One-pot synthesis of chiral azetidines from chloroaldehyde and chiral amines

A variety of chiral azetidinepiperidines have been synthesized utilizing an expedient one-pot union of piperidine chloroaldehyde with chiral amines. This two step one-pot procedure provides access to an interesting set of compounds that retain the chiral purity of the starting chiral amine.     

Reaction of primary amines with Pt/C catalyst in water under microwave irradiation: a convenient synthesis of secondary amines from primary amines

Upon microwave irradiation in water, Pt/C converts primary amines into secondary amines in good yield via retro-reductive and reductive amination.     

Synthesis of hindered tertiary amines by a mild reductive amination procedure

An efficient metal-free procedure for the synthesis of tertiary amines by the reductive amination of carbonyl compounds is reported, which allows a convergent access to sterically hindered amines of the general formulas NR(R′)₂ and NRR′R″. The mild and operationally simple protocol uses the Hantzsch ester for transfer hydrogenation and catalytic amounts of thiourea for imine activation.     

Direct Leuckart-type reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones: a facile one-pot protocol for the preparation of secondary and tertiary amines

A high-yielding and facile one-pot Leuckart-type reaction for rapid access to a number of 2° and 3° amines is described.     

Chemoselective reductive alkylation of ammonia with carbonyl compounds: synthesis of primary and symmetrical secondary amines

An efficient, general procedure for highly chemoselective reductive mono-alkylation of ammonia with ketones is reported. Treatment of ketones with ammonia in ethanol and titanium(IV) isopropoxide, followed by in situ sodium borohydride reduction, and a straightforward workup afforded primary amines in good to excellent yields. Reductive alkylation of ammonia with aldehydes, on the other hand, afforded the corresponding symmetrical secondary amines selectively.     

First example of direct reductive amination of aldehydes with primary and secondary amines catalyzed by water-soluble transition metal catalysts

An unprecedented efficient and highly selective direct reductive amination of aldehydes with primary and secondary amines in water using gaseous hydrogen and water-soluble catalysts is developed. The catalytic system formed in situ from Pd(PhCN)₂Cl₂ and 2,2′-biquinoline-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid dipotassium salt (BQC), allows full conversion of aldehydes and the formation of desired alkylated amines with excellent yields and selectivities. The catalytic system is stable and can be recycled and reused three times without loss of activity.     

Bifunctional cobalt Salen complex: a highly selective catalyst for the coupling of CO2 and epoxides under mild conditions

A bifunctional cobalt Salen complex containing a Lewis acid metal center and two covalent bonded Lewis bases on the ligand was designed and used for the coupling of CO₂ and epoxides under mild conditions. The complex exhibited excellent activity (turnover frequency = 673/h) and selectivity (no less than 97%) for polymer formation in the copolymerization of propylene oxide (PO) and CO₂ at an appropriate combination of all variables. High molecular weight of 110 200 and yield 99% were achieved at a higher [PO]/[complex] ratio of 6000:1. The complex also worked satisfactorily for the terpolymerization of CO₂, PO and cyclohexene oxide (CHO), without formation of cyclic carbonate or ether linkages to give the polycarbonate. High cyclohexene carbonate unit content in the CO₂/PO/CHO terpolymers resulted in enhanced thermal stability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis of asymmetric secondary and tertiary amines from a primary amine and alcohol over the methanol synthesis industrial catalyst SNM-1

Vapor-phase reactions ofn-pentan-1-ol with 2-ethylhexyiamine and ofn-heptan-1-ol with cyclohexylamine occurring in the presence of an industrial oxide copper-zinc-aluminum catalyst SNM-1 at 175–185°C have been found to afford the corresponding asymmetric secondary and tertiary amines in yields of 59–99 % and 5–49 %, respectively.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 799–800, April, 1993.     

Expedient synthesis of secondary amines bound to indole resin and cleavage of resin-bound urea, amide and sulfonamide under mild conditions

Highly efficient, new protocols for the attachment of primary amines to indole aldehyde resin using Ti(OⁱPr)₄-NaBH₄ and CH(OMe)₃-NaBH₃CN-HOAc are reported. Mild cleavage conditions for the release of urea, amide and sulfonamide products from the solid support using 1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) are developed.     

