IgE介导食物过敏和婴幼儿特应性皮炎的相关性研究

目的 探讨婴幼儿IgE介导的食物过敏和特应性皮炎(AD)的相关性.方法 选取2014年1月至2016年12月在济宁市第一人民医院皮肤科和儿科变态反应门诊确诊为AD的婴幼儿80例,年龄3个月至3岁.详细询问病史并填写食物过敏调查问卷,再行血清食物特异性IgE(sIgE)检测.除极高水平sIgE外,sIgE阳性患儿需要口服食物激发试验(OFCs),采用二元Logistic回归分析食物sIgE阳性分级对诊断食物过敏的影响.结果 26(32.50%)例AD患儿有食物过敏史或可疑食物过敏史.食物sIgE阳性38例,占总数的47.50%.不同程度的AD患儿在一种食物sIgE阳性和两种及以上食物sIgE阳性比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.88,P<0.05).其中极高水平sIgE(6级)5例.结合过敏史、sIgE阳性和OFCs,确诊食物过敏18例(鸡蛋12例、牛奶5例、鱼1例),总阳性率为22.50%.食物sIgE阳性分级越高,IgE介导的食物过敏发生率越高(Waldχ2=13.24,P<0.05,OR=2.81).结论 婴幼儿AD与IgE介导的食物过敏存在密切关联性.个人史和家族过敏史为诊断提供线索,sIgE分级为诊断提供有价值的参考,确诊需要OFCs.牛奶和鸡蛋是婴幼儿最常见的过敏原.     

Effect of processed foods on serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein among children with atopic dermatitis

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) in school-age children has increased in industrialized countries. As diet is one of the main factors provoking AD, some studies have suggested that food additives in processed foods could function as pseudoallergens, which comprise the non-immunoglobulin E-mediated reaction. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is an eosinophil granule protein released during allergic reactions to food allergens in patients with AD. Thus, serum ECP levels may be a useful indicator of ongoing inflammatory processes in patients with AD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of consuming MSG in processed foods on serum ECP levels among children with AD. This study was performed with 13 patients with AD (age, 7-11 years) who had a normal range of total IgE levels (< 300 IU/ml). All participants ate normal diets during the first week. Then, six patients were allocated to a processed food-restricted group (PRDG) and seven patients were in a general diet group (GDG). During the second week, children in the PRDG and their parents were asked to avoid eating all processed foods. On the third week, children in the PRDG were allowed all foods, as were the children in the GDG throughout the 3-week period. The subjects were asked to complete a dietary record during the trial period. Children with AD who received the dietary restriction showed decreased consumption of MSG and decreased serum ECP levels and an improved SCORing score on the atopic dermatitis index (P < 0.05). No differences in serum ECP levels or MSG consumption were observed in the GDG. Serum total IgE levels were not changed in either group. In conclusion, a reduction in MSG intake by restricting processed food consumption may lead to a decrease in serum ECP levels in children with AD and improve AD symptoms.     

Assessment of Selected Intestinal Permeability Markers in Children with Food Allergy Depending on the Type and Severity of Clinical Symptoms

Background: Food allergy (FA) has a broad range of symptoms, and clinical manifestations may concern several reactions from one system or organ. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess intestinal permeability (IP) based on the analysis of serum zonulin and bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) levels in children with FA, taking into account the pathomechanism of immune reaction, clinical symptoms of FA and their severity. Material and methods: The study comprised 103 patients aged 7–60 months (median 34); 49 children with IgE-mediated allergy and 25 children with non-IgE-mediated allergy; the reference group comprised 29 children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. IP markers were determined using ELISA. Results: There was no correlation between the severity of clinical symptoms and the level of IP markers in children with FA. Zonulin and LPS levels were significantly higher in children with FA and gastrointestinal symptoms. Zonulin levels in the subgroup of children with non-IgE-mediated FA and gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly higher than in the subgroup of children with IgE-mediated FA and these symptoms. The level of LPS was significantly higher in the subgroup with IgE-mediated FA and atopic dermatitis. Conclusions: Zonulin and LPS levels were significantly higher in children with FA compared to children from the reference group. Zonulin levels were significantly higher in children with non-IgE-mediated FA than in children with IgE-mediated FA.     

