苎麻织物表面改性对其增强热固性聚乳酸复合材料力学及阻燃性能的影响

采用碱处理、硅烷偶联剂处理、碱+硅烷偶联剂复合处理、碱+阻燃剂+硅烷偶联剂复合处理对苎麻织物进行表面改性,采用模压工艺制备了苎麻织物增强热固性聚乳酸(PLA)复合材料。研究了4种表面改性方法对苎麻织物/PLA复合材料弯曲性能的影响,采用SEM研究了苎麻纤维与PLA基体之间的界面结合状况。结果表明:经过4种表面改性处理后苎麻织物/PLA复合材料的弯曲性能均有所提高,其中碱+硅烷偶联剂复合处理后提高幅度最大,苎麻织物/PLA复合材料的弯曲强度、模量分别提高了59.5%、51.9%。碱+阻燃剂+硅烷偶联剂复合处理后苎麻织物/PLA复合材料的弯曲强度、模量较未处理时分别提高了38.0%、66.8%;且苎麻织物/PLA复合材料60s点火时间的损毁长度为8.25cm,达到了美国DOT/FAA/AR-00/12要求的标准。SEM结果表明:改性处理后苎麻织物/PLA复合材料中纤维与树脂之间的界面结合更好。     

纳米SiO2改性竹纤维/乙烯基树脂复合材料界面相容性

以乙烯基树脂(VE)为基体,竹纤维(BF)为增强材料,通过偶联剂KH602对纳米SiO₂进行改性处理,并利用改性后纳米SiO₂分别对竹纤维和树脂进行改性处理,采用真空辅助树脂传递模塑成型工艺(VARTM)制备了BF/VE复合材料。采用FTIR、SEM对改性后纤维和树脂的表面物理化学状态进行表征,结果表明:改性纳米SiO₂成功化学接枝到竹纤维表面且分散到树脂基体中,改性纳米SiO₂在BF1/VE0.5 (用1.0wt%改性纳米SiO₂改性纤维和0.5wt%改性纳米SiO₂改性树脂)复合材料中分散更为均匀;采用力学试验机和SEM对复合材料力学、断口和表面形貌进行分析,考察改性纳米SiO₂的添加量对BF/VE复合材料力学性能、界面性能的影响。结果表明:BF1/VE0.5复合材料的拉伸、弯曲及冲击强度分别达到最大值49.0 MPa、70.6 MPa和150.4 J/m,与未处理的复合材料相比分别提高了18.9%、26.1%、70.7%。此外,还初步探讨了改性纳米SiO₂的界面增强机制。      

蔗渣纤维表面处理方法对蔗渣纤维/聚乳酸复合材料力学性能的影响

采用了硅烷偶联剂结合碱溶液处理的方法对蔗渣纤维(BF)进行了表面改性, 研究了不同表面处理方法对蔗渣纤维/聚乳酸(PLA)复合材料力学性能的影响, 用SEM对BF处理前后的形貌及复合材料的冲击断面进行了观察。结果表明: 经表面改性的BF都不同程度地改善了BF与PLA基体之间的界面相容性, 其中碱处理后再经偶联剂处理的方法效果最佳, 在40%(质量分数)蔗渣纤维的高填充量下, 复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度分别为纯PLA的85.42%和59.74%, 较好地保持了基体PLA的力学强度; 碱处理使BF表面变粗糙、 长径比增大、 比表面积增加, 与PLA的界面粘结加强, 从而有效地提高了BF/PLA复合材料的力学性能。     

