复合材料跨尺度失效准则及其损伤演化

提出了一种新的基于物理失效模式的复合材料跨尺度失效准则,从细观层面分别对纤维和基体的失效模式进行了表征,将纤维失效分为拉伸失效和压缩失效,将基体失效分为膨胀失效和扭曲失效.建立了相应的失效准则及损伤演化方法.通过正方形和六边形的代表体积单元(RVE)模型,计算了宏观应力到细观应力的机械应力放大系数和热应力放大系数.以IM7/5250-4复合材料拉伸试验作为算例对失效模型进行了验证.计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明跨尺度失效准则能够准确预测复合材料层合板的破坏.     

陶瓷基复合材料三维有效应力强度失效模型

基于陶瓷基复合材料在多轴应力作用下的各向异性损伤演化机制,提出损伤解耦分析的模型和方法,实现定量描述损伤分量之间的耦合影响效应。考虑损伤引起的内应力强化,通过引入有效应力的概念,对微细观损伤造成的材料承载性能衰减进行了表征,并提出复杂应力条件下强度失效判别的最大有效应力判据和二次有效应力判据。采用平纹编织C/SiC复合材料,开展了轴向拉伸加卸载、偏轴拉伸加卸载和面内剪切加卸载试验,进行了损伤演化和强度失效分析。模型和试验结果对比分析表明,本文提出的强度理论具有合理性,预测结果准确。      

考虑微观界面的2D编织SiC/SiC复合材料宏-细-微多尺度渐进损伤失效分析

该文将微观界面组分纳入宏-细-微三个尺度的多尺度渐进损伤失效分析中.对细、微观单胞模型施加周期性边界条件获取放大因子并采用k-means聚类方法进行缩聚;通过缩聚的放大因子求解宏观模型对应的细、微观组分应力并进行损伤失效判定;计算宏观模型退化后的弹性参数用于后续计算;针对2D编织SiC/SiC复合材料开展了渐近损伤失效...     

土木结构损伤多尺度并发计算方法及其应用

大型土木结构的损伤破坏是跨尺度演化的结果, 因此单一尺度下的结构分析难以正确地反映结构的非线性损伤失效过程。该文根据结构损伤在宏观、细观尺度下的不同特征建立结构一致多尺度模型, 并通过多点约束法进行跨尺度关联, 实现了结构整体线弹性响应分析和局部细节易损部位的细观层次上弹塑性损伤分析的并发进行。计算结果表明:该文提出的结构损伤多尺度并发计算方法能够兼顾结构整体上的线弹性响应和局部易损部位在细观层次上的塑性损伤特征, 在对结构多尺度响应与损伤特征进行准确描述的基础上, 能够获得结构易损局部的细观损伤状态、演化过程及其对结构宏观响应与失效的影响。     

基于微观尺度X射线断层扫描技术的短切碳纤维SMC复合材料失效分析

短切碳纤维片状模塑料(SMC)复合材料内部复杂的纤维三维分布及其造成的多样微裂纹演化过程加剧了其失效分析的难度。针对短切碳纤维SMC复合材料的失效行为进行研究, 提出采用微观尺度X射线断层扫描技术实时表征材料内部的微观结构, 捕捉碳纤维和微裂纹的几何信息, 结合先进的图像采集和图像处理技术, 进而准确重构出短切碳纤维SMC复合材料在受力过程中的三维结构变化以及微裂纹的完整演变过程, 定量测量微裂纹的几何尺寸, 实现损伤的精准诊断, 并利用Tsai-Wu失效判据和界面开裂后的基体应力场理论等失效方法探究短切碳纤维SMC复合材料的失效机制。该方法的提出对于研究短切碳纤维SMC复合材料的失效过程以及分析相应的失效行为提供了重要依据。     

复合材料连续损伤力学模型在螺栓接头渐进失效预测中的应用

提出考虑层合板面内(纤维和基体失效)和层间失效的复合材料连续损伤力学模型,对螺栓接头的渐进失效行为进行预测。基于Tsai-Wu强度准则,发展可以判定复合材料面内和层间失效的强度准则。采用幂指数衰减材料退化模型模拟复合材料的损伤扩展过程。建立连续损伤力学模型用以研究0°铺层比例和螺栓直径对复合材料螺栓接头挤压性能的影响,预测结果与实验结果吻合。结果表明:0°铺层比例过高,接头发生剪切破坏,降低连接结构承载能力;增大螺栓直径,层合板损伤受到抑制,可提高复合材料螺栓接头的挤压强度。      

基于三维Puck失效准则及唯象模量退化的复合材料臂杆屈曲分析

针对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）臂杆结构在压缩和扭转载荷条件下屈曲与后屈曲问题,采用三维Puck失效准则和基于唯象分析的模量退化方法,同时考虑层合结构就位效应及沿纤维方向应力对横向强度的影响,建立了一种适用于考虑渐进失效CFRP结构的屈曲分析方法,并通过编写有限元软件ANSYS的USERMAT子程序进行了数值实现。与文献中实验结果的对比表明,上述方法能够分析复合材料结构的渐进失效过程和后屈曲承载特性,预测精度高。进而采用此方法,详细分析了某航天器臂杆结构在承受压缩与扭转载荷条件下的屈曲载荷及后屈曲特性。      

