小麦啤酒的生产工艺

小麦啤酒以其特殊的小麦芽香气,风味上较普通大麦啤酒有显著特点,深受消费者的青睐。小麦啤酒(wheatbeer)是指以小麦为全部或者大部分原料所生产的一类啤酒,小麦麦芽和大麦麦芽相比具有较高的蛋白质含量,从而具有很好的泡持力,但是由于小麦麦芽本身固有的特性(裸麦、蛋白含量高),使得小麦啤酒制备过程中过滤困难,制成的小麦啤酒非生物稳定性较差。结合本文对国内外现行的小麦啤酒生产技术、工艺所作的综述,可以从小麦啤酒的生产工艺方面来着手解决以上难题。     

以小麦面粉作为辅料生产小麦啤酒

研究小麦面粉作为啤酒辅料酿造工艺,在小麦面粉的最大添加量占原料的20%的条件下,中性蛋白酶添加量0.10 mL/kg,耐热α-淀粉酶添加量20 u/g,木聚糖酶的添加量1.8 mL/kg,解决小麦面粉作为啤酒辅料中出现黏度大,过滤困难等不利因素;同时采用上面发酵工艺,以其他辅料酿造啤酒的麦汁和发酵液的理化指标为参照,进一步评估工艺的合理性;研究利用蛋白疏水层析色谱法(HIC),对添加小麦面粉作为辅料生产的小麦啤酒的啤酒泡沫中分离疏水蛋白,其疏水蛋白含量显著增加,并显著提高啤酒的泡沫性能。同时酿造的啤酒具有典型的小麦啤酒的特征香味4-乙烯基愈创木酚味道。     

浅淡小麦啤酒的开发

介绍了国外生产小麦啤酒的概况和在我国开发小麦啤酒应注意的问题。文中叙述了小麦啤酒的种类,发酵方式,使用小麦酿造的优越性和存在问题,采用底面发酵生产小麦啤酒更适合我国的实际情况。     

小麦啤酒生产中的几个技术问题

1　原料配比中小麦麦芽的比例由于小麦麦芽色度较深、蛋白质含量较高、没有外壳 ,会影响糖化麦汁的过滤效果和成品酒的外观质量及保质期 ,因此使用量不宜过大 ,一般来说控制在 30 %～ 4 0 %为宜。2　酵母菌种的选用国外生产的小麦啤酒 ,多采用上面酵母进行发酵 ,成品啤酒酯香味较浓 ,酸味较重 ,而且上面酵母发酵温度高 ,副产物多 ,口味相对较浓郁 ,国内消费者不宜接受。建议国内企业采用下面酵母发酵 ,工艺变化小 ,生产易控制 ,更主要的是生产出的小麦啤酒比较适合国内消费者的口味习惯 ,除具有一般啤酒的风味 ,还具有小麦啤酒的典型口感 :…     

小麦啤酒酿造浅谈

小麦啤酒以小麦芽为主要原料酿制，无论是从口感上还是营养上都优于大麦啤酒。小麦啤酒的生产工艺流程与大麦啤酒基本一致：小麦经筛选、浸渍、发芽、干燥后制成干麦芽，添加辅料，延长蛋白质休止时间，经糖化、煮沸、过滤制成麦汁，再经发酵、灌装制成小麦啤酒。     

用小麦酿造啤酒的讨论

小麦是酿造啤酒的原料之一，其分布主要在欧亚大陆和北美洲。品种因播种季节和皮色不同而呈多品种性：小麦营养比较丰富，经济价值较高；富含淀粉、蛋白质，还舍有脂肪、多种矿质元素和维生素B。小麦含蛋白质在11％～16％，比大麦含蛋白质高。小麦芽生产浸麦时间为大麦的2／3；浸麦度为37％～38％；发芽温度可升至17～20℃，结束温度为60℃；焙焦温度80℃。用小麦芽酿造啤酒对糖化和过滤、啤酒风味、酵母使用、啤酒过滤和啤酒抗冷都会产生一定的影响。     

小麦啤酒与白啤酒辨异

小麦啤酒与白啤酒都是用小麦和大麦为原料生产的,只是生产工艺不同,所以很容易造成概念上的混淆。小麦啤酒德语Weizen Bier,英语为Wheat Beer,其中Weizen和Wheat为小麦之意;而白啤酒英语为White Beer,可见发音和翻译也容易造成二者的混淆。小麦啤酒的产地最有代表性的是西德的巴伐利亚州,据1987年统计,该地区共有788家啤酒厂,年产啤卑酒254.6万吨,其中近50%为小麦啤酒,可见小麦啤酒在该地区     

小麦麦芽部分替代大麦麦芽啤酒生产中酶制剂的应用试验

主要探讨在利用小麦麦芽替代部分大麦麦芽的啤酒酿造中，试验添加啤酒糖化复合酶NCB-501B．通过对麦汁过滤时间，定型麦汁质量，发酵波以及成品酒理化指标和感官评价的对比分析，表明NCB-50113能有效缩短麦汁过滤时间，增加α-氨基氮含量，提高啤酒品质和非生物稳定性，同时降低了生产成本。     

