雌激素受体α36

雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)属核受体超家族成员之一,主要包括ER-α66、ER-α36、ER-α46和ER-β,它们通过与相应配体——雌激素的结合,在人体中发挥各种不同的功能。ER-α36是最近新发现的一种雌激素受体,它是ER-α66的独特变异体,主要分布于细胞膜和胞浆中,能抑制ER-α66和ER-β的反式激活功能,并参与雌激素的非基因组活性信号通路,介导了临床乳腺癌抗雌激素药物治疗抵抗。     

雌激素受体-α36 (ER-α36)介导乳腺癌细胞的顺铂耐药性

雌激素受体-α36 (estrogen receptor-α36, ER-α36)在乳腺癌细胞中对顺铂耐药性的作用和机制尚不清楚。本研究考察了ER-α36在乳腺癌细胞中的表达及ER-α36对顺铂耐药性的影响和机制。Western blotting分析显示,顺铂诱导人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7中ER-α36的上调。细胞计数8试剂盒(cell counting kit-8,CCK-8)和细胞集落形成实验显示,过表达ER-α36显著提高了MCF-7细胞的增殖能力和集落形成能力,而敲低ER-α36则可抑制MCF-7细胞的增殖能力和集落形成能力。5μg/mL顺铂处理可激活EGFR/HER-2/ERK信号。敲低ER-α36可显著抑制MCF-7/DDP或MCF-7/ER-α36细胞中EGFR/HER-2/ERK信号的激活。抑制EGFR/HER-2/ERK信号可降低MCF-7/ER-α36细胞的增殖能力。总之,本研究证明ER-α36的上调通过激活EGFR/HER-2/ERK信号提高了乳腺癌细胞的顺铂耐药性。靶向ER-α36可能是提高顺铂敏感性的有效策略。     

乳腺癌中雌激素受体α表达水平调节的分子机制

雌激素受体α(ERα)在乳腺癌的发生发展中扮演重要角色,因而ERα成为乳腺癌治疗的分子靶标。ERα的表达水平在乳腺癌患者中差异较大,即使同一患者,在乳腺癌的不同阶段也可能有很大的差别。乳腺癌内分泌治疗的疗效以及预后都与ERα表达水平密切相关。影响ERα表达水平的分子机制复杂,众多调节分子在染色质、转录、转录后、翻译和翻译后等水平参与ERα表达水平的调节。在染色质和转录水平,许多分子通过直接或间接地与ERα启动子的相互作用改变ERα的转录;在转录后/翻译水平,一些microRNA通过诱导ERαmRNA的降解和/或抑制其翻译降低ERα的水平;在翻译后水平,许多分子通过泛素-蛋白酶体途径调节ERα蛋白水平。文章从不同水平,对这些调节分子的调节机制进行简要综述。     

雌激素受体β与乳腺癌

雌激素受体β(ERβ)与雌激素受体α(ERα)的结构相似,是一类配体调节的转录因子,属于核受体超家族,分布于乳腺等多种组织中,具有重要的生理病理学意义。本文简要综述雌激素受体β的基因结构、剪接变体、转录调节机制及其在乳腺癌发生发展、治疗预后和抗雌激素耐受中的意义。     

芳香烃受体与乳腺癌

芳香烃受体（AhR）是一种配体激活转录因子,可介导多环芳烃类化合物的毒性反应（包括致癌性）,还参与一些重要的生物学过程,如信号转导、细胞分化、细胞凋亡等。近年来的研究发现,芳香烃受体在乳腺癌的发生发展中可能通过多种途径起促进作用,其中AhR与ER的抑制性交互应答可能解释为什么化学致癌物为主导致的乳腺癌仍为激素敏感性乳腺癌。以AhR为靶点治疗乳腺癌的实验研究为临床试用提供了依据。     