海口市学龄前儿童特应性皮炎流行病学调查

目的 调查海口市学龄前儿童特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis,AD)流行病学特征及患病危险因素.方法 2020年10-11月采用问卷与体检相结合的方式调查海口市3～6岁学龄前儿童AD的流行病学特征,并采用logistic回归分析确定患病危险因素.结果 海口市学龄前儿童AD总患病率为4.79％,其中男性为5....     

Pear pomace alleviated atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice and inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESPoorly regulated inflammation is believed to be the most predominant factor that can result in a wide scope of diseases including atopic dermatitis (AD). Despite many studies on the effect of pear pomace in obesity-related disorders including dysregulated gut microbiota, the protective effect of pear pomace in AD is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pear pomace ethanol extract (PPE) on AD by inhibiting inflammation.MATERIALS/METHODSIn the in vivo experiment, 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was applied to NC/Nga mice to induce AD-like skin lesions. After the induction, PPE was administered daily by oral gavage for 4 weeks. The clinical severity score, serum IgE levels, spleen weight, histological changes in dorsal skin, and inflammation-related proteins were measured. In the cell study, RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with PPE before stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Nitrite oxide (NO) production and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) protein expression were detected.RESULTSCompared to the AD control (AD-C) group, IgE levels were dramatically decreased via PPE treatment. PPE significantly reduced scratching behavior, improved skin symptoms, and decreased ear thickness compared to the AD-C group. In addition, PPE inhibited the DNCB-induced expression of inducible nitrite oxide synthase (iNOS), the receptor for advanced glycation end products, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and NF-κB. PPE inhibited the LPS-induced overproduction of NO and the enhanced expression of iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2. Moreover, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and NF-κB in RAW 264.7 cells was suppressed by PPE.CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest that PPE could be explored as a therapeutic agent to prevent AD.     

特应性皮炎患儿维生素D的表达及其相关因素研究

目的 探讨特应性皮炎患儿维生素D的表达及其相关因素。方法 回顾性分析某医院皮肤科门诊2017年1月—2018年1月诊治的特应性皮炎患儿80例临床资料,检测血清中25(OH)D3、超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)、总铁结合力(TIBC)水平。收集患儿一般资料包括年龄、性别、户外活动情况、喜食水果情况。进行特应性皮炎患儿维生素D的表达及其与病情的相关性分析。结果 80例患儿中维生素D表达正常有18例,占比22.50%;不足有26例,占比32.50%;缺乏有36例,占比45%。正常、不足、缺乏患者性别差异比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。维生素D、hsCRP、TIBC、户外运动、喜食水果差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。维生素D与户外运动情况、喜食水果正相关,与hsCRP、TIBC负相关。多元线性回归分析结果显示喜食水果、hsCRP、TIBC是维生素D表达的独立影响因素。结论 运动、喜食水果有利于维生素D表达,建议临床应积极控制患儿炎症。     

血清脂溶性维生素水平与儿童特应性皮炎严重程度的相关性研究

目的 探讨脂溶性维生素A、D、E水平与儿童特应性皮炎(AD)发病及疾病严重程度之间的关系,为临床有效防治儿童AD提供理论依据。方法 2018年3月—2020年3月选取海南医学院第二附属医院皮肤科确诊的AD患儿64例为AD组和同期健康体检儿童64例为对照组,通过SCORAD评分评估AD患儿疾病严重程度,采用高效液相色谱法检测血清维生素A(VitA)和维生素E(VitE)水平,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法检测血清25羟基维生素D₃[25(OH)D₃]水平。结果 AD组血清VitA和25(OH)D₃水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=3.986、4.312,P＜0.05),AD患儿SCORAD评分为(37.8±15.3)分,轻、中、重度AD患儿血清25(OH)D₃水平差异有统计学意义(F=9.405,P＜0.05),血清25(OH)D₃水平与SCORAD评分呈负相关(r=-0.389,P=0.001),血清VitA和VitE水平与SCORAD评分无相关性(P>0.05)。结论 AD患儿存在VitA、VitD缺乏或不足,血清VitD水平与AD严重程度呈负相关。     