Promotional effect of nitrogen-doped and pore structure for the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from hydrogen and oxygen by Pd/C catalyst at ambient pressure

Nitrogen-doped porous carbon is potential support for directly synthesizing H₂O₂ from H₂ and O₂. Here, density functional theory (DFT) was used to study the effect of N-doped porous carbon on H₂O₂ directly synthesized. The theoretical calculation results showed that N-doped improved H₂O₂ productivity and H₂ conversion by increasing the dispersion of Pd nanoparticles and the Pd⁰/Pd²⁺ ratio. However, N-doped decreased H₂O₂ selectivity by reducing oxygen's dissociation energies. The experimental results showed that adjusting the pore structure of N-doped porous carbon could improve the adverse effects of N-doping for H₂O₂ selectivity. The H₂O₂ productivity and selectivity of Pd/C catalyst with a macropore-mesoporous-microporous hierarchical porous structure were up to 328.4 mol_H2O2·kg_cat^-1·h^?1 and 71.9 %, respectively, at ambient pressure. The macropore structure enhances the transfer and diffusion performance of the catalyst and effectively inhibits the effect of N-doping on OO bond dissociation, which improves H₂O₂ productivity and selectivity. This research provides a possible solution for designing a high-performance Pd/C catalyst to directly synthesize H₂O₂ from H₂ and O₂ at ambient pressure.     

Steric promotion in the cycloplatination of primary amines

The reactions of primary amines (S)-(−)-α-methylbenzylamine (1a) and (R)-(+)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (1b) with cis-[PtCl₂(dmso)₂] in the presence of Na(CH₃CO₂) carried out in refluxing toluene–methanol mixtures produced cyclometallated compounds [PtCl{NH₂CH(CH₃)C₆H₄}{SOMe₂}] (2a) and [PtCl{NH₂CH(CH₃)C₁₀H₆}{SOMe₂}] (2b) in moderate and quantitative yields, respectively. Compound 2b was also obtained at room temperature, in the absence of Na(CH₃CO₂). The reactions of 2a and 2b with phosphines were studied. The obtained compounds were fully characterized and the factors that facilitate cycloplatination of primary amines are discussed.     

Reductive Amination of Carbonyl Compounds with Ammonia and Hydrogenation of Nitriles to Primary Amines with Heterogeneous Cobalt Catalysts

Reductive amination of aldehydes/ketones with aqueous NH3 and hydrogenation of nitriles to primary amines with Co catalysts were reported. Co@NC-700 exhibited remarkable activity and high selectivity for the reductive amination of aldehydes/ketones with aqueous NH3 and the hydrogenation of nitriles to primary amines. Several primary amines can be obtained with good to excellent yields via the reductive amination of aldehydes/ketones and the hydrogenation of nitriles. The nitrogen-doped carbon(C)-supported Co@NC-700 metal catalyst was prepared via the pyrolysis of bioMOF Co/adenine in activated C. Co@NC-700 can be reused five times without evident loss of activity.     

氧化钴和氮掺杂碳纳米管纳米复合物的催化与容量性质(英文)

The nanocomposites based on cobalt oxide and nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (N-CNFs) with cobalt oxide contents of 10–90 wt% were examined as catalysts in the CO oxidation and supercapacity electrodes. Depending on Со3О4 content, such nanocomposites have different morphologies of cobalt oxide nanoparticles, distributions over the bulk, and ratios of Со3+/Co2+ cations. The 90%Со3О4-N-CNFs nanocomposite showed the best activity because of the increased concentration of defects in N-CNFs. The capacitance of electrodes containing 10%Со3О4-N-CNFs was 95 F/g, which is 1.7 times higher than electrodes made from N-CNFs.     