碱处理对竹纤维及竹纤维增强聚丙烯复合材料性能的影响

为探究竹纤维表面能对纤维与树脂的粘附功及复合材料界面的影响,采用碱处理对竹纤维进行表面改性,通过模压工艺制备了竹纤维增强聚丙烯(PP)复合材料。研究了碱处理对竹纤维性能、竹纤维与PP间的粘附功及对竹纤维/PP复合材料力学性能的影响,采用SEM研究了不同浓度碱处理后竹纤维表面形貌的变化。结果表明:随着碱浓度的增加,竹纤维断裂强度呈现一定波动,当碱浓度为1wt%时竹纤维断裂强度达到最大值;竹纤维与PP的粘附功与竹纤维极性比密切相关,竹纤维极性比越小,粘附功越大;随着碱浓度增大,竹纤维与PP间粘附功与竹纤维/PP复合材料剪切性能呈现相同的趋势,并且都在碱浓度为20wt%时达到最大值,此时竹纤维与PP的粘附功较未处理时提高了67.18%;竹纤维/PP复合材料剪切性能较未处理时提高了23.29%;复合材料弯曲强度在碱浓度为5wt%时达到最大值,相比未处理时提高了23.13%。     

稀土改性对玄武岩纤维增强氰酸酯树脂复合材料性能的影响

采用自制稀土改性剂改性玄武岩纤维（La-BF）布增强双酚A型二氰酸酯（BADCy）制备了La-BF/BADCy复合材料。采用SEM和FTIR分析了改性对BF表面产生的影响,TG分析研究了改性对BF/BADCy复合材料热稳定性的影响,使用电子万能试验机研究改性对不同质量分数的BF/BADCy弯曲性能的影响,通过阻抗分析仪分析了改性对La-BF/BADCy复合材料介电性能的影响。结果表明,改性减少了BF的表面缺陷,并引入了结晶状凸起,有利于提高BF/BADCy复合材料的界面性能;通过改性提高了BF/BADCy复合材料的热稳定性,初始分解温度提高了145℃;当BF的质量分数为12wt%时,改性使BF/BADCy复合材料弯曲模量提高到4.19 GPa,弯曲强度达到110 MPa以上。在1 MHz~3 GHz范围内,La-BF/BADCy复合材料的介电常数稳定在1.9左右。因此稀土改性是一种能够有效提高BF/BADCy复合材料弯曲性能、热稳定性及介电性能的表面改性方法。      

亚麻纤维/玄武岩(玻璃)纤维混杂复合材料的力学性能、断面形貌和DMA的性能表征

研究了亚麻纤维分别与玄武岩纤维和玻璃纤维(F/B和F/G)混杂质量比对混杂复合材料(B1-B3和G1-G3)的密度、力学性能和DMA性能。结果表明,随BF(玄武岩纤维)和GF(玻璃纤维)含量增加,F/G复合材料的理论密度和实际密度都增加,而F/B的理论密度降低,实际密度增大;B3的弯曲强度、弯曲模量和冲击韧性分别比B1高40.7%,64.5%和39.4%,G3的弯曲强度、弯曲模量和冲击韧性分别比G1高26.3%,48.0%和58.9%,复合材料F/G弯曲强度的比强度和储存模量的比模量与F/B相当,但F/G的冲击韧性和动态热机械性能都明显比F/B更好,同时F/G混杂体系的界面结合强度更高。SEM(扫描电子显微镜)表明亚麻纤维与UP结合较差,BF与UP的界面结合不如GF与UP,因此F/G力学性能比F/B更好。     

改性大麻纤维/不饱和聚酯复合材料的力学性能及界面表征

采用模压成型方法制备大麻纤维/不饱和聚酯复合材料,用六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(DIH)与丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEA)对纤维进行表面处理。结果表明,纤维改性后复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度及弯曲模量均有显著提高;当DIH-HEA用量为纤维干质量的3%时,复合材料的总体力学性能最佳。复合材料拉伸断面扫描电镜(SEM)显示,纤维表面处理改善了纤维与树脂间的界面结合。改性纤维的红外光谱(FT-IR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明,DIH-HEA混合物与纤维表面羟基产生共价键结合。     