How a Family History of Allergic Diseases Influences Food Allergy in Children: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study

The influence of family allergic history on food allergy in offspring in Japan is unknown. We analyzed data from a nationwide birth cohort study using logistic regression models to examine the associations of maternal, paternal, and both parental histories of allergic diseases (food allergy, atopic dermatitis, asthma, and rhinitis) with their child’s food allergy at 1.5 and 3 years of age. This analysis included 69,379 singleton full-term mothers and 37,179 fathers and their children. All parental histories of allergic diseases showed significant positive associations with their child’s food allergy. When both parents had a history of allergic diseases, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) tended to be higher than when either parent had allergic diseases (p for trend < 0.0001). The highest aOR was detected when both parents had food allergy (2.60; 95% confidential interval, 1.58–4.27), and the aOR was 1.71 when either parent had food allergy (95% confidential interval, 1.54–1.91). The aORs were attenuated but still had significant positive associations after adjusting for the child’s atopic dermatitis, a risk factor for allergy development. In conclusion, all parental allergic diseases were significantly positively associated with their child’s food allergy. The effect of family history showed a stepwise increase in risk from either parent to both parents, and the highest risk of allergic disease was a parental history of food allergy.     

Acute health effects of urban fine and ultrafine particles on children with atopic dermatitis

Although ambient particulate pollutants have been shown to exacerbate existing allergic symptoms of mucous membranes including rhinitis and asthma, the effects on skin such as atopic dermatitis in childhood deserve further study. We investigated the effects of urban particulate pollutants including ultrafine particles on atopic severity in children with atopic dermatitis. We included 41 schoolchildren, 8–12 years old, who had been diagnosed with atopic dermatitis. For 67 consecutive days, all of them measured their symptoms in a diary. To assess exposure, the daily ambient mass concentrations of particulate matter less than 10, 2.5 and 1 μm (PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁, respectively) and concentrations of submicron particles (0.01–1 μm) were measured at a local school. The mean mass concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁ were 74.0, 57.8 and 50.8 μg/m³, respectively. The mean concentrations were 41,335/cm³ ultrafine particles (UFPs) and 8577/cm³ accumulation mode (0.1–1 μm) particles. Significant associations were found between the concentrations of ultrafine particles and the itchiness symptom in children with atopic dermatitis. An interquartile range (IQR) increase in previous day ultrafine particles concentration (IQR: 28–140/m³) was significantly associated with a 3.1% (95% confidence interval, 0.2–6.1) increase in the itch symptom score for children with atopic dermatitis. The results suggested that the concentration of ambient ultrafine particles may exacerbate skin symptoms in children with atopic dermatitis.     

Mechanisms Underlying the Skin-Gut Cross Talk in the Development of IgE-Mediated Food Allergy

Immune-globulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy is characterized by a variety of clinical entities within the gastrointestinal tract, skin and lungs, and systemically as anaphylaxis. The default response to food antigens, which is antigen specific immune tolerance, requires exposure to the antigen and is already initiated during pregnancy. After birth, tolerance is mostly acquired in the gut after oral ingestion of dietary proteins, whilst exposure to these same proteins via the skin, especially when it is inflamed and has a disrupted barrier, can lead to allergic sensitization. The crosstalk between the skin and the gut, which is involved in the induction of food allergy, is still incompletely understood. In this review, we will focus on mechanisms underlying allergic sensitization (to food antigens) via the skin, leading to gastrointestinal inflammation, and the development of IgE-mediated food allergy. Better understanding of these processes will eventually help to develop new preventive and therapeutic strategies in children.     