小麦啤酒的研制

以小麦芽为主要原料，采用加酶糖化法，加麦汁澄清剂煮沸，浮选法去除冷凝固物，滤酒时添加ＰＶＰＰ、“快８３”硅胶和复合抗氧剂，用二氧化碳背压、二次抽真空法包装等先进可行的技术，酿制出风味独特，非生物稳定性好的小麦啤酒，有效解决了小麦啤酒生产中麦汁过滤困难和保质期短的难题。     

“SP-3”与“SP-2”在全小麦啤酒酿造中应用研究

“SP-3”是新选育的啤酒酵母菌株,而“SP-2”为通常生产大麦芽啤酒使用的啤酒酵母菌株,“SP-3”与“SP-2”啤酒酵母菌株在全小麦啤酒生产中应用对比试验结果表明,“SP-3”啤酒酵母菌株在全小麦芽啤酒的酿造中适用性较强,各项指标均优于“SP-2”啤酒酵母菌株,用其酿制的啤酒口感纯正、清爽、柔和,能够较好地适应当前消费者的口感需求.     

PGA对纯生啤酒泡沫稳定性的影响研究

在纯生啤酒中添加微量的PGA,可有效地提高纯生啤酒的泡沫稳定性。实验发现,在初过滤之后,终过滤之前,向纯生啤酒中添加35mgPGA/L啤酒,静置5min后,泡持值可从294s平均增加到402s,即泡持值提高了36.7%。经过60d贮藏后,测得其泡持值为390s。     

木聚糖酶Shearzyme 500 L对蔗渣木聚糖的特性研究

以木聚糖酶Shearzyme 500L水解蔗渣木聚糖制备低聚木糖,用DNS法测定酶解液中的总糖和还原糖,HPLC法测定酶解产物组成,其适宜的水解条件为底物质量浓度3g/100mL、pH5.0、60℃、木聚糖中酶用量50U/g、水解时间24h。在此条件下底物水解率约为63.1%,水解产物的81.5% 为低聚木糖,其中木二糖占54.8%,木三糖占26.7%。Shearzyme 500L 不能将一分子木二糖水解为两个木糖单糖,但能水解木三糖并相应生成木二糖与木糖。副产物木糖能显著抑制Shearzyme 500L 活性,降低木聚糖的水解率。     

葡萄籽百香果啤酒发酵工艺优化

该研究以大麦芽、小麦为主要原料,葡萄籽、百香果为主要辅料酿制啤酒,利用单因素试验考察混合主料（大麦芽、小麦与水）料液比、萨兹香型酒花添加量、混合辅料（葡萄籽、百香果与麦汁）料液比、初始pH值、酵母添加量和主发酵温度等因素对葡萄籽百香果啤酒感官评分的影响,并通过响应面优化葡萄籽百香果啤酒发酵工艺条件。结果表明,最优葡萄籽百香果啤酒发酵工艺条件为：大麦芽、小麦与水料液比1.0∶4.0（kg∶L）,初始pH值5.0,萨兹香型酒花添加量0.6 g/L,百香果汁添加量80 g/L,葡萄籽、百香果与麦汁料液比2.0∶1.0（kg∶L）,酵母添加量0.10%,主发酵温度21 ℃。在此优化发酵工艺条件下,葡萄籽百香果啤酒感官评分为88.44分,酿制的啤酒香气丰富有层次感,麦香突出,是一款理想的烈性啤酒。     

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its use as a brewing cereal – a review

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has a long tradition as a raw material for the production of malt and beer. Nevertheless, it has been studied to a much lesser extent than barley, which is the number one brewing cereal. The protein content of wheat ranges from about 6 to 20%, depending on the variety and baking characteristics, as well as on environmental conditions during growth. Since wheat is the most used cereal in the baking industry, the focus of wheat breeding and research has been about optimization for baking purposes (i.e. high protein content, stable falling numbers, constant baking qualities). It is well known that wheat varieties with a high protein content lead to problems in the brewing process. Therefore, varieties with a low protein content and with low viscosity values are favoured for malting and brewing. Since wheat beer yield has nearly doubled from 1990 to 2009, and is still increasing, more focus has been placed on conducting research on wheat for the malting and brewing industry. Currently, every tenth beer sold in Germany is a wheat beer. Therefore, it is of major interest to screen wheat varieties for brewing processability and to give more focus to wheat as a brewing cereal. In this review, a detailed characterization of wheat is given, particularly in regard to carbohydrates, pentosans, protein fractions and enzymes. The impact of wheat and its quality on the malting and brewing process is reviewed. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

比利时/德国小麦啤酒风味物质差异研究

以大麦芽、小麦芽和未发芽的小麦为原料,添加酒花、橘皮和芫荽籽,使用上面发酵酵母No.303,酿造比利时风格和德国风格小麦啤酒。该研究介绍了两种风格小麦啤酒的酿造工艺,对两种风格的成品小麦啤酒进行风味物质检测分析以及感官品评,探讨了比利时风格小麦啤酒和德国风格小麦啤酒风味物质的差异。结果表明,比利时风格小麦啤酒乙醛含量更为适宜（约为2.6 mg/L）,高级醇和乙酸含量较高（分别为113 mg/L和160 mg/L）,酯类物质含量偏低（约为50 mg/L）,成品啤酒橘香味突出,但酯香味不够充足;德国风格小麦啤酒乙醛和酯类物质含量略高（分别为3 mg/L和63 mg/L）,高级醇含量稍低（约为104 mg/L）,乙酸含量适宜（约为135 mg/L）。     