单向连续竹青纤维填充量对不饱和聚酯树脂力学性能及微观形貌的影响

以单向连续竹青纤维（OBF）和不饱和聚酯树脂（UP）制备了单向OBF/UP复合材料,研究了OBF含量对OBF/UP复合材料纵向静态力学性能及动态力学性能的影响,并采用SEM观察了复合材料拉伸断面处界面结合情况。结果表明:随着OBF含量的增加,OBF/UP复合材料静态力学性能呈先增加后减小趋势,当OBF含量为50wt%时,复合材料拉伸、弯曲性能最优,拉伸强度、拉伸模量、弯曲强度、弯曲模量分别达到285.52 MPa、16.06 GPa、359.80 MPa、27.32 GPa;OBF/UP复合材料存储模量随OBF含量增加呈先增加后减小趋势,当OBF含量为50wt%时,OBF/UP复合材料存储模量最大,且随着OBF含量的增加,OBF/UP复合材料玻璃化转变温度向低温方向移动,损耗峰变宽;断面处微观形貌表明,OBF含量为50wt%时,复合材料界面结合强度较好。制备的OBF/UP复合材料力学性能优良,有潜力取代玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料在风电叶片材料、公路防护栏材料、船舶材料等领域的应用。      

聚乙烯醇交联改性对天然纤维增强聚丙烯复合材料性能的影响

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)交联对洋麻(KF)增强聚丙烯(PP)、棕榈(PF)增强聚丙烯(PP)复合材料进行改性,通过模压成型工艺制备KF/PP和PF/PP复合材料。研究不同交联方法对复合材料的结构和性能的影响,采用SEM、DMA等技术研究了改性对复合材料的界面结合及力学性能影响。结果表明:PVA协同偶联剂交联改性对天然纤维/PP复合材料的综合改性效果最好,当用5%PVA+3%偶联剂对KF/PP改性时,KF/PP复合材料的弯曲强度提升25.2%,弯曲模量提升35.49%,剪切强度提升28%,分别达到了50.90 MPa、5.76 GPa、5.4MPa。当用5%PVA+2%偶联剂对PF/PP改性时,PF/PP复合材料的弯曲强度提升31.46%,弯曲模量提升27.07%,剪切强度提升21.75%,分别达到44.33MPa、2.32GPa、5.18MPa。改性后KF/PP、PF/PP复合材料的含水率分别下降了46.89%、10.63%,吸水率分别下降了8.57%、6.12%。KF/PP改性后储能模量提高20.93%,PF/PP改性后Tg值由90.1℃上升到113.8℃。SEM表明:PVA协同偶联剂交联改性有效改善了纤维与PP间的粘结,纤维与PP间的界面结合得到改善。     

玻璃纤维表面纳米SiO_2改性对GF/PCBT复合材料力学性能的影响

为研究玻璃纤维(GF)表面纳米SiO2改性对GF增强树脂基复合材料力学性能的影响,利用真空辅助模压(VAMP)工艺制备了不同含量的纳米SiO2表面改性GF增强聚环状对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PCBT)复合材料。分析了GF表面改性对GF/PCBT复合材料力学性能的影响,研究了纤维表面改性对GF/PCBT复合材料抗湿热老化性能的影响规律。纤维拔出试验结果表明:经表面处理的GF/PCBT复合材料的界面剪切强度提高了1.16倍;采用含量为0.5wt%和2wt%(与树脂质量比)的纳米SiO2处理GF表面后,复合材料的三点弯曲强度分别提高1.5倍和1.67倍,弯曲模量分别提高1.03倍和1.17倍。SEM结果显示:当纳米SiO2用量为2wt%时,破坏后的纤维表面被树脂完全覆盖,树脂与纤维粘结良好。在湿热条件下,由于纳米SiO2颗粒的存在,水分子很难通过界面相扩散到改性后的材料内部,其抗湿热性能提高。     

A study of the mechanical properties of short natural-fiber reinforced composites

The degree of fiber–matrix adhesion and its effect on the mechanical reinforcement of short henequen fibers and a polyethylene matrix was studied. The surface treatments were: an alkali treatment, a silane coupling agent and the pre-impregnation process of the HDPE/xylene solution. The presence of Si–O–cellulose and Si–O–Si bonds on the lignocellulosic surface confirmed that the silane coupling agent was efficiently held on the fibres surface through both condensation with cellulose hydroxyl groups and self-condensation between silanol groups.

