Pt/C催化剂对乙醇电氧化的粒径效应

利用有机溶胶方法, 通过控制溶剂挥发温度制备了具有不同粒径大小的Pt/C催化剂. 制得的Pt/C催化剂中, Pt粒子具有非常优异的均一性和良好的分散度. 电化学研究表明, 对于乙醇的电催化氧化, Pt/C催化剂存在着明显的粒径效应. 当Pt粒子粒径为3.2 nm时, Pt/C催化剂对乙醇的电催化氧化的质量比活性最佳. X射线光电子能谱(XPS)的研究显示, Pt/C催化剂对乙醇氧化的粒径效应与其零价Pt含量以及Pt粒子的比表面积密切相关.     

氧气在不同粒径Pt/C催化剂上的电催化还原

在甲醇溶剂中,利用SnCl2作为还原剂,通过控制反应条件制备了带有不同粒径Pt粒子Pt/C催化剂。X-射线衍射和透射电镜的研究表明获得的Pt/C催化剂中Pt粒子具有高度的均一性和良好的分散度。电化学研究显示,对于氧气的电催化还原,Pt/C催化剂存在着明显的粒径效应。当Pt粒子粒径为3.2 nm时,Pt/C催化剂对氧气的电催化还原的质量比活性最佳。Pt/C催化剂对氧气的粒径效应可能与其表面含氧基团含量、Pt粒子的比表面积及其晶面结构相关。     

有机溶胶法制备直接甲酸燃料电池用Pd/C阳极催化剂

采用改进的有机溶胶法制备了用于直接甲酸燃料电池(DFAFC)中甲酸氧化的炭载Pd(Pd/C)催化剂。制备Pd/C催化剂时,以乙醇作溶剂,SnCl2作还原剂。控制溶剂的蒸发温度就能控制Pd/C催化剂中Pd粒子的平均粒径和相对结晶度。溶剂蒸发温度与Pd/C催化剂中Pd粒子的平均粒径和相对结晶度不成正比关系。在选择合适的溶剂蒸发温度时,能制得Pd粒子的平均粒径至6.5 nm和相对结晶度至2.85的Pd/C催化剂。比较了具有不同Pd粒子的平均粒径和相对结晶度的Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能。结果发现,Pd粒子的平均粒径小和相对结晶度低的Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化有好的电催化性能。     

氧气在不同粒径Pt/C催化剂上的电催化还原

在甲醇溶剂中,利用SnCl₂作为还原剂,通过控制反应条件制备了带有不同粒径Pt粒子Pt/C催化剂。X-射线衍射和透射电镜的研究表明获得的Pt/C催化剂中Pt粒子具有高度的均一性和良好的分散度。电化学研究显示,对于氧气的电催化还原,Pt/C催化剂存在着明显的粒径效应。当Pt粒子粒径为3.2nm时,Pt/C催化剂对氧气的电催化还原的质量比活性最佳。Pt/C催化剂对氧气的粒径效应可能与其表面含氧基团含量、Pt粒子的比表面积及其晶面结构相关。     

用乙二胺四乙酸和Pt(NO3)2制备Pt/C催化剂及其形成机理

在用Pt(NO3)2作前驱体制备Pt/C催化剂时,乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)的存在能有效地降低Pt粒子粒径并改善其分散度。发现加入EDTA不能与Pt2+配位形成络合物,而是通过静电作用将Pt2+包裹起来,使生成的Pt粒子不易团聚,得到的Pt/C催化剂中Pt粒子的平均粒径为3 nm,而且分布均匀,因此,得到的Pt/C催化剂对甲醇氧化有很好的电催化活性和稳定性。     

固相反应制备的Pt/C催化剂对乙醇氧化的电催化活性

用固相反应法制备了Pt/C催化剂(Pt/C(s))，并研究了该催化剂对乙醇氧化的电催化活性. XRD和TEM测量表明， Pt/C(s)中Pt的平均粒径为3.8 nm，结晶度为2.38，远小于用传统的液相还原方法制得的Pt/C催化剂(Pt/C(l))的平均粒径(8.5 nm)和结晶度(5.56).因此, Pt/C(s)对乙醇的电催化氧化性能远好于液相还原法制得的Pt/C(l).     

