基于特征项权重评估模型的英语试题关键词抽取算法研究

为提高英语试题数字资源的检索效率,提出一项基于特征项权重评估模型的英语试题关键词抽取算法。该算法主要由词同现因子、词长因子、位置因子、词频因子和特征项权重调节系数所组成。为提高该算法的通用性水平,研究还通过遗传算法对该模型的权重调节系数进行训练,并将权值优化后的算法应用于全国大学生英语四级考试试题的关键词抽取实验中。实验研究发现,研究所提出的特征项权重评估模型算法在各类英语试题的关键词抽取中均取得了良好的应用效果,平均准确率、平均召回率和平均F-measure三个方面的指标均高于TF-IDF算法和KEA算法,具有一定的应用价值。     

基于全网攻击模型的攻击策略挖掘与危险评估

针对复杂网络攻击建模的不足,提出一种基于对象Petri网的全网攻击模型。通过对精确路径和粗糙路径的定义,提出了全网攻击模型的自动生成和路径挖掘算法。攻击路径集综合反映了不完备信息下主机间的确定攻击关系和可能攻击关系,结合攻击效能和路径粗糙度指标给出了定量的网络危险评估方法。     

基于层次扩展SPN的网络攻击模型

当前网络攻击模型对于复杂系统的建模能力较差。为此,提出一种基于层次扩展随机Petri网的全网攻击模型。该模型对宏观网络攻击和微观主机攻击具有较好的综合描述能力,适用于网络协同式组合攻击行为的模拟,并能够有效解决网络状态空间爆炸问题。基于该模型,提出一种生成算法,通过对网络粗糙攻击路径的定义,给出挖掘主机结点间潜在的攻击关系算法。经过子网扩展后,利用蚁群算法找出k条最优攻击路径,通过对粗糙攻击路径和精确攻击路径的综合评价,给出网络危险性定量评估方法。     

基于文本分析的标书综合评估模型

人工智能的发展为传统的标书评估方法的优化和改进提供了新的方法, 针对标书评估中人工评标效率低和难以有效识别围标、串标行为的问题, 本文提出了一种基于文本分析的标书综合评估模型, 包含文本评估模型和文本评级模型, 模型为更客观、科学、智能化地进行工程建设项目的评标和防范围标、串标提供支持. 首先, 构建文本评估模型, 在传统的评标指标中加入基于Shingling算法计算的投标文件的重复率, 并将投标文件要求的模板目录与真实目录进行匹配对比计算投标文件的响应程度, 利用层次分析法计算文本评估指标的权重. 然后, 构建文本评级模型, 基于权重改进的Simhash算法计算投标文件相似度, 采用企业关联度、资质与报价的一致性、价格上(下)浮率、企业关联度、异常行为等评级指标, 通过综合评级获得投标文件的评级结果, 协助评标专家识别围标、串标行为. 最后, 通过文本评估模型定量计算得到标书得分排序, 通过文本评级模型定性分析得到标书识别围标、串标的结果, 两者共同实现了对标书的综合评估.     

基于混合加权的双门限能量协作检测算法研究

研究无线电系统能量优化问题,由于路径损耗导致检测到的信号能量值减小,信号干扰增大,门限值减小,从而使双门限能量协作检测算法的检测概率降低。针对此问题提出混合自适应加权双门限检测算法。首先利用两个门限值将认知用户检测到的能量值划分为不同的区域,然后对位于两个门限值之间的认知用户检测能量值引入信噪比权重因子和距离权重因子进行混合加权,依此来自适应调整其双门限权值,以减小能量损耗较大的信号对门限值的影响,最后融合中心采用"或"准则做出最终的检测结果。仿真结果表明混合自适应加权双门限检测算法比传统等权值的双门限能量协作检测算法具有更高的检测概率,使通信系统能量检测准确性大大提高。     

基于层次分析法的航行模拟器仿真可信度研究

受层次分析法(AHP)决策思想的启发,把与仿真可信度有关的评估元素通过划分层次后并计算权重,建立起一种复杂仿真系统可信度评估的综合算法模型,将其应用到航行训练模拟器仿真可信度评估中,通过确定航行训练模拟器仿真可信度评估指标体系中各可信度评估因素的权重,对各种可信度评估因素加以综合,得到了客观量化的仿真可信度结果,具有一定的科学性和可信性.     

一种新型煤矿电能质量评估方法

提出了一种新型煤矿电能质量评估方法。该方法将基于粗糙集理论确定的客观权重和由层次分析法得到的主观权重进行线性加权,计算出电能质量各指标综合权重;采用动态时间规整算法计算加权化后的电能质量指标序列与理想参考指标序列的匹配系数,得到电能质量评估等级区间,实现对煤矿电能质量的综合评估。实际应用结果验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于微粒群算法的组织评估优化方法及实例

组织评估的关键因素是合理地确定各项指标的权重.该文将微粒群算法应用于评估指标权重的寻优中,以专家组对初始评估模型进行修正的结果作为评估寻优的参考基准,给出一种基于该算法的权重优化解决方案.针对网大中国大学排行榜指标体系进行优化,验证了该算法的有效性.     

基于权重池的多尺度图像质量评估方法

图像质量评估往往以人类的主观评估为最终衡量标准,然而人工评估耗时繁琐,又无法应用在对图像或者视频序列进行实时质量评估的系统中,因此一种旨在模仿人类主观性的预测图像质量算法具有重要的价值。针对上述问题,设计了一种用于局部图像质量评估的卷积神经网络,通过将特征学习和回归都集成到一个优化过程中,从而形成一种更有效的图像质量评估模型。根据人类的视觉习惯,利用眼动仪的视点分布图生成基于视觉重要性的权重池,利用高斯比例混合模型构造基于图像信息内容的权重池,实验证明权重池的设计可以获得最佳的整体性能。对原始图像进行低通滤波和下采样,下采样过程中采用权重系数衰退策略,利用多尺度的图像进行加权质量综合评估,实验结果证明多尺度评估方式有效地改进了评估模型。提出的方法在LIVE等数据库上可以达到优秀的性能,且具有不错的泛化能力。     

基于随机森林算法的电力电子互感器状态评估模型

互感器状态因受多种因素影响,导致评估指标权重重要程度的计算难度较大,因此,本文提出基于随机森林算法的电力电子互感器状态评估模型。通过提取电力电子互感器状态评估指标,利用随机森林算法精准计算评估指标的权重重要程度。综合指标的权重值,构建电力电子互感器状态评估模型。实验结果表明,利用随机森林算法设计的评估模型评估互感器的4种运行状态,其评估正确率均高于传统评估模型,达到了99%以上。由此可见,利用基于随机森林算法的互感器状态评估模型在评估互感器运行状态领域中具有很高的评估正确率,完全可以满足实际应用需求。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).