珠江三角洲地区臭鼩与农业的关系

臭鼩(Suncus murinus Linnaeus)因其外形略似鼠类,所以珠江三角洲地区不少人把臭鼩误认为“鼠类”,称之谓“骚鼠”。有人认为臭鼩咬食水稻禾苗、甚至认为臭鼩发出的奇臭气味也能使禾苗枯萎,比鼠类还有害;但是,也有部分群众认为臭鼩是益兽,不仅不会危害农作物,而且捕食农业害虫。 我们于1963—1966年在广东省斗门县平沙农场收集了有关臭鼩的资料,根据资料证明,臭鼩是农业上的益兽,应予保护。     

臭鼩鼱的繁殖、食性及体外寄生虫

作者近年来对福建的臭鼩荫进行了繁殖,食性及体外奇生虫的研究。臭鼩荫全年均可繁殖,年平均怀孕率37.45％,以春季怀孕率最高。年平均胎仔数2.99,繁殖指数为67.16食性以昆虫为主,发现食12种昆虫,1种环节动物、1种爬行动物。昆虫中大多属农业害虫。臭鼩鼱有10种体外寄生虫,与流行病有关。     

臭鼩酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶的电泳研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶薄层(o.5毫米)等电聚焦电泳分析了臭鼩(Suncus m．murinus) 心肌、骨骼肌、肾脏、脾脏、肝脏和脑6种组织器官的酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶。结果表明臭鼩6种组织的酯酶同工酶分别具有11—24条酶带,存在着明显的组织特异性。实验还发现其酯酶同工酶存在异型酶。臭鼩6种组织的苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶则未发现存在明显的组织特异性。     

基于细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ基因的中缅树鼩地理种群遗传分化

中缅树鼩广泛分布于东南亚地区,在我国主要分布于西南地区及海南岛。本研究以中国10个地理种群共112只中缅树鼩为研究对象, PCR扩增得到1398 bp的细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ（COⅠ）基因序列,并对其进行分析。 结果显示：112个中缅树鼩COⅠ基因共定义了64个单倍型,其单倍型多样性（Hd）平均值为0.9730,核苷酸多样性（Pi ）平均值为0.04494;AMOVA方差分析显示种群间的变异占总变异的93.09%,说明中缅树鼩地理种群变异主要发生在种群间;整体遗传分化固定指数（F_ST）为0.93091,说明各地理种群中缅树鼩已出现明显的遗传分化;结合中性检验与碱基错配分布图结果表明中缅树鼩在历史进程中未经历过种群扩张现象; 基于单倍型构建的系统进化树与NETWORK网络图显示10个地理种群的中缅树鼩聚为4支：海南种群一支,大新种群一支,片马种群一支,其他种群一支。结果表明：中国不同地理种群的中缅树鼩具有较高的遗传多样性,各地理种群间已经出现了较为明显的遗传分化,地理阻隔作用可能是其分化的主要原因。     

四川短尾鼩的生境选择及对人为干扰的响应

2014年4-9月,通过铗夜法对12种不同生境内的四川短尾鼩种群数量进行了调查,依据捕获率的大小及生境的干扰程度分析四川短尾鼩的生境选择倾向。利用人工捕捉模拟种群干扰,分别在干扰1个月、2个月、3个月、4个月时间之后,监测荒草地、废弃梨树林、灌丛和绿化林4种代表性生境内四川短尾鼩的种群数量、年龄结构、性比的变化,进而分析四川短尾鼩对人为干扰的生态响应。结果显示：（1）四川短尾鼩在12种典型生境中,按捕获率的大小依次分为4个等级：绿化林＞废弃梨树林、景观林、荒草地、桉树林、蔬菜地、灌丛＞人居村落、废弃葡萄园＞竹林,葡萄园,油菜地;（2）四川短尾鼩的生境选择倾向为：异质性适中、适度干扰、竞争较低的生境＞异质性较低、干扰较高的生境（宜觅食、竞争弱）或异质性较高、干扰较低的生境（宜栖身、竞争弱）＞高竞争的生境＞异质性低或强烈干扰或二者兼有的生境。（3）干扰之初,所有生境中四川短尾鼩种群密度明显降低,干扰2个月之后其种群数量均可恢复到正常状态;干扰后性比平均值增加3.52%,怀孕率变化不显著;全部生境中,成体组比例平均降低1.71%,老年组减少7.53%;幼年组的比例平均增长2.33%,亚成体增加6.91%。幼体和亚成体比例的增加,使种群数量在一定时间内保持稳定增长。     

