无铅BGA封装可靠性的力学试验与分析

着重研究了机械冲击和应力对无铅BGA封装焊点可靠性的影响,介绍了BGA封装的可靠性力学试验(跌落、弯曲试验)及其分析方法.通过对力学试验中失效焊点的分析以及借助ANSYS模拟工具,找出引起失效的根本原因,为开发性能更好、高可靠性的无铅材料、改进无铅工艺提供依据.     

系统级封装中焊点失效分析技术

针对系统级封装(Si P)结构中的互连可靠性检测,提出了叠层封装中焊点失效分析的原则和程序。对采用3D X-ray和金相技术的焊点缺陷分析方法进行了对比,验证了3D X-ray分析复杂Si P封装焊点和互连缺陷的可行性。讨论了失效的模式和失效机理,并从设计和工艺角度提出降低各种失效机理的改进措施。     

BGA焊点可靠性研究综述

随着集成电路封装技术的发展,BGA封装得到了广泛应用,而其焊点可靠性是现代电子封装技术的重要课题。该文介绍了BGA焊点可靠性分析的主要方法,同时对影响焊点可靠性的各因素进行综合分析。并对BGA焊点可靠性发展的前景进行了初步展望。     

电子封装无铅互连焊点的电迁移研究进展

随着电子封装逐渐向小型化和多功能化发展,互连焊点中的电迁移问题备受关注。本文针对电子封装无铅互连焊点中出现的电迁移问题,先探究了电迁移的影响因素,其中包括电流密度、温度、焊点的成分和微观结构。其次,阐述了电迁移对无铅焊点的力学性能、界面组织、振动疲劳性能和断裂机制的影响。然后针对电迁移问题,介绍了通过添加合金元素和控制电流密度两个方面来提高焊点的抗电迁移失效的能力。最后,简述了该领域的研究发展方向,为进一步研究电迁移对无铅互连焊点的可靠性提供了理论基础。     

PBGA封装热可靠性分析

对PBGA封装体建立了有限元数值模拟分析模型。模型采用无铅焊点,完全焊点阵列形式。研究了封装体在经历IPC9701标准下的五种不同温度循环加载后,受到的热应力、应变,以及可能的失效形式。结果表明,焊点是封装体结构失效的关键环节,焊点所受应力大小与焊点位置有关。比较了不同温度循环下封装体的疲劳寿命。其结果为提高封装体的可靠性和优化设计提供了理论依据。     

CBGA、CCGA器件植球／柱工艺板级可靠性研究

陶瓷球栅阵列（CBGA）和陶瓷柱栅阵列（CCGA）封装由于其高密度、高可靠性和优良的电热性能,被广泛应用于武器装备和航空航天等电子产品。而CBGA／CCGA焊点由于其材料和结构特性,在温度循环等可靠性试验中焊点容易发生开裂,导致器件失效。本文以CBGA256和CCGA256封装产品为例,通过陶瓷基板与PCB板的菊花链设计来验证CBGA／CCGA焊点的可靠性,并对焊点的失效行为进行分析。结果表明,CCGA焊点可靠性要高于CBGA焊点,焊点主要发生蠕变变形,边角处焊点在温度循环过程中应力最大,容易最先开裂。     

BGA封装倒装焊点不同接触面跌落失效的研究

采用自由跌落的试验方法,研究了BGA(球栅阵列)封装自由跌落到不同材质基板后的可靠性,对比分析焊点裂纹产生、扩展直至断裂的机理。对失效封装芯片进行了染色处理,观察BGA封装中焊点的失效位置和焊点内部裂纹的形貌。结果表明,不同接触面上焊球裂纹都经历稳态-扩展-失效的过程,石质接触面上裂纹出现最早,裂纹扩展最快,失效最快,钢质接触面次之,最后是木质接触面。木质接触面的焊点失效模式主要是焊盘失效;钢质和石质接触面的焊点的失效模式以金属间化合物失效为主。比例风险模型(PHM)估计得到的寿命值与试验结果误差较小,能有效预测焊点自由跌落条件下的寿命。     

第四十届国际微电子学术会议论文摘要选编（续一）

电子封装的预先可靠性评估和建立失效率模型;高端倒装芯片系统级封装（SiP）的第二级和第三级焊点可靠性;3-DVLSI芯片堆叠所用的组装技术;半导体封装中水汽所致失效的数值分析;高温和元素合金影响Al芯片金属化层上Au球焊互连中的Kirkendall空隙生成;高密度电场中功率晶体管管芯表面上的铝迁移.     