脐血25-羟基维生素D水平与6月龄婴儿特应性皮炎的发生及严重程度的关系

目的 分析新生儿脐血25-羟基维生素D[25-(OH)D]水平与婴儿特应性皮炎(AD)的关系,为婴儿AD的一级预防及早期干预提供依据。方法 2016年12月-2017年12月前瞻性连续选取孕期妇女及其所生婴儿202对,出生时留取脐血,跟踪至婴儿6月龄,采用标准问卷调查获取父母及婴儿资料,酶联免疫吸附试验检测脐血血清25-(OH)D水平。 通过客观的SCORAD评分评估AD患儿病情的严重程度。用巢式病例对照及Logistic回归的方法分析影响婴儿AD发生的危险因素。结果 脐血25-(OH)D水平在AD患儿及健康对照组中的差异无统计学意义,家族过敏史阳性(OR=1.963)、非纯母乳喂养(OR=2.089)、夏季出生(OR=2.265)是影响AD发生的危险因素(P<0.05)。脐血25-(OH)D水平与婴儿AD的严重程度负相关(r =-0.325,P=0.023)。结论 脐血25-(OH)D不是预测婴儿AD发生的危险因素,但与AD发生的严重程度负相关,孕期合理地补充维生素D可能会减轻婴儿AD的严重程度。     

Relationship between ambient ozone concentrations and daily hospital admissions for childhood asthma/atopic dermatitis in two cities of Korea during 2004–2005

The objective of this study was to estimate the association between ambient ozone levels and hospitalization for asthma/atopic dermatitis among children younger than 15 years old living in Seoul and Ulsan, Korea, in the years 2004–2005. Estimated relative risks of hospital admissions associated with an interquartile range (IQR) increase in ozone concentration were calculated using a generalized additive Poisson model. For childhood asthma, the effect of an ozone increase on the relative risks in Ulsan [1.21 (95% CI, 1.10–1.34)] was higher than that in Seoul [1.05 (95% CI, 0.99–1.11)]. The relative risks for childhood atopic dermatitis were also found to be higher in Ulsan [1.38 (95% CI, 0.80–2.36)] than in Seoul [1.28 (95% CI, 1.04–1.58)]. These results support previously reported findings and also indicate that ozone concentrations at levels below the standards in the Republic of Korea can be correlated with asthma hospital admissions in children.     

The nutritional status of subjects with anorexia nervosa

This study characterized the dietary pattern of 25 subjects with anorexia nervosa from a diet history. The patients mean age was 18 +/- 5 years and mean weight loss from preillness weight was 26%. Diets of anorectics were found to be significantly lower in total energy, reflecting a disturbance in nutrient intake when data were compared to a normal population. The percentage of energy derived from macronutrients was higher for protein and lower for concentrated carbohydrates, but total carbohydrates and lipids were found similar to the ones observed in normal subjects. Dietary intake of calcium, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acid of anorectics were significantly lower than in normal subjects. Such a particular pattern was paralleled by high serum cortisol levels and circadian cortisol cycle, low morning glycemia, high carotenemia, hypokaliemia and hyperalbuminemia. Results are discussed on the basis of the nutritional adequacy of the anorexia nervosa dietary pattern and its relationship with some aspects of the symptomatology of the disease.     

The wounded self—lonely in a crowd: A qualitative study of the voices of children living with atopic dermatitis in Hong Kong

Atopic dermatitis (AD) imposes significant physical and psychosocial burdens on affected children. However, little has been done to learn from the subjective experiences, perspectives and emotions of children living with AD. Their voices are not heard in healthcare settings. This study aims to share these children's voices and provide a deep understanding of the subjective experiences of children living with AD. We conducted qualitative research by conducting semi‐structured interviews and analysing the drawings of 17 children in Hong Kong aged between 8 and 12 years who were diagnosed with AD. Using a phenomenological approach, we transcribed, coded and described the interviews. We found that for the children in this study, living with AD meant contending with an accumulation of challenges and crises. At the individual level, the essential experience of living with AD manifested a vicious cycle of skin and mental issues. At the family level, conflicts between children and parents concerning AD management coexisted with parental support. The children commonly experienced bullying and isolation in school and discrimination and stigmatisation in their neighbourhood, thereby making living with AD a traumatic experience. The synergy between individual and environmental factors contributed to shaping an incapable and wounded “self” living with AD. Based on our findings, we propose a child‐centred biopsychosocial framework for understanding the living experiences of children with AD. This study suggests different practice strategies for healthcare professionals working with the individual challenges experienced by children living with AD and the challenges these children experience in their family, school, and neighbourhood. The needs of these children should be addressed through an integrated, holistic approach for improving their long‐term health outcomes.     