三种家鼠和臭鼩气体代谢的比较研究

在同温及安静条件下,小家鼠的耗氧率为最高,褐家鼠次之,黄胸鼠和臭鼩较低。耗氧率与它们的体重呈负相关;两性间没有差异。血红蛋白(Hb)含量以臭鼩为最高,小家鼠次之,褐家鼠和黄胸鼠较低。Hb含量与性别和体重大小不呈相关性。安静状态下Hb含量与耗氧率相关关系的回归系数r不显著,这些物种间Hb含量差异的生物学意义尚待探明。     

DNA条形码技术在中缅树鼩隆安种群和昆明种群鉴定中的研究

目的:本研究利用线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I基因(CO1)的一段保守区域作为DNA条形码技术的研究序列,探讨DNA条形码技术对中缅树鼩隆安种群和昆明种群进行分类鉴定的可行性。方法:对22只广西隆安树鼩和21只昆明树鼩样本的CO1基因进行PCR扩增、测序,应用MEGA V5软件对序列进行比对及分析其遗传距离,采用NJ法构建系统发育树。结果:中缅树鼩种群中,隆安种群、昆明种群和海南亚种的种内遗传距离为0.00%-0.79%,种群间遗传距离为9.71%-13.59%,中缅树鼩与普通树鼩的种间遗传距离为20.43%-24.11%,存在条形码间隔。系统发育树显示:隆安种群、昆明种群及海南亚种分别聚为一小支,分支置信度高达100%。结论:本研究结果表明DNA条形码技术有助于树鼩种群和亚种的分类鉴定,经CO1基因的测序分析证实广西隆安树鼩和昆明树鼩分属不同的种群。     

湛江市区室内鼠类变动的研究

作者于1985年2月到1988年7月对湛江市区室内鼠情动态进行了调查。鼠种有褐家鼠、黄胸鼠、小家鼠,还有食虫目的臭鼩。调查前后都是四种动物,三年半总的捕获率不变。经创“无鼠害”灭鼠后,鼠类密度下降,而臭鼩的密度上升,成了优势种。鼠类中褐家鼠和黄胸鼠占比例下降,小家鼠却升高。在达标后鼠类密度反复回升,要维持长时间的低密度,应加强巩固工作。从流行病学观点来看,臭鼩数量多了,应和鼠类一起消灭。     

四川短尾鼩种群年龄鉴定的研究

为给四川短尾鼩年龄鉴定提供科学合理的鉴定方法,对1996～2012年贵州省大方县捕获的134只四川短尾鼩(雌性86只,雄性48只)体重统计分析。结果表明:四川短尾鼩平均体重为(31.12±6.48)g。根据体重的频次分配特征,参照其繁殖状况,将四川短尾鼩划分为5个年龄组,制定了各年龄组的体重划分标准:幼年组(Ⅰ)体重≤23.0g,亚成年组(Ⅱ)23.1～28.0g,成年Ⅰ组(Ⅲ)28.1～33.0g,成年Ⅱ组(Ⅳ)33.1～38.0g,老年组(Ⅴ)>38.0g。体重与胴体重、体长之间具有极显著的正相关关系,依据体重与胴体重的回归方程,制定了各年龄组的胴体重划分标准:幼年组(Ⅰ)胴体重≤15.0g,亚成年组(Ⅱ)15.1～19.0g,成年Ⅰ组(Ⅲ)19.1～23.0g,成年Ⅱ组(Ⅳ)23.1～27.0g,老年组(Ⅴ)>27.0g。不同年龄组体重、胴体重之间具有显著差异,随着种群年龄的增长而不断增加。不同年龄组种群繁殖力存在显著差异,随着种群年龄的增长,种群繁殖力不断增加,参与种群繁殖的主要群体为成年Ⅰ组、成年Ⅱ组和老年组,平均怀孕率为37.10%,平均睾丸下降率为72.00%,平均繁殖指数为1.39。种群年龄组成具有明显的季节变化。     

臭鼩高重复顺序DNA的核苷酸顺序分析及其与树鼩TSr(Bgl Ⅱ)-1顺序的比较

将臭鼩DAN经过Bam H Ⅰ酶切得到的高重复顺序DNA最小片段重组到质粒pAT153上,转化后得到了含有臭鼩BMS(Bam H Ⅰ)-1高重复顺序DNA片段的克隆。再把此片段重组到M_(13)mp19噬菌体DNA上。用末端终止法测得全部苷酸顺序为495个碱基对。对臭鼬BMS(Bam H Ⅰ)-1片段的结构特点进行了分析,并和树鼩TSr(BglⅡ)-1高重复顺序DNA进行了比较。为确定树鼩在分类学上的地位,提供了一定的分子遗传学证据。     