基于有限元仿真的BGA焊点可靠性分析

集成化与微型化是芯片集成电路产业发展的特点,其中芯片封装热振失效是影响其可靠性的重要原因。为进一步优化BGA焊点结构并提高可靠性,本文运用ANSYS将TOPLINE的BGA器件建成了3D模型,进行了数值模拟仿真后,利用田口正交稳健设计进行了BGA焊点结构优化。数值分析表明：芯片边角焊点为热失效关键焊点,距封装中心最远焊点为随机振动失效关键焊点;经田口正交优化热设计为焊点阵列12*12,焊点径向尺寸0.42mm,焊点高度0.38mm,焊点间距0.6m;随机振动设计为焊点间距0.46 mm,焊点径向尺寸0.42 mm,焊点阵列10*10,焊点高度0.30 mm。本研究中的分析成果对优化球珊阵列芯片封装焊点结构的设计,提升芯片封装器件结构稳定性具有重要意义,我们提出的优化设计将对封测产业的生产具有一定的影响和价值。     

Ni-MWCNTs有效抑制倒装LED封装焊层中的原子扩散

半导体器件的先进封装在提高芯片集成度、电气连接以及性能优化的过程中扮演着重要角色。在实际生产中,焊点被认为是封装可靠性的瓶颈,一个焊点的失效就有可能造成器件整体失效。但是这个瓶颈是可以突破的,上海应用技术大学邹军教授团队通过在封装焊料中添加纳米颗粒提高了钎焊接头的抗剪切强度和抗疲劳性能,以提升封装可靠性。     

Advanced Numerical and Experimental Techniques for Analysis of Dynamic Responses and Solder Joint Reliability During Drop Impact

Board level solder joint reliability performance during drop test is a critical concern to semiconductor and electronic product manufacturers. A new JEDEC standard for board level drop test of handheld electronic products was just released to specify the drop test procedure and conditions. However, there is no detailed information stated on dynamic responses of printed circuit board (PCB) and solder joints which are closely related to stress and strain of solder joints that affect the solder joint reliability, nor there is any simulation technique which provides good correlation with experimental measurements of dynamic responses of PCB and the resulting solder joint reliability during the entire drop impact process. In this paper, comprehensive dynamic responses of PCB and solder joints, e.g., acceleration, strains, and resistance, are measured and analyzed with a multichannel real-time electrical monitoring system, and simulated with a novel input acceleration (Input-G) method. The solder joint failure process, i.e., crack initiation, propagation, and opening, is well understood from the behavior of dynamic resistance. It is found experimentally and numerically that the mechanical shock causes multiple PCB bending or vibration which induces the solder joint fatigue failure. It is proven that the peeling stress of the critical solder joint is the dominant failure indicator by simulation, which correlates well with the observations and assumptions by experiment. Coincidence of cyclic change among dynamic resistance of solder joints, dynamic strains of PCB, and the peeling stress of the critical solder joints indicates that the solder joint crack opens and closes when the PCB bends down and up, and the critical solder joint failure is induced by cyclic peeling stress. The failure mode and location of critical solder balls predicted by modeling correlate well with experimental observation by cross section and dye penetration tests.     

Effect of substrate flexibility on solder joint reliability. Part II: finite element modeling

Solder joint fatigue failure is a serious reliability concern in area array technologies, such as flip chip and ball grid array packages of integrated-circuit chips. The selection of different substrate materials could affect solder joint thermal fatigue life significantly. The mechanism of substrate flexibility on improving solder joint thermal fatigue was investigated by thermal mechanical analysis (TMA) technique and finite element modeling. The reliability of solder joints in real flip chip assembly with both rigid and compliant substrates was evaluated by accelerated temperature cycling test. Finite element simulations were conducted to study the reliability of solder joints in flip chip on flex assembly (FCOF) and flip chip on rigid board assembly (FCOB) applying Anand model. Based on the finite element analysis results, the fatigue lives of solder joints were obtained by Darveaux’s crack initiation and growth model. The thermal strain/stress in solder joints of flip chip assemblies with different substrates were compared. The results of finite element analysis showed a good agreement with the experimental results. It was found that the thermal fatigue lifetime of FCOF solder joints was much longer than that of FCOB solder joints. The thermal strain/stress in solder joints could be reduced by flex buckling or bending and flex substrates could dissipate energy that otherwise would be absorbed by solder joints. It was concluded that substrate flexibility has a great effect on solder joint reliability and the reliability improvement was attributed to flex buckling or bending during temperature cycling.     