植物雌激素与乳腺癌发病发展的研究进展

总结植物雌激素(phytoestrogen,PE)在乳腺癌发病、发展过程中的研究进展。应用Medline、Embase、CNKI及VIP数据库检索"植物雌激素、乳腺癌"相关基础临床试验流行病学调查。PE作为非甾体结构的雌激素类似物,能够与雌激素受体结合产生作用。目前研究主要集中于PE通过雌激素受体对乳腺癌细胞的增殖、凋亡、自噬、周期的影响和信号传导通路的研究,体外实验PE有抑制乳腺癌细胞增殖、促进凋亡、自噬的作用,但是对转移的作用不明确,可通过PI3K/AKT和ROS/p38MAPK途径诱导凋亡,PE与ER结合或调整ERα/ERβ达到抑制乳腺癌细胞的作用,流行病学调查未发现PE对人体有害,鲜有临床报道。因此,本文对PE对乳腺癌的研究进展进行总结分析,旨在为乳腺肿瘤患者治疗提供新方向。植物雌激素有希望成为乳腺肿瘤患者治疗的新方向。     

乳腺癌乏氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)与雌激素受体表达的关系

目的探讨乳腺癌乏氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia induci blefactor-1α,HIF-1α)与雌激素受体(ER)表达的关系。方法利用免疫组织化学方法在42例乳腺癌组织中进行HIF-1α染色,并与ER表达情况及其他临床病理资料进行相关性分析。结果乳腺癌组织中HIF-1α阳性表达率为54.76%,ER表达阳性率为66.67%(28/42)。ER表达率在HIF-1α阳性者中为56.52%,HIF-1α阴性者中为78.95%,P=0.125。而在细胞水平上,ER在HIF-1α阳性者和阴性者中的表达量积分,分别为2.96±1.97、5.11±2.58,t=3.06(P=0.004),Spearman等级分析,r=-0.49(P=0.003)。另外,HIF-1α表达除常见于绝经后患者外,与肿瘤大小、病理类型、孕激素受体、腋窝淋巴结转移、Ki67、C-erbB-2表达均无显著相关。结论乳腺癌组织中HIF-1α表达可能参与了ER表达下调的机制。     

miR-424对雌激素受体α表达的抑制作用

目的:筛选能够抑制在乳腺癌发生中起关键作用的雌激素受体α(ERα)表达的microRNA(miRNA)分子,并在ERα阳性的乳腺癌细胞株中初步检测其生物学功能。方法:在ERα阳性的乳腺癌细胞ZR75-1中转染多种miRNA的表达载体,Western印迹检测ERα的表达水平,找到可以抑制ERα表达的miRNA分子;将该miRNA的表达载体转染ZR75-1后,在雌激素E2的作用下,检测该miRNA分子对细胞生长的影响。结果:经过筛选,得到能够抑制ERα表达的miRNA分子miR-424;生长曲线结果显示,miR-424能够在不依赖于E2的情况下阻抑ZR75-1的生长。结论:该研究为进一步研究miR-424在ERα信号通路中的生物学功能及研究乳腺癌的发生发展机制奠定了基础。     

乳腺癌相关的细胞内信号通路

乳腺癌是女性中常见的恶性肿瘤之一.乳腺癌的发生、发展、转移及耐药性的产生与细胞内的信号通路密切相关,其中雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)信号通路、胰岛素样生长因子受体（insulin-like growth factor receptor,IGFR)信号通路和表皮生长因子受体（epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR）信号通路尤为重要．深入了解ER、IGFR和EGFR三条信号通路的作用机制及它们之间的交叉对话对于寻找新的更有效的肿瘤治疗靶点至关重要．本文综述了近年来有关ER、IGFR和EGFR三条信号通路研究进展及这三条通路与乳腺癌关系．     

乳腺癌干细胞和乳腺癌

肿瘤干细胞既包含干细胞的特性也包含肿瘤细胞的特性。乳腺癌起源于乳腺癌干细胞的说法能够合理地解释乳腺癌的不均一性及其治疗后的复发,这些变异的干细胞可能作为肿瘤预防策略的靶标。而且,由于乳腺癌干细胞能够抵抗辐射治疗和化学治疗,所以要想更好地治疗乳腺癌就需要寻找针对这些干细胞的靶标。我们综述了乳腺癌干细胞的发现、富集和分离、相关的信号途径,以及在乳腺癌治疗中的应用。     

ERβ Isoforms Have Differential Clinical Significance in Breast Cancer Subtypes and Subgroups