农田黑线姬鼠与臭鼩的巢区及种间关系的研究

通过为期一年的标志重捕研究,获得了农田优势种黑线姬鼠与臭聃的巢区、活动距离、领域性等资料,分析了种间领域性及空间分布的关系。并观察到随着捕获突数增多,对动物的可捕性产生影响,再结合对重捕期体重变化的分析,发现长期标志重捕对两种动物产生了正与负的效应。     

An attempt at reciprocal crosses between laboratory strains of large and small musk shrews (Suncus murinus)--influence of body-weight difference between sexes on mating success

We conducted mating experiments between two laboratory strains of musk shrews (Suncus murinus), the large-sized shrews (BAN strain) originating from Bangladesh and the small-sized animals (NAG strain) from Nagasaki, Japan. In the 16 mating trials between 12 BAN females (mean body weight of 87.9 g) and 11 NAG males (52.3 g), highly aggressive fighting behaviors of the BAN females toward the NAG males were observed. The BAN females stayed in nest boxes in cages, whereas the NAG males kept out during the mating trials. No pregnant females were found in the trials. Their pregnancies were diagnosed by palpation on the day about 16 days after the separation of the pairs. Contrastively, in 6 of the 11 trials between 8 NAG females (34.2 g) and 6 BAN males (145.9 g), the viable and fertile F1 hybrids of 8 females and 8 males were produced. The F1, subsequent F2 and backcross progenies appeared neither external nor behavioral abnormalities. Various types of crosses using the F1, F2, and the two parental shrews showed that mating success was in a condition that females were nearly as heavy as males, or lighter. Although body weights of musk shrews from different geographical areas were reported to vary from 43.5 to 147.3 g in males and from 26.0 to 82.0 g in females, males in respective localities were constantly about 1.7 times heavier than the corresponding females. These results therefore suggest that body-weight differences between sexes paired greatly affect mating success in the cross between the strains of induced ovulatory shrews.     

Morphological and reproductive characteristics of musk shrews (Suncus murinus) collected in Bangladesh, and development of the laboratory line (BAN line) derived from them

To establish a unique laboratory line of the musk shrew with different genetic properties from previously developed laboratory lines, 49 male and 49 female shrews were captured in the campus of Bangladesh Agricultural University from October through November in 1983 and from December in 1985 to January in 1986. The shrews collected were of various ages. They had light gray coats, with slight variations in color. Except for the 12 shrews introduced into our laboratory, the total length and body weight of the shrews ranged from 17.2 to 31.9 cm and 32.5 to 147.0 g in males, and 21.1 to 26.6 cm and 40.8 to 110.0 g in females, respectively. Pregnant females were found throughout the trapping period, and the average fetal litter size was 3.54 (11 cases). Five males and 7 females of the shrews captured in 1983 were transported to our laboratory. After more than 100 days of laboratory rearing, their total length and body weight averaged 27.6 cm and 147.3 g in males, and 24.6 cm and 81.7 g in females. Their body weight was more than double that of Japanese shrews. The shrews introduced (except for one male) produced a total of 59 offspring, which were regarded as the first generation of the laboratory line (BAN Line). Gestation period and average litter size were between 28 and 30 days (10 cases) and 3.47 (17 cases), respectively. The BAN line has consisted of about 60 individuals at each generation and has been maintained as a closed breeding colony.     

Postnatal growth pattern of F1 hybrids of a cross between two strains of large and small musk shrews, Suncus murinus

In our previous comparison of the postnatal growth of two laboratory strains of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus), the large shrews originating in Bangladesh (BAN strain) and the small shrews from Nagasaki, Japan (NAG strain), we found that differences in the 120-day adult body weight of the two strains (BAN: males 135.3g and females 82.0g; NAG: 52.9 and 34.2g, respectively) reflect both an approximately 2.5 times longer linear growth phase and an approximately 1.5 times higher growth rate during this phase in the BAN strain. We examined the postnatal growth (from 5 to 120 days after birth) of the F1 hybrids of a cross between the two strains and compared our findings with the above-mentioned growth data for the parent strains. A growth equation composed of linear and monomolecular functions was fitted to the growth data for the shrews. The growth trajectories of both sexes of the F1 hybrids were situated roughly midway between those of the two parent strains throughout the entire growth process. The adult body weight of the F1 shrews at 120 days of age averaged 86.0g in the males and 51.7g in the females. The growth phase lasted approximately 60 days in the males and approximately 40 days in the females of both the F1 shrews and the parent strains. The duration of the linear growth phase of the F1 hybrids (29.8 days in the males and 19.0 days in the females), however, was approximately intermediate between the parent strains (BAN: males 33.4 days and females 26.1 days; NAG: 18.8 and 13.9 days, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Patterns of sexual receptivity in the female musk shrew (Suncus murinus)