Stacked solder bumping technology for improved solder joint reliability

Solder joint failure is a serious reliability concern in flip-chip and ball grid array packages of integrated-circuit chips. In current industrial practice, the solder joints take on the shape of a spherical segment. Mathematical calculations and finite element modeling have shown that hourglass-shaped solder joints would have the lowest plastic strain and stress during a temperature cycle, thus the longest lifetime. In an effort to improve solder joint reliability, we have developed a stacked solder bumping technique for fabricating triple-stacked hourglass-shaped solder joints. This solder bumping technology can easily control the solder joint shape and height. The structure of triple-stacked solder joints consists of an inner cap, middle ball and outer cap. The triple-stacked solder joints are expected to have greater compliance than conventional solder joints and are able to relax the stresses caused by the coefficient of thermal expansion mismatching between the silicon chips and substrates since it has a greater height. Furthermore, the hourglass-shaped solder joints are to have a much lower stress/strain concentration at the interface between the solder joint and the silicon die as well as at the interface between the solder joint and substrate than barrel-shaped solder joints, especially around the corners of the interfaces. In this paper, the solder bumping process is designed and joint reliability is evaluated. Mechanical tests have been carried out to characterize the adhesion strength of the solder joints. The interfaces of the solder joints are investigated by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Temperature cycling results show that the triple-stacked hourglass-shaped solder joints are more reliable than the traditional spherical-shaped solder joints.     

倒装芯片焊点可靠性的有限元模拟法综述

随着集成电路封装技术的发展,倒装芯片技术得到广泛的应用。由于材料的热膨胀失配,使倒装焊点成为芯片封装中失效率最高的部位,而利用快捷又极具参考价值的有限元模拟法是研究焊点可靠性的重要手段之一。介绍了集成电路芯片焊点可靠性分析的有限元模拟法,概括了利用该方法对芯片焊点进行可靠性评价常见的材料性质和疲劳寿命预测模型。     

Effect of voids on the reliability of BGA/CSP solder joints

Voids in solder joints have been considered as a defect in electronics assembly. The factors that affect void formation are complex and involve the interaction of many factors. There are no established standards for void size and void area in a solder joint for it to be deemed defective. Inspection criteria have been very subjective. The effect of voids on the reliability of solder joint may depend not only on the size, but also on frequency and location. This study is focussed on investigating the effect of voids on the reliability of solder joints. The size, location and frequency effects on the reliability were studied. Testing was done by mechanical deflection testing (torsion) system and air to air thermal cycling (−40 °C/125 °C). Failures were analyzed for the failure modes by cross sectional analysis. The results indicate that voids reduce the life of the solder joint. Voids which are greater than 50% of the solder joint area, decrease the mechanical robustness of the solder joints. Small voids also have an effect on the reliability, but it is dependent on the void frequency and location.     

Flip chip solder joint reliability analysis using viscoplastic and elastic-plastic-creep constitutive models

Both elastic-plastic-creep and viscoplastic constitutive models may be used for inelastic deformation analysis of solder joints. In this paper, a phenomenological approach using elastic-plastic-creep analysis and an Anand viscoplastic model is reported for solder joint reliability. Flip chip soldered assemblies with 63Sn-37Pb solder joints were subjected to a thermal cyclic loading condition of -40 to +125/spl deg/C to assess the solder joint fatigue performance. In the finite-element modeling, the viscoplastic strain energy density per cycle obtained from the viscoplastic analysis is compared with the inelastic (plastic and creep) strain energy density per cycle calculated from the elastic-plastic-creep analysis. The inelastic (plastic+creep and viscoplastic) strain energy density extracted from the finite-element analysis results, at the critical solder joint location, were used as a failure parameter for solder fatigue models employed. It was found that the predicted solder joint fatigue life has a better correlation to the first failure or first-time-to-failure result.     