The Effectiveness of Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus casei Strains in Children with Atopic Dermatitis and Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy: A Multicenter,Randomized, Double Blind,Placebo Controlled Study

Probiotics seem to have promising effects in the prevention and treatment of allergic conditions including atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy. The purpose of this multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of a probiotic preparation comprising Lactobacillus rhamnosus ŁOCK 0900, Lactobacillus rhamnosus ŁOCK 0908, and Lactobacillus casei ŁOCK 0918 in children under 2 years of age with AD and a cow’s milk protein (CMP) allergy. The study enrolled 151 children, who—apart from being treated with a CMP elimination diet—were randomized to receive the probiotic preparation at a daily dose of 10⁹ bacteria or a placebo for three months, with a subsequent nine-month follow-up. The primary outcomes included changes in AD symptom severity assessed with the scoring AD (SCORAD) index and in the proportion of children with symptom improvement (a SCORAD score decreased by at least 30% in comparison with that at baseline). After the three-month intervention, both the probiotic and placebo groups showed a significant (p < 0.0001) decrease in SCORAD scores, which was maintained nine months later. The percentage of children who showed improvement was significantly higher in the probiotic than in the placebo group (odds ratio (OR) 2.56; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–5.8; p = 0.012) after three months. Probiotics induced SCORAD improvement mainly in allergen sensitized patients (OR 6.03; 95% CI 1.85–19.67, p = 0.001), but this positive effect was not observed after nine months. The results showed that the mixture of probiotic ŁOCK strains offers benefits for children with AD and CMP allergy. Further research is necessary to assess the effect of probiotic supplementation on the development of immune tolerance ({"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04738565","term_id":"NCT04738565"}}NCT04738565).     

Early Introduction of Allergenic Foods and the Prevention of Food Allergy

The increasing prevalence of food allergies is a growing public health problem. For children considered high risk of developing food allergy (particularly due to the presence of other food allergies or severe eczema), the evidence for the early introduction of allergenic foods, and in particular peanut and egg, is robust. In such cases, the consensus is clear that not only should such foods not be delayed, but that they should be introduced at approximately 4 to 6 months of age in order to minimize the risk of food allergy development. The early introduction of allergenic foods appears to be an effective strategy for minimizing the public health burden of food allergy, though further studies on the generalizability of this approach in low-risk populations is needed.     

Effects of maternal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate during fetal and/or neonatal periods on atopic dermatitis in male offspring

BACKGROUND: Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been widely used in polyvinyl chloride products and is ubiquitous in developed countries. Although maternal exposure to DEHP during fetal and/or neonatal periods reportedly affects reproductive and developmental systems, its effects on allergic diseases in offspring remain to be determined. OBJECTIVES: In the present study, we examined whether maternal exposure to DEHP during fetal and/or neonatal periods in NC/Nga mice affects atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions related to mite allergen in offspring. METHODS: We administered DEHP at a dose of 0, 0.8, 4, 20, or 100 microg/animal/week by intraperitoneal injection into dams during pregnancy (gestation days 0, 7, and 14) and/or lactation (postnatal days 1, 8, and 15). Eight-week-old male offspring of these treated females were injected intradermally with mite allergen into their right ears. We then evaluated clinical scores, ear thickening, histologic findings, and protein expression of eotaxin in the ear. RESULTS: Maternal exposure to a 100-microg dose of DEHP during neonatal periods, but not during fetal periods, enhanced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions related to mite allergen in males. The results were concomitant with the enhancement of eosinophilic inflammation, mast cell degranulation, and protein expression of eotaxin in overall trend. CONCLUSION: Maternal exposure to DEHP during neonatal periods can accelerate atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions related to mite allergen in male offspring, possibly via T helper 2 (T(H)2)-dominant responses, which can be responsible, at least in part, for the recent increase in atopic dermatitis.     