Female musk shrews (Suncus murinus) were tested daily to examine patterns of sexual receptivity. When only mounting was used as a criterion (to avoid pregnancy), nonpregnant females remained sexually receptive to males every day for 14 consecutive days. When insemination was allowed, most females continued to copulate for the first 5 days of pregnancy. Receptivity declined markedly around Day 10 of gestation, but a few females were receptive even into late pregnancy. Lactating females copulated with males 5 and 10 days after parturition. In general, unlike most mammals studied in the laboratory, the nonpregnant female musk shrew has no behavioral estrous cycle. Musk shrews are ready to mate anytime except in mild to late pregnancy, and even then occasionally mating is found.     

四川短尾鼩（Anourosorex squamipes)种群动态研究

四川短尾鼩(Anourosorex squmipes)的怀孕期在每年的4、7 、9月,种群数量高峰为6月和10～11月。其种群数量的消长可分为种群潜伏期(3-4月)、盛发期(6、8、9月)、始衰期(10-11月)、凋落期(12、1、2月)以及数量间歇期(7月)和繁殖间歇期(5月)。该兽在田间是以个体群为基础的聚集型分布格局,并有高密度时低聚集和低密度时高聚集的分布特征。     

Cream, a new coat-color mutant in the musk shrew

A coat-color mutant was found in the wild musk shrew (Suncus murinus, Insectivora). Five musk shrews with gray pelage, the common coat color of this species, were captured in the village of Tambum near Jakarta, Indonesia. Two males and two females were transported to Japan and mated. Matings between one male and two females segregated several cream-colored offspring, a color that had never been seen before in this species. From the pedigree record and data on mating experiments, it was confirmed that this mutant coat color was expressed in the homozygote by an autosomal recessive gene designated cr, and at least three of the four wild shrews examined were carriers of this gene. The cr gene was associated with failure of normal pigmentation in the pelage and skin. The mutant shrews also showed some behavioral abnormalities.     

Development of a laboratory line (SRI line) derived from the wild house musk shrew, Suncus murinus, indigenous to Sri Lanka

Five male and 9 female house musk shrews (Suncus murinus) captured in Koralawella, Sri Lanka were acquired by our laboratory. One male and 3 females alone contributed to the development of a new laboratory line (SRI line). The SRI line has been maintained as a closed breeding colony consisting of more than 40 shrews. Gestation period and litter size at birth averaged 31.2 days (43 cases) and 2.4 (43 litters), respectively. The SRI line shrews were uniformly covered with light gray fur. The body weight and total length of adult shrews averaged 72.9 g and 23.9 cm in males, and 49.6 g and 21.0 cm in females. These data indicate a body size intermediate between BAN line shrews originating from Bangladesh and Nag or OKI line shrews from Japan. The SRI shrews are also characterized by having 30 chromosomes in diploid, being the smallest number in the entire species, whereas the otherlines (Nag, OKI and BAN) all have 40 chromosomes.     

冷驯化对中缅树鼩能量代谢的影响

在5 ±1 ℃条件下对中缅树鼠句进行冷驯化处理, 测定其能量代谢。冷驯化28 d 后, 体重比对照组显著增加7.33 %; 整体能值达到30.47 ±0.46 kJ / g (N = 8) , 比对照组增加4.98 %; 摄入能比对照组增加36.17 %; 同化能比对照组增加66.2 %; 生长能达到6.98 ±0.53 kJ / 100 g (N = 7) 体重·天, 是对照组的4.85 倍; 维持能比对照组增加64.0 % , 达到352.96 ±28.34 kJ / 100 g 体重·天(N = 7) 。以上结果表明中缅树鼠句在冷胁迫影响下, 以增加能量摄入、能量储存和维持能和降低排泄能量的生理机制来维持能量代谢平衡, 以此对策来提高低温环境适应能力。
     

Gross anatomy of Watase's shrew, Crocidura horsfieldi watasei

The Watase's shrew (Crocidura horsfieldi watasei) which is a native in the Nansei Islands in Japan, is one of the smallest mammalian species with 5-8 g of the body weight. Both males and females were caught in the field of the Amami Islands, and their internal organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities were examined under the dissecting microscope and by the serial cross sections method. In comparison with the musk shrew belonging to the same subfamily Crocidurinae, the following features were basically similar; very short intestine in comparison with the body length, the absence of cecum, and the structure of the genital organs. Besides, the following were different; the small sized body, the small sized spleen compared with the body weight, and the cardiac glands limited in the end of the esophagus.