酵母和乳酸菌发酵生产白啤酒研究

以 6 0 %大麦芽和 4 0 %小麦芽为原料 ,经上面酵母和乳酸菌L4混合发酵 ,研制生产出白啤酒。从 4株乳酸菌中筛选出适合白啤酒生产的L4菌 ,通过对发酵方式的选择 ,确定了酵母BLS 1和乳酸菌L4混合发酵方式 ,同时对酒花添加量、接种量及发酵温度和时间进行了讨论 ,制定出工艺路线 ,所得白啤酒质量符合标准。     

A Study of the Fate of Volatile Hop Constituents in Beer

SUMMARY— The volatile material from a pilot plant brewed beer (hopped) has been analyzed by the direct combination of capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. None of the major volatile terpenoid hydrocarbons of hops (myrcene, caryophyllene, humulene) could be detected in the beer volatiles. The only volatile constituents in the beer which could be assigned to hops with some certainty were ethyl dec-4-enoate and ethyl deca-4,9-dienoate, which exist in the hop oil as the methyl esters.
A capillary gas chromatography analysis of a beer which was brewed without hops but with methyl dec-4-enoate (0.02 g/L) showed that this ester was converted to the ethyl ester by the fermentation.
A study was also carried out using model systems to parallel the "kettle boiling" step of brewing. This involved boiling hops with water for a set period and filtering the water extract from the hops. It was found that the pattern of volatile hop constituents in the filtrate (hopped water) was quite different from hop oil and consisted principally of free organic acids, humulene epoxide, humulenol, and other hop oil oxygenated components. With fine filteration through Celite, very little myrcene, humulene, or caryophyllene were transferred into the water, even though they form the major part of hop volatiles. If, however, only coarse filtration was used, a greater amount of these hydrocarbons were found in the filtrate.
It is concluded that the amount of volatile hop oil constituents reaching the final beer probably depends upon the exact conditions of the brewing process used. No evidence could be found in the present work to support the view that the tiny amounts that do survive in beer prepared by the typical American process could contribute more than a very minor amount to the characteristic beer aroma.     

Preliminary characterization of an Italian craft durum wheat beer

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the production of beers brewed using raw materials of local origin. Many micro‐breweries have been established in Italy, particularly in Sardinia, where some have started to use Sardinian wheat to produce a beer that has a regional connection. The most widespread wheat cultivar used in Italy has been Senatore Cappelli, which is still grown in Sardinia and in some other regions. Bread produced with this type of wheat is characterized by a high protein content and good sensory properties. Owing to its origin, this cultivar is being considered for use in beer production. In this work, a Sardinian durum wheat beer was compared with two other wheat beers brewed in Europe (Germany and the Czech Republic). Standard beer chemical analyses, along with volatile and sensorial profiles, were used to characterize the Sardinian craft durum wheat beer. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

硅胶处理对小麦啤酒胶体稳定性的影响

表明硅胶处理对小麦啤酒胶体稳定性的影响。小麦啤酒与正常的啤酒相比,小麦啤酒的抗冷能力较差,尤其是啤酒在冰箱内保藏温度接近0℃时,啤酒容易出现冷混浊,这是由于用于酿造小麦啤酒的主要原料小麦芽含有较高的蛋白质。我们通过在贮酒后期添加硅胶,将成品啤酒经饱和硫酸铵极限试验和冷热试验测定啤酒的SASPL值和保质期,发现使用硅胶可以有效地延长小麦啤酒的保质期。     

APPLICATIONS OF FAST PROTEIN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (FPLC) TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE NITROGENOUS CONSTITUENTS OF BEER

The nitrogenous constituents of beer were investigated by several Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) techniques. Size exclusion chromatography of dialysed beer material using columns of Superose 6 and Superose 12 suggested that beer polypeptide material was distributed across a wide relative molecular mass (Mr) range with discrete fractions of high Mr (Mr 300 000, Mr 500 000), Mr c60 000, Mr c40 000 and relatively low Mr (Mr 5 000–20 000). The composition of fractions Mr >40 000 and Mr 40 000–60 000 was investigated by ion exchange chromatography. Differences were detected in the elution profiles of fractions prepared from beers brewed from grists comprising 100% malt, 80% malt plus 20% torrfied wheat and 100% malted wheat consistent with differences in the polypeptide composition of these fractions. The Superose 12 column, although designed for the fractionation of high molecular weight components, also provided a method of fractionating low molecular weight nitrogenous materials directly from beer (for example fractions containing purine nucleosides). Reverse phase chromatography was employed in the analysis of beer peptides and demonstrated the complex composition of beer peptide fractions.