Nutrient intakes of infants with atopic dermatitis and relationship with feeding type

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe prevalence of atopic dermatitis in infants is increasing worldwide. However, the nutrient intake status of infants with atopic dermatitis has not been studied properly. This study was conducted to compare the nutrient intake status of infants in the weaning period with atopic dermatitis by feeding type.MATERIALS/METHODSFeeding types, nutrient intake status and growth status of 98 infants with atopic dermatitis from age 6 to 12 months were investigated. Feeding types were surveyed using questionnaires, and daily intakes were recorded by mothers using the 24-hour recall method. Growth and iron status were also measured.RESULTSThe result showed that breastfed infants consumed less energy and 13 nutrients compared to formula-fed or mixed-fed infants (p < 0.001). The breastfed group showed a significantly lower intake rate to the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans than the other two groups (p < 0.001). In addition, they consumed less than 75% of the recommended intakes in all nutrients, except for protein and vitamin A, and in particular, iron intake was very low, showing just 18.7% of the recommended intake. There was no significant difference in growth by feeding type, but breastfed infants showed a significantly higher rate of iron deficiency anemia (p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSContinuous management programs should be prepared for breastfed infants with atopic dermatitis, who are in a period when rapid growth takes place and proper nutrient intake is essential.     

A Combined Analysis of Gut and Skin Microbiota in Infants with Food Allergy and Atopic Dermatitis: A Pilot Study

The gut microbiota in patients with food allergy, and the skin microbiota in atopic dermatitis patients differ from those of healthy people. We hypothesize that relationships may exist between gut and skin microbiota in patients with allergies. The aim of this study was to determine the possible relationship between gut and skin microbiota in patients with allergies, hence simultaneous analysis of the two compartments of microbiota was performed in infants with and without allergic symptoms. Fifty-nine infants with food allergy and/or atopic dermatitis and 28 healthy children were enrolled in the study. The skin and gut microbiota were evaluated using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. No significant differences in the α-diversity of dermal or fecal microbiota were observed between allergic and non-allergic infants; however, a significant relationship was found between bacterial community structure and allergy phenotypes, especially in the fecal samples. Certain clinical conditions were associated with characteristic bacterial taxa in the skin and gut microbiota. Positive correlations were found between skin and fecal samples in the abundance of Gemella among allergic infants, and Lactobacillus and Bacteroides among healthy infants. Although infants with allergies and healthy infants demonstrate microbiota with similar α-diversity, some differences in β-diversity and bacterial species abundance can be seen, which may depend on the phenotype of the allergy. For some organisms, their abundance in skin and feces samples may be correlated, and these correlations might serve as indicators of the host’s allergic state.     

Assessment of the relationship between food addiction and nutritional status in schizophrenic patients

Objective: Obesity is one of today’s most important public health problems. It is suggested that overeating and substance addiction show similarities, and addiction to food may be an important factor in the obesity epidemic. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of food addiction among schizophrenic patients and to examine the relationship between food addiction and anthropometric measurements and dietary nutrient intake.

Methods: Study participants included a total of 104 schizophrenic outpatients, 62 females and 42 males. Food addiction was assessed by using the Yale Food Addiction Scale, and the anthropometric measurements of participants and their three-day food consumption were recorded.

Results: This study found that more than half of the schizophrenic patients (60.6%) had food addiction, and that female schizophrenic patients had a higher prevalence (62.9%) of food addiction than male patients (57.1%). More than one-third of the schizophrenic patients with food addiction (41.3%) were found to be obese and their BMI, body weight, waist circumference, and body–fat ratio were higher than those of schizophrenic patients who did not have food addiction (P?>?0.05). Moreover, the schizophrenic patients with food addiction were found to take significantly more energy, carbohydrate, and fat in their diet (P?<?0.05).

Conclusion: It was observed that the development of food addiction in schizophrenic patients increased the risk of obesity and cardiovascular diseases, which were found to be at higher levels in these patients. Educational programs should be planned for these patients to acquire health dietary habits and to increase their physical activity levels, and an additional psychosocial support should be provided for patients with food addiction.