The fiber–matrix interface shear strength (IFSS) was used as an indicator of the fiber–matrix adhesion improvement, and also to determine a suitable value of fiber length in order to process the composite with relative ease. It was noticed that the IFSS observed for the different fiber surface treatments increased and such interface strength almost doubled only by changing the mechanical interaction and the chemical interactions between fiber and matrix.

HDPE-henequen fiber composite materials were prepared with a 20% v/v fiber content and the tensile, flexural and shear properties were studied. The comparison of tensile properties of the composites showed that the silane treatment and the matrix-resin pre-impregnation process of the fiber produced a significant increase in tensile strength, while the tensile modulus remained relatively unaffected. The increase in tensile strength was only possible when the henequen fibers were treated first with an alkaline solution. It was also shown that the silane treatment produced a significant increase in flexural strength while the flexural modulus also remained relatively unaffected. The shear properties of the composites also increased significantly, but, only when the henequen fibers were treated with the silane coupling agent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies of the composites failure surfaces also indicated that there is an improved adhesion between fiber and matrix. Examination of the failure surfaces also indicated differences in the interfacial failure mode. With increasing fiber–matrix adhesion the failure mode changed from interfacial failure and considerable fiber pull-out from the matrix for the untreated fiber to matrix yielding and fiber and matrix tearing for the alkaline, matrix-resin pre-impregnation and silane treated fibers.     

柔性非织造布和玻璃纤维布叠层热压制备玻璃纤维布/聚苯硫醚复合板材

为改善玻璃纤维增强聚苯硫醚（PPS）复合板材的力学性能,分别以柔性的玻璃纤维布和PPS非织造布作为增强体和基体,采用叠层热压成型法制备出刚性的复合板材,采用力学性能测试、XRD、PLM、SEM研究了热压温度、热压时间、玻璃纤维含量和处理玻璃纤维布的硅烷偶联剂种类对复合板材的力学性能、结晶度、结晶形态和微观形貌的影响。结果表明,在无硅烷偶联剂处理玻璃纤维布时,控制热压温度为320℃,热压时间为30 min,压力为30 MPa,玻璃纤维质量分数为50%,复合板材的拉伸强度和弯曲强度最佳,分别为286.0 MPa和175.0 MPa,缺口冲击强度达到61.6 MPa。使用硅烷偶联剂KH560处理玻璃纤维布,在最佳成型工艺条件下,复合板材力学性能改善最明显,其弯曲强度为394.9 MPa,弯曲模量为23.6 GPa,层间剪切强度为16.4 MPa,缺口冲击强度为81.0 MPa。通过优化实验条件和使用硅烷偶联剂处理玻璃纤维表面,复合板材的力学性能得到了明显提高。     

玻璃纤维含量对竹粉/高密度聚乙烯复合材料性能的影响

为利用玻璃纤维提高木塑复合材料的综合性能,探讨玻璃纤维含量对竹粉/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)复合材料性能的影响规律,首先,采用A-171硅烷偶联剂对竹粉表面进行了改性,并加入了一定量的玻璃纤维;然后,采用热压成型工艺制备了玻璃纤维-竹粉/HDPE复合材料;最后,考察了玻璃纤维含量对复合材料力学性能、热学性能及摩擦学性能的影响,并利用SEM观察材料的断面和磨损表面形貌。结果表明:当玻璃纤维含量为3wt%时,能显著提高竹粉/HDPE复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度,与未添加玻璃纤维的复合材料相比,添加玻璃纤维后复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别提高了19.41%和23.54%;在30~60℃温度范围内,复合材料长度-宽度方向上的线膨胀系数随着玻璃纤维含量的增加而明显减小,而同一复合材料的线膨胀系数随温度的升高而逐步增大;在氮气气氛下,随玻璃纤维含量的增加,竹粉/HDPE复合材料的摩擦系数先逐渐增大,而后基本保持不变,磨损率逐渐减小。所得结论显示玻璃纤维含量为3wt%~7wt%的木塑产品适用于建筑横梁(如凉亭或桥梁等),而玻璃纤维含量为7wt%~10wt%的木塑产品适用于高人流量场所(如公园或休闲绿道等)的地面铺装。      