Effect of substrate flexibility on solder joint reliability

Solder joint fatigue failure is a serious reliability concern in area array technologies, such as flip chip and ball grid array packages of integrated-circuit chips. The selection of different substrate materials could affect solder joint thermal fatigue lifetime significantly. The reliability of solder joint in flip chip assembly for both rigid and compliant substrates was evaluated by accelerated temperature cycling test. Experimental results strongly showed that the thermal fatigue lifetime of solder joints in flip chip on flex assembly was much improved over that in flip chip on rigid substrate assembly. Debonding area of solder joints in flip chip on rigid board and flip chip on flex assemblies were investigated, and it was found that flex substrate could slow down solder joint crack propagation rate. The mechanism of substrate flexibility on improving solder joint thermal fatigue was investigated by thermal mechanical analysis (TMA) technique. TMA results showed that flex substrate buckles or bends during temperature cycling and this phenomenon was discussed from the point of view of mechanics of the flip chip assembly during temperature cycling process. It was indicated that the thermal strain and stress in solder joints could be reduced by flex buckling or bending and flex substrates could dissipate energy that otherwise would be absorbed by solder joints. It was concluded that substrate flexibility has a great effect on solder joint reliability and the reliability improvement was attributed to flex buckling or bending during temperature cycling.     

A review of board level solder joints for mobile applications

The reliability of electronics under drop-shock conditions has attracted significant interest in recent years due to the widespread use of mobile electronic products. This review focuses on the drop-impact reliability of lead-free solder joints that interconnect the integrated circuit (IC) component to the printed circuit board (PCB). Major topics covered are the physics of failure in drop-impact; the use of board level and component level test methods to evaluate drop performance; micro-damage mechanisms; failure models for life prediction under drop-impact; modelling and simulation techniques; and dynamic stress–strain properties of solder joint materials. Differential bending between the PCB and the IC component is the dominant failure driver for solder joints in portable electronics subjected to drop-impact. Board level drop-shock tests correlate well with board level high speed cyclic bending tests but not with component level ball impact shear tests. Fatigue is the micro-damage mechanism responsible for the failure of solder joints in the drop-shock of PCB assemblies and the fatigue strength of solder joints depends strongly on the strain rate, test temperature, and the sequence of loading. Finally, tin-rich lead-free solders exhibit significantly higher strain rate sensitivity than eutectic SnPb solder.     

基于正交试验设计的塑封球栅阵列器件焊点工艺参数与可靠性关系研究

基于正交试验设计法对塑封球栅阵列(PBGA)器件焊点工艺参数与可靠性关系进行了研究.采用混合水平正交表L₁₈(2×3⁷)设计了18种不同工艺参数组合的PBGA测试样件,进行了546小时、最大循环周数2140周的PBGA测试样件可靠性加速热循环试验.基于试验结果进行了极差分析和方差分析;研究了PBGA测试样件寿命的威布尔分布;采用有限元分析方法对热循环加载条件下PBGA焊点内应力应变分布进行了研究.试验结果表明失效焊点裂纹出现于焊点与芯片基板的交界面上.研究结果表明:样件规格对PBGA焊点可靠性有高度显著影响,芯片配重对PBGA焊点可靠性有显著的影响,焊盘直径和钢网厚度对PBGA焊点可靠性无显著影响;最优工艺参数组合为:S2D2G2M1和S2D2G2M2.有限元分析表明在热循环加载条件下PBGA器件内应力最大区域位于焊点与芯片基板的接触面上,裂纹首先在焊点与芯片基板的接触面处产生,有限元分析结果与试验结果相吻合.     

陶瓷封装倒装焊器件Sn-Pb微焊点的电迁移行为

高密度陶瓷封装倒装焊器件的焊点尺寸已降低至100μm以下,焊点电流密度达到10~4 A/cm~2以上,由此引发的电迁移失效成为不可忽视的问题。以陶瓷封装菊花链倒装焊器件为研究对象,开展了Sn10Pb90、Sn63Pb37焊点热电环境可靠性评估试验,通过电连接检测及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法对焊点互连情况进行分析。结果表明,Sn63Pb37焊点阴极侧金属间化合物(IMC)增长明显,表现出明显的极化现象,IMC厚度的平方与通电时间呈线性关系。通电时间达到576 h后Sn63Pb37焊点阴极侧产生微裂纹,而Sn10Pb90焊点在通电576 h后仍未出现异常,表现出优异的电迁移可靠性。研究结果对于直径100μm微焊点的陶瓷封装倒装焊器件的应用具有重要的意义。