一步法制备还原态氧化石墨烯载铂纳米粒子及其对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

以天然石墨为原料,采用改进的Hummers法制备氧化石墨.然后采用简单的一步化学还原法在乙二醇(EG)中同时还原氧化石墨烯(GO)和H₂PtCl₆制备高分散的铂/还原态氧化石墨烯(Pt/RGO)催化剂.采用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对催化剂的微结构、组成和形貌进行表征.结果表明, GO已被还原成RGO, Pt纳米粒子均匀分散在RGO表面,粒径约为2.3 nm.采用循环伏安法和计时电流法评价催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能,测试结果表明, Pt/RGO催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化活性和稳定性与Pt/C和Pt/CNT相比有了很大提高.另外其对甲醇电催化氧化的循环伏安图中正扫峰电流密度(I_f)和反扫峰电流密度(I_b)的比值高达1.3,分别是Pt/C和Pt/CNT催化剂的2.2和1.9倍,表明Pt/RGO催化剂具有高的抗甲醇氧化中间体CO_ad的中毒能力.     

甲酸在Aucore@Ptshell/Pt电极上电催化氧化的原位SERS

用化学还原法合成了Aucore@Ptshell纳米粒子, 并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及X射线衍射(XRD)等技术对纳米粒子进行表征; 采用电化学原位表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术对甲酸的电催化氧化过程进行了研究, 成功地获得了甲酸在Aucore@Ptshell/Pt电极上解离吸附的原位SERS. 结果显示, 在开路电位时, 甲酸能在Aucore@Ptshell/Pt电极表面自发氧化, 解离生成强吸附中间体COad和弱吸附中间体HCOOad, 在电位为+0.10 V时检测到氧化产物CO2的谱峰. 研究结果表明, Aucore@Ptshell/Pt电极对甲酸的氧化具有较高的催化活性和较强的SERS效应, 甲酸在Aucore@Ptshell/Pt电极上的电催化氧化过程遵循双途径机理.     

以多聚甲醛为还原剂制备新型阳极Pt/CMK-3催化剂

 以多聚甲醛为还原剂,采用液相还原法制备了Pt/CMK-3直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)阳极催化剂,并采用透射电镜和X射线衍射技术对其进行了表征. 结果表明,有序介孔碳CMK-3具有规整的二维有序孔道结构,为DMFC中电子和燃料的传输提供了方便的路径,同时它较大的比表面积使得Pt纳米粒子很好地分散在其表面; Pt/CMK-3催化剂中Pt粒子的平均粒径为2.8 nm, 小于E-TEK公司的商品化Pt/XC-72和以甲醇为还原剂制备的Pt/C-M催化剂,并且粒径分布范围窄,结晶度低. 察了Pt/CMK-3催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化性能,发现Pt/CMK-3催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能优于Pt/XC-72和Pt/C-M催化剂.     

磷钨酸对甲酸在碳载Pt催化剂上电氧化的促进作用

用X射线能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电化学等测试技术研究了电解液中的磷钨酸(PWA)对甲酸在碳载Pt(Pt/C)催化剂电极上氧化的促进作用。 结果表明,PWA不但能提高甲酸在Pt/C催化剂电极上氧化的电催化活性,而且也能提高其电催化稳定性。 这种促进作用与电解液中PWA的浓度有关,当电解液中PWA的质量浓度为0.10 g/L时,这种促进作用最佳。 这主要是由于电解液中PWA质量浓度＞0.10 g/L时,吸附到电极表面的PWA的量太多,占据了Pt/C催化剂电极中Pt表面的部分活性位点,从而降低了催化剂的电催化性能。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。