复合材料层合板基体裂纹的协同损伤演化模型

首先,为研究复合材料层合板在准静态载荷下的基体裂纹演化特征,提出了一个基于能量的协同损伤演化模型。然后,通过模型对损伤进行了多尺度分析:从微观角度,采用三维有限元方法求得裂纹表面位移;从宏观角度,结合裂纹表面位移,推导了萌生基体裂纹的能量释放率。最后,根据裂纹萌生准则对基体裂纹的演化过程进行预测。模型考虑了演化过程中损伤的相互影响、残余应力、基体材料非线性、材料初始损伤分布及损伤演化的不均匀性。根据演化分析流程计算了[±θ/904]s铺层玻璃纤维复合材料的基体裂纹演化过程。结果表明:这一模型能够准确地预测准静态载荷下复合材料层合板基体裂纹的损伤演化规律。     

多尺度模拟SiC/IMI834复合材料失效

基于格林函数和有限元分析的多尺度方法模拟SiC/IMI834复合材料拉伸试验,研究复合材料微区应力分布、宏观力学性能和纤维失效情况。其中有限元分析用来计算SiC/IMI834复合材料微区应力分布并为格林函数提供应力传递集中因子。格林函数用来模拟SiC/IMI834复合材料宏观失效过程及力学性能。结果表明,失效纤维上应力恢复区长度受材料性能影响,与外加载荷无关;距离失效纤维越远,沿失效端面纤维上轴向应力越低;距离失效纤维越近,沿失效端面基体上轴向应力越低;SiC/IMI834复合材料宏观失效应变随纤维体积分数增加而提高,但SiC/IMI834复合材料初始纤维失效与纤维体积分数无关,拉伸应变均为0.01。     

复合材料层合板多尺度交互渐进损伤分析

纤维增强复合材料强度的准确表征是复合材料力学性能研究的核心问题之一。该文以碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料层合板为研究对象,基于宏观-细观多尺度分析方法,根据复合材料的物理失效模式分别给出了基体和纤维的细观失效准则,同时考虑基体失效对复合材料层合板纤维轴向力学性能的影响。提出了新的刚度退化方式,可准确表征复合材料层合板的损伤演化过程,开展了复合材料层合板四点弯模型的多尺度交互渐进损伤分析和试验验证。结果表明：基于多尺度方法的复合材料层合板宏-细观交互渐进损伤分析结果与试验结果吻合较好,新的刚度退化方式可以准确模拟层合板的失效过程。     

基于声发射及有限元单胞体模型的复合材料拉伸损伤分析

首先对复合材料单向板进行拉伸损伤实验,采用声发射监测其损伤的分布规律和发展过程,然后采用逐步线性加载的方式对三维有限元单胞模型进行应力场数值模拟,通过对应力场分布的分析获取复合材料的损伤机理,并进一步验证声发射监测的准确性.研究结果表明,通过综合运用声发射损伤监测技术与单胞模型有限元应力场数值模拟,分析复合材料拉伸损伤过程的方法是可行的.     

A regularized phenomenological multiscale damage model

We present a regularized phenomenological multiscale model where elastic properties are computed using direct homogenization and subsequently evolved using a simple three‐parameter orthotropic continuum damage model. The salient feature of the model is a unified regularization framework based on the concept of effective softening strain. The unified regularization scheme has been employed in the context of constitutive law rescaling and the staggered nonlocal approach. We show that an element erosion technique for crack propagation when exercised with one of the two regularization schemes (1) possesses a characteristic length, (2) is consistent with fracture mechanics approach, and (3) does not suffer from pathological mesh sensitivity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A two‐scale failure model for heterogeneous materials: numerical implementation based on the finite element method

In the first part of this contribution, a brief theoretical revision of the mechanical and variational foundations of a Failure‐Oriented Multiscale Formulation devised for modeling failure in heterogeneous materials is described. The proposed model considers two well separated physical length scales, namely: (i) the macroscale where nucleation and evolution of a cohesive surface is considered as a medium to characterize the degradation phenomenon occurring at the lower length scale, and (ii) the microscale where some mechanical processes that lead to the material failure are taking place, such as strain localization, damage, shear band formation, and so on. These processes are modeled using the concept of Representative Volume Element (RVE). On the macroscale, the traction separation response, characterizing the mechanical behavior of the cohesive interface, is a result of the failure processes simulated in the microscale. The traction separation response is obtained by a particular homogenization technique applied on specific RVE sub‐domains. Standard, as well as, Non‐Standard boundary conditions are consistently derived in order to preserve objectivity of the homogenized response with respect to the micro‐cell size. In the second part of the paper, and as an original contribution, the detailed numerical implementation of the two‐scale model based on the finite element method is presented. Special attention is devoted to the topics, which are distinctive of the Failure‐Oriented Multiscale Formulation, such as: (i) the finite element technologies adopted in each scale along with their corresponding algorithmic expressions, (ii) the generalized treatment given to the kinematical boundary conditions in the RVE, and (iii) how these kinematical restrictions affect the capturing of macroscopic material instability modes and the posterior evolution of failure at the RVE level. Finally, a set of numerical simulations is performed in order to show the potentialities of the proposed methodology, as well as, to compare and validate the numerical solutions furnished by the two‐scale model with respect to a direct numerical simulation approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Generalized 3D high cycle fatigue criteria for multiscale bridging‐based progressive damage analysis of multilayer composite parts under random loads and material deterioration