Simple SummaryERβ, an ER subtype first identified in 1996, is significantly expressed in ERα-negative breast cancer (BCa) and TNBC. Many studies investigated mostly ERβ1 protein expression in the entire cohort of BCa, and the results are inconsistent. In this study, we simultaneously investigated both ERβ mRNA and three ERβ 1, 2, and 5 protein isoforms in various subtypes and subgroups of BCa. Each ERβ isoform’s mRNA and protein expression seemingly plays a significant role in BCa subtypes and subgroups, and ERβ2 mRNA expression is risk factor for poor outcome. Studies in a large cohort of BCa are needed to explore the potential usefulness of ERβ as a prognostic and predictive marker and a therapeutic target in BCa. Furthermore, the standardization of a ERβ testing protocol may be required for ERβ testing to be utilized in a clinical setting.AbstractERβ, an ER subtype first identified in 1996, is highly expressed in different types of BCa including ERα-negative BCa and TNBC. Many studies on ERβ expression investigated mostly on ERβ1 protein expression in ERα-positive and ERα-negative BCa combined. The results are conflicting. This may be due to the complexity of ERβ isoforms, subject heterogeneity, and various study designs targeting different ERβ isoforms and either ERβ protein or mRNA expression, as well as to the lack of a standardized testing protocol. Herein, we simultaneously investigated both mRNA and protein expression of ERβ isoforms 1, 2, and 5 in different BCa subtypes and clinical characteristics. Patient samples (138) and breast cancer cell lines (BCC) reflecting different types of BCa were tested for ERα and ERβ mRNA expression using quantitative real-time PCR, as well as for protein expression of ERα, ERβ1, ERβ2, and ERβ5 isoforms, PR, HER2/neu, Ki-67, CK 5/6, and p53 using immunohistochemistry. Associations of ERβ isoform expression with clinical characteristics and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. ERβ1, 2, and 5 isoforms are differentially expressed in different BCa subtypes including ERα-negative and TNBC. Each ERβ isoform seemingly plays a distinct role and is associated with clinical tumor characteristics and patient outcomes. ERβ isoform expression is significantly associated with >15% Ki-67 positivity and poor prognostic markers, and it predicts poorer OS, mostly in the subgroups. High ERβ2 and 5 isoform expression in ERα-negative BCa and TNBC is predictive of poor OS. Further investigation of ERβ isoforms in a larger cohort of BCa subgroups is needed to evaluate the role of ERβ for the potential usefulness of ERβ as a prognostic and predictive marker and for therapeutic use. The inconsistent outcomes of ERβ isoform mRNA or protein expression in many studies suggest that the standardization of ERβ testing would facilitate the use of ERβ in a clinical setting.     

Modification of ERα by UFM1 Increases Its Stability and Transactivity for Breast Cancer Development

The post-translational modification (e.g., phosphorylation) of estrogen receptor α (ERα) plays a role in controlling the expression and subcellular localization of ERα as well as its sensitivity to hormone response. Here, we show that ERα is also modified by UFM1 and this modification (ufmylation) plays a crucial role in promoting the stability and transactivity of ERα, which in turn promotes breast cancer development. The elevation of ufmylation via the knockdown of UFSP2 (the UFM1-deconjugating enzyme in humans) dramatically increases ERα stability by inhibiting ubiquitination. In contrast, ERα stability is decreased by the prevention of ufmylation via the silencing of UBA5 (the UFM1-activating E1 enzyme). Lys171 and Lys180 of ERα were identified as the major UFM1 acceptor sites, and the replacement of both Lys residues by Arg (2KR mutation) markedly reduced ERα stability. Moreover, the 2KR mutation abrogated the 17β-estradiol-induced transactivity of ERα and the expression of its downstream target genes, including pS2, cyclin D1, and c-Myc; this indicates that ERα ufmylation is required for its transactivation function. In addition, the 2KR mutation prevented anchorage-independent colony formation by MCF7 cells. Most notably, the expression of UFM1 and its conjugating machinery (i.e., UBA5, UFC1, UFL1, and UFBP1) were dramatically upregulated in ERα-positive breast cancer cell lines and tissues. Collectively, these findings implicate a critical role attributed to ERα ufmylation in breast cancer development by ameliorating its stability and transactivity.     

