关于逆Walsh序的快速Walsh变换算法研究

从Walsh变换算法出发，总结出快速算法中的二分技术设计思路，提出了逆Walsh序的快速Walsh变换算法，给出了逆Walsh序的算法的流程图，为算法在图像处理中的实际应用打下基础。     

M序Walsh变换的快速算法设计

讨论了Walsh函数系的一种序一逆Walsh序（M序），利用矩阵分解法设计了4种M序的快速Walsh变换算法。     

Walsh变换核矩阵的简单生成及其应用

本文讨论了Walsh函数的Walsh序、Paley序与Hadamard序相应的变换核矩阵的相互转化关系，给出了三类序的Walsh变换核矩阵的生成算法，且生成算法简单，还给出了Matlab生成该类矩阵的Matlab程序，并将几类矩阵的转换置换矩阵应用到图像信息的加密置乱中，置乱效果很好。     

类Walsh变换的分析及其实现

利用二分技术设计了类Walsh变换的四种快速算法,并对这四种算法进行了计算机实现和比较。     

基于混沌和Walsh变换的二值图像加密算法

提出一种基于混沌映射和Walsh变换的二值图像加密算法。首先对二值图像进行混沌加密,再对混沌加密后的图像用Walsh变换进行置乱,实现图像信息的高强度加密。运用Walsh变换可以在很大程度上节约计算时间。仿真实验结果表明,混沌序列与Walsh变换相结合的方法加密强度高,计算时间短。     

正交U变换及其快速算法

采用递推方法构造一种正交变换,称之为U变换,该变换含有分段常数基向量、分段一次多项式基向量以及分段二次多项式基向量,是对Walsh变换、斜变换的推广。根据递推方式,可以得到相应的快速算法。利用平移复制算子和Kronecher积的性质,推导基于Kronecher积的快速算法和正交U变换的直接分解算法。将该变换应用于图像压缩中,构造基于人类视觉系统的量化表,实验结果表明,正交U变换的图像压缩性能明显优于斜变换的图像压缩性能,与DCT变换的图像压缩性能相当,为图像压缩提供了一种新的选择。     

Walsh函数在组合测试中的应用

实际软件系统非常复杂,有很多因素会影响系统的正常运行.组合测试可以对这些因素及其相互作用所引发的软件缺陷进行检测.该文在组合测试基本模型的基础上,引入Walsh函数,建立了组合测试Walsh函数模型.模型给出基于Walsh的测试用例模式的定义以及理论缺陷函数和实际缺陷函数的定义;引入Walsh模式变换概念,并利用Walsh函数的离散形式有效地计算测试用例模式的平均缺陷率.最后基于模式平均缺陷率的大小,补充附加测试用例进行重新测试,从而迅速将故障原因锁定在很小的范围内,为软件的调试和测试工作提供更方便、更有价值的线索和参考.     

一种基于小波变换的静止图像编码方法

随着小波分析的理论研究水平不断提高,其应用领域也在不断地扩展。特别是在信号和图像处理方面,由于小波变换具有良好的时频局部化性能,使其在该领域有着广泛的应用。本文通过对小波函数、多分辨分析等小波变换的有关概念和理论的介绍,以及对矢量量化方法的分析,提出了一种基于小波变换和矢量量化的图像编码方法,并在计算机上模拟实验,得到较好的重建效果。     

一种长序列线性相关及卷积的快速算法

随着多媒体通信和数字信号处理技术的快速发展,各种信号处理的方法及相关理论不断完善,其中两种基本方法——卷积和相关得到了广泛的应用.鉴于多媒体信号的数据量很大,如果直接用以上两种方法处理,计算量将会很大.文章通过对快速傅立叶变换(FFT)的算法原理分析,根据线性相关和卷积的数学特征及物理含义,针对长序列信号,提出了一种基于FFT的长序列快速相关及卷积算法,用C++进行了算法编程,在计算机上得到较好的实验效果,提高了运行速度,并结合算术傅立叶变换进行了改进.     

基于二维Walsh变换和斜变换的数字水印算法

论文给出了一种基于Walsh变换和斜变换的数字水印算法,实现的载体为图像。这两种变换都属于正交变换,取值简单且有即位算法,运算快捷,非常利于实时信号处理。实验表明,添加水印的图像具有较强的不可见性和鲁棒性,能够抵抗常见的攻击。尤其是亮度逐渐变化的图像,受到攻击后提取出的水印的效果比较好。提取水印不需要原图像,为盲水印。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).