Reinforcing hydroxyapatite/thermosetting epoxy composite with 3-D carbon fiber fabric through RTM processing

Bioactive ceramic/polymer composites have been developed in the orthopaedic field in recent years. In this work, three-dimensional (3-D) carbon fiber fabric is used to reinforce hydroxyapatite (HA)/thermosetting epoxy composite and epoxy resin through resin transfer molding (RTM) processing. It is found that the 3-D carbon fiber fabric can be impregnated with epoxy and HA-containing epoxy resin, and HA is distributed gradually along the depth direction in fiber-reinforced HA/epoxy composite, although HA is dispersed evenly in epoxy resin by surface modification of silane coupling agent. The impact toughness and flexural strength of fiber-reinforced epoxy and fiber-reinforced HA/epoxy composites are much higher than those of epoxy and HA/epoxy composite. The impact toughness of both fiber-reinforced composites decreases while the flexural strength and the flexural modulus increase with fiber volume ratio. The impact toughness of the fiber-reinforced HA/epoxy composite is higher, while the flexural strength and modulus are lower than those of the fiber-reinforced epoxy composite at the same fiber volume ratio. The flexural strength of the both composites is higher than, and their flexural modulus is close to, those of the human cortical bone. The in vitro cytotoxicity test with L929 fibroblasts shows that the addition of HA diminished the toxicity of epoxy resin.     

The use of a mixed coupling agent system to improve the performance of polypropylene-based composites reinforced with short-glass-fibre mat

In order to improve the mechanical properties of composites consisting of polypropylene reinforced with mats of short glass fibres, the fibre surface was treated with a silane coupling agent, N-β(N-vinylbenzylaminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane hydrogen chloride (STS), and a titanate coupling agent, isopropyltriisostearoyl titanate (TTS). The flexural properties and the impact absorption energy of these composites were measured as a function of coupling agent concentration. STS-only treatment of the fibre surface enhanced the flexural strength and the flexural modulus of the composite, while TTS-only treatment decreased the flexural strength and the flexural modulus. The improved flexural properties of the composite brought about by the STS-only treatment were obtained at the cost of its impact absorption energy, whereas TTS-only treatment showed the inverse characteristics. However, in a mixed coupling agent system, the impact absorption energy of the composite was improved without a reduction in the flexural properties. A morphological study of the fracture surfaces of the composite after impact testing, void content measurement and single-fibre fragmentation test were also carried out to understand the interfacial phenomena of the surface treated composites.     

改性芳纶纤维增强木粉/高密度聚乙烯复合材料的力学性能

采用螺杆挤出机研究了添加连续芳纶纤维增强木粉/高密度聚乙烯（CAF-WF/HDPE）复合材料,为改善CAF与WF/HDPE复合材料界面相容性,分别采用磷酸和硅烷偶联剂处理纤维。对比表面处理前后的CAF形态分析显示,经过处理的CAF表面粗糙度增加;采用磷酸和硅烷偶联剂处理,纤维束从基体中的拔出强度分别提高了94.9%和77.6%,表明处理后的CAF与WF/HDPE复合材料的界面结合强度有所提高。对比WF/HDPE复合材料,在挤出成型过程中加入未处理CAF,CAF-WF/HDPE复合材料拉伸强度、弯曲强度和冲击强度分别提高了32.1%、35.1%、515.1%;CAF采用硅烷偶联剂处理后,CAF-WF/HDPE复合材料对应的力学性能分别提高了42.0%、37.4%、550.2%。动态力学分析表明:表面处理后CAF与WF/HDPE复合材料的界面相容性得到改善。