Two frameworks are employed to develop two distinct categories of multiaxial high cycle fatigue life assessment models for composite components experiencing general and random loading conditions. In this regard, the decay in the material properties with cycles is also taken into account. It is obvious that in multilayer components, the fatigue failure is a progressive process that may be accompanied by gradual or sudden changes in the material properties and, consequently, the resulting stresses. In addition to using the traditional progressive damage analyses, a new concept is proposed for tracing of the localized fatigue failures more accurately. It is postulated that generally, the stress components have distinct frequencies, phase shifts, and mean values that all vary with time in a random manner. The proposed fatigue criteria, especially, the equivalent‐stress–based ones, are capable of predicting various fatigue failure modes, such as the fibre breakage, matrix cracking, and interfacial debonding. A special and comprehensive fatigue failure tracking and cycle counting algorithms that are capable of handling the mentioned general peculiarities are proposed. The proposed HCF criteria and the relevant fatigue life assessment algorithm are then implemented on a composite multilayer mono‐leaf spring of a realistic vehicle under a random field‐measured loading condition, as a typical component, and the results are compared and the experimental results conducted by the authors, for accuracy investigations. The considered stochastic road inputs have been chosen on the basis of the consumption times and field measurements.     

Stochastic multiscale modeling and simulation framework for concrete

In this paper we present a computational framework for generating a realistic representative volume element of concrete, which reflects its inherent structural randomness. Computed tomography (CT) images are employed to provide the necessary information for the geometric statistical characterization of aggregate and defect (voids, pores, and micro-cracks) distributions. A Monte-Carlo simulation is used to generate 1000 realizations of statistically equivalent representative volume element (SERVE) and finite element predictions of SERVEs elastic and inelastic response are compared with experiments.     

冷热循环下铝基复合材料构件尺寸稳定性影响因素研究

目的 研究高精度仪器结构件在冷热变化过程中的尺寸变化原理和关键影响因素。方法 采用粉末冶金法制备25%(体积分数)SiC/2009Al复合材料锻件,并加工出典型零件。研究了退火工艺对材料组织和性能的影响规律以及−45~65 ℃的冷热循环过程对零件尺寸精度的影响,并采用代表性体积单元模型和有限元方法分析了复合材料微区应力演化行为及其对材料尺寸稳定性的影响。结果 SiC颗粒与铝基体线膨胀系数的差异会导致复合材料在制备过程中产生大量热错配位错。退火过程会显著减少铝基体中的位错数量,有助于提升材料的尺寸稳定性,但对材料的力学性能没有明显的影响。在−45~65 ℃下冷热循环720次,零件典型平面的平面度没有明显变化。结论 冷热循环过程会在一定程度上影响颗粒与基体之间的应力分配,多次循环后复合材料微区应力-应变没有明显改变,因此零件的平面度没有明显变化。     

The interaction of test methods and failure criteria

A specific example is given in which test methods influence the ability of a component to meet a failure criterion. The example is for self-pressurized products such as aerosol containers. The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulates aerosol containers with respect to acceptable temperatures and pressures of their contents as well as the minimum burst pressures of the containers. Experiments have shown that the burst pressures of the containers are a function of the test methods used to measure the burst pressures. The paper also presents a method to determine the temperature at which a two-piece aerosol container burst, provided that the bottom of the container can be found and it is not severely deformed by impact. While focusing on the specific examples of aerosols, the broader issue is the relationship between test methods and the results achieved, with the ultimate goal of safer engineering outcomes. The nature of various test methods and their relationships to how a mechanical system is likely to stop functioning properly and safely are also discussed. Aerosols present an interesting case study because they involve several disciplines and concepts and are very familiar to most people.     

Bridging cell multiscale modeling of fatigue crack growth in fcc crystals

The previously developed bridging cell method for modeling coupled continuum/atomistic systems at finite temperature is used to model fatigue crack growth in single crystal nickel under two crystal orientations at different temperatures. The method is expanded to implement a temperature‐dependent embedded atom method potential for finite temperature simulations avoiding time‐scale restrictions associated with small timesteps. Results for the fatigue simulation were compared with respect to deformation behavior, stress distribution, and crack length. Results showed very different crack growth mechanisms between the two crystal orientations as well as reduced resistance to crack growth with increased temperature. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.