乳腺癌雌激素受体β不同亚型表达载体的构建及其转录活性分析

目的：构建人乳腺癌中雌激素受体B（ERβ）3种亚型ERβ1、ERβ2和ERβ5的真核表达载体,测定不同亚型ERβ的转录活性。方法：以乳腺癌细胞MCF7的cDNA为模板,PCR扩增ERβ1、ERβ2和ERβ5万基因,分别克隆到pXJ40-Mye载体,Western印迹检测克隆载体在293T细胞内的表达;将上述载体与含雌激素应答元件（ERE）的萤光素酶（Luc）报告基因载体（ERE—luc）共转293T细胞,测定各亚型ER／3的转录活性。结果：构建了Myc—ERβ1、Myc—ERβ2和Mye—ERβ5表达载体,转录活性结果显示上述表达载体均具有活性,雌激素可升高ERβ5的转录活性,不能升高Eβ2和ER5的转录活性。结论：该研究为进-步探讨不同亚型ERβ在乳腺癌中的功能奠定了基础。     

Managing Bone Health in Breast Cancer

ObjectiveOsteoporosis is a common condition that can be caused or exacerbated by estrogen deficiency.MethodsThis narrative review will discuss optimizing bone health in the setting of adjuvant endocrine treatments for hormone receptor–positive breast cancer and the current use of antiresorptive agents as adjuvant therapy and as bone modifying agents.ResultsAdjuvant endocrine treatments for hormone receptor–positive breast cancer (tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors) affect bone health. The exact effect depends on the agent used and the menopausal state of the woman. Antiresorptive medications for osteoporosis, bisphosphonates and denosumab, lower the risk of bone loss from aromatase inhibitors. Use of bisphosphonates as adjuvant treatment in breast cancer, regardless of hormone receptor status, is increasing because of benefits seen to cancer relapse and survival.ConclusionOptimizing bone health in women with breast cancer during and after cancer treatment is informed by an understanding of breast cancer treatment and its skeletal effect.     

成骨细胞特异性转录因子2与乳腺癌

Runx2为成骨细胞特异性转录因子,调控成骨细胞分化和骨组织的形成.近年来研究表明,Runx2在乳腺癌中可以激活与癌症转移相关的骨基质、黏附蛋白、金属蛋白酶以及血管内皮生长因子,并且Runx2可以与一些联合抑制剂或激活剂形成调控复合体,在亚核结构域中存在,调节基因的转录以及间接地影响乳腺癌细胞的信号通路.除此之外,Runx2还可以与雌激素受体相互作用在某种程度上解除雌激素及其受体在乳腺癌发展中的调控作用.本文主要概括Runx2在乳腺癌中的作用机制,重点综述Runx2在乳腺癌中与雌激素受体相互作用的研究进展.     

Design,Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 2‐(2‐Bromo‐3‐nitrophenyl)‐5‐phenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole Derivatives as Possible Anti‐Breast Cancer Agents

Breast Cancer (BCa) is the most often diagnosed cancer among women who were in the late 1940’s. Breast cancer growth is largely dependent on the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptor. Breast cancer cells may have one, both, or none of these receptors. The treatment for breast cancer may involve surgery, hormonal therapy (Tamoxifen, an aromatase inhibitor, etc.) and oral chemotherapeutic drugs. The molecular docking technique reported the findings on the potential binding modes of the 2‐(2‐bromo‐3‐nitrophenyl)‐5‐phenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives with the estrogen receptor (PDB ID: 3ERT). The 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives 4a – 4j have been synthesized and described by spectroscopic method. 2‐(2‐Bromo‐6‐nitrophenyl)‐5‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole ( 4c ) was reconfirmed by single‐crystal XRD. All the compounds have been tested in combination with generic Imatinib pharmaceutical drug against breast cancer cell lines isolated from Caucasian woman MCF‐7, MDA‐MB‐453 and MCF‐10A non‐cancer cell lines. The compounds with the methoxy (in 4c ) and methyl (in 4j ) substitution were shown to have significant cytotoxicity, with 4c showing dose‐dependent activation and decreased cell viability. The mechanism of action was reported by induced apoptosis and tested by a DNA enzyme inhibitor experiment (ELISA) for Methyl Transferase. Molecular dynamics simulations were made for hit molecule 4c to study the stability and interaction of the protein?ligand complex. The toxicity properties of ADME were calculated for all the compounds. All these results provide essential information for further clinical trials.