

Prognostic factors for thymic epithelial neoplasms, with emphasis on tumor staging

The prognosis of thymic epithelial tumors depends on their separation into thymoma and thymic carcinoma, as well as the extent to which they involve adjacent tissues and organs. To formalize evaluations of the latter attribute, several staging systems have been developed over the past 30 years. These include the Masaoka, Bergh, Wilkins-Castleman, Groupe d'Etudes des Tumeurs Thymiques, and tumor-nodal-metastasis schemes. The first of those formulations is most commonly employed in clinical practice, at least in the United States. The author believes that surgical-pathologic staging is the most powerful and reliable prognosticator for thymoma, as compared with histologic subtype-related prediction of behavior for that tumor type. Those topics, as well as affiliated issues concerning tissue sampling and staging techniques, are discussed in this article.     

Magnetic resonance tomography in the staging of uterine neoplasms

Diagnostic significance of MR imaging used for cervical carcinoma staging was established during the examination of 71 patients with verified tumors stage I-III. These findings were compared with the clinical and surgical data. MRI procedure proved highly effective in detecting uterine body involvement, identification of hydroureter caused by the ureters being squeezed by parametrial infiltrates as well as reliable exclusion of parametrial infiltration of bladder wall invasion. It is instrumental in assessing involvement of tissues around the uterus and regional lymph node condition.     

Role of ultrasonography in the staging of gastrointestinal neoplasms

This article reviews the capabilities and limits of ultrasonography (US) in the staging of gastrointestinal neoplasms. US is a well-established tool in the investigation of abdominal diseases. Its role is very important in the first approach to liver, gallbladder, biliary, and pancreatic diseases, but its abilities for accurate staging may be limited by various factors, which will be discussed. In the evaluation of the stomach and intestine, US is rarely utilized, but it can occasionally demonstrate an unsuspected gastrointestinal mass that usually must be evaluated further with specific techniques (endoscopy and barium studies) to confirm the diagnosis and to perform an accurate staging (with endosonography and computed tomography).     

Comparison of laparoscopic versus conventional open surgical staging procedure for endometrial cancer

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the surgical outcomes of laparoscopic surgery and conventional laparotomy for endometrial cancer.

Methods

A total of 104 consecutive patients were non-randomly assigned to either laparoscopic surgery or laparotomy. All patients underwent comprehensive surgical staging procedures including total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and pelvic/para-aortic lymphadenectomy. The safety, morbidity, and survival rates of the two groups were compared, and the data was retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Thirty-four patients received laparoscopic surgery and 70 underwent laparotomy. Operation time for the laparoscopic procedure was 227.0±28.8 minutes, which showed significant difference from the 208.1±46.4 minutes (p=0.032) of the laparotomy group. The estimated blood loss of patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery was 230.3±92.4 mL. This was significantly less than that of the laparotomy group (301.9±156.3 mL, p=0.015). The laparoscopic group had an average of 20.8 pelvic and 9.1 para-aortic nodes retrieved, as compared to 17.2 pelvic and 8.5 para-aortic nodes retrieved in the laparotomy group. There was no significant difference (p=0.062, p=0.554). The mean hospitalization duration was significantly greater in the laparotomy group than the laparoscopic group (23.3 and 16.4 days, p<0.001). The incidence of postoperative complications was 15.7% and 11.8% in the laparotomy and laparoscopic groups respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in the survival rate.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic surgical staging operation is a safe and effective therapeutic procedure for management of endometrial cancer with an acceptable morbidity compared to the laparotomic approach, and is characterized by far less blood loss and shorter postoperative hospitalization.     

Lymphadenectomy increases the prognostic value of the revised 2009 FIGO staging system for endometrial cancer: A multi-center study

Background

We investigated whether pelvic or para-aortic lymphadenectomy increases the prognostic value of the revised 2009 FIGO staging system in patients with endometrial cancer (EC).

Methods

We reviewed 786 patients with EC from six tertiary medical centers between July 1996 and June 2008. All patients were classified according to the 1988 FIGO staging system: IA (n = 234); IB (n = 270); IC (n = 109); IIA (n = 35); IIB (n = 29); IIIA (n = 37); IIIB (n = 3); IIIC (n = 69), and the revised 2009 FIGO staging system was also applied to divide them: IA (=542); IB (=125); II (n = 29); IIIA (n = 18); IIIB (n = 3); IIIC1 (n = 43); IIIC2 (n = 26). Prognostic values between the 1988 and the revised 2009 FIGO staging systems were compared by multivariate Cox’s proportional hazard analysis.

Results

The 1988 FIGO stage IC, IIB, IIIA + IIIB and IIIC, and the revised 2009 FIGO stage IB, II, IIIA + IIIB and IIIC2 diseases were prognostic factors for poor PFS, whereas the 1988 FIGO stage IIB and IIIC, and the revised 2009 FIGO stage II, IIIA + IIIB and IIIC2 diseases were unfavorable prognostic factors for OS. Although these results were similar to those in 595 patients who underwent pelvic or para-aortic lymphadenectomy, the revised 2009 FIGO stage IIIC1 disease was an additional prognostic factor for poor PFS and OS (adjusted HRs, 4.19 and 11.25; 95% CIs, 1.39–12.60 and 2.23–36.74).

Conclusions

The revised 2009 FIGO staging system had a higher prognostic value than the 1988 FIGO staging system, and pelvic or para-aortic lymphadenectomy increased the prognostic value of the revised 2009 FIGO staging system for EC.