氮掺杂碳包覆纳米钴颗粒用于硝基芳烃室温选择性加氢（英文）

通过硝基芳烃选择性加氢能高效地制备芳香胺和环胺,其中芳香胺作为重要的化工中间体应用于多个领域(精细化工、商业产品和聚合物).在加氢反应过程中,硝基的还原伴随着生成一些副产物(如亚硝基和偶氮化合物).同时对于含还原性基团的取代硝基苯,硝基的选择还原也面临着很大的挑战.金属钴是常用的硝基加氢催化剂活性成分,但是由于对反应底物的过度吸附,导致其选择性不高.早期研究发现,氮掺杂碳催化剂能有效吸附硝基基团,从而在硝基苯加氢中表现出一定活性,但对分子氢的活化不足.因此,氮掺杂碳作为吸附材料与钴构建复合催化剂,能够发挥吸附和活化氢的协同作用,从而高效催化硝基苯加氢.基于此,本课题组发展了一种制备方法,可将钴颗粒尺寸限制在10 nm左右,且包覆在氮掺杂碳中,并应用于对硝基苯酚的室温选择性加氢反应中,发现相较于碳负载钴和氮掺杂碳催化剂,所制催化剂在室温下表现出了很好的活性和选择性.在此基础上,本文采用元素分析、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和拉曼光谱(Raman)等手段对催化剂形貌和结构进行了研究.表征结果表明,保持钴前驱体的量不变,随着氮化碳加入量的增加,催化剂中氮掺杂浓度提高;当氮化碳/钴1时,氮掺杂浓度不变.红外结果表明,与普通碳载体相比,氮掺杂碳对硝基苯有很强的吸附作用,而氮掺杂碳包覆的钴催化剂也表现出同样的结果.通过调节氮的掺杂浓度,一方面可以修饰碳载体的电子结构,增加表面缺陷的浓度,提高与反应底物的相互作用;另一方面可以促进电子由钴颗粒转移至与之相连的氮原子上,因此进一步促进钴颗粒对分子氢的活化作用.该复合结构的催化剂实现了底物吸附和氢活化的协同作用,氮掺杂碳将反应底物吸附在表面,钴颗粒活化氢,随后解离的氢原子与表面吸附物反应,从而实现硝基苯的高效加氢.其中Co@NC-1催化活性最高,并在循环套用10次后,仍维持较高的催化活性,同时对含其它取代基的硝基苯均表现很高的活性和选择性.     

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of amines with alkenyl bromides: a new method for the synthesis of enamines and imines

The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of alkenyl bromides with secondary and primary amines gives rise to enamines and imines, respectively. This new transformation expands the applicability of palladium-catalyzed C-N bond forming reactions (the Buchwald-Hartwig amination), which have mostly been applied to aryl halides. After screening of different ligands, bases, and solvents, the catalytic combination [Pd(2)(dba)(3)]/BINAP in the presence of NaOtBu in toluene gave the best results in the cross-coupling of secondary amines with 1-bromostyrene (dba=dibenzylideneacetone, BINAP=2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl). The corresponding enamines are obtained cleanly and in nearly quantitative yields. However, steric hindrance seems to be a limitation of the reaction, as amines carrying large substituents are not well converted. The same methodology can be applied to the coupling of secondary amines with 2-bromostyrene. Moreover, the reaction with substituted 2-bromopropenes allows regioselective synthesis of isomerizable terminal enamines without isomerization of the double bond. The best catalytic conditions for the cross-coupling of 1-bromostyrene with primary amines include again the use of the Pd(0)/BINAP/NaOtBu system. The reaction gives rise to the expected imines in very short times and with low catalyst loadings. A set of structurally diverse imines can be prepared by this methodology through variations in the structure of both coupling partners. However, 2-bromostyrene failed to give good results in this coupling reaction, probably due to product inhibition of the catalytic cycle. Competition experiments of vinyl versus aryl amination reveal that the reaction occurs preferentially on vinyl bromides.     

One-pot, three-component synthesis of secondary amines and trisubstituted hydrazines from ketones

Various imines and hydrazones were reduced to the corresponding amines and hydrazines using borane-tetrahydrofuran complex as a reducing agent in the solution of lithium perchlorate in diethyl ether. The initial imines or hydrazones have been prepared at the same conditions just before the reduction step. Both steps were carried out in one vessel with a good yield and insignificant formation of by-products.     

A convenient method for the preparation of primary amines using tritylamine

A simple method for the preparation of primary amines by treating N-tritylamines with trifluoroacetic acid has been established. The N-tritylamines were prepared by the reaction of alkyl halides or alkyl p-toluenesulfonates with tritylamine, or by the reaction of alkyl bromides with lithium tritylamide.     

A novel efficient and chemoselective method for the reduction of nitriles using the system silane/oxo-rhenium complexes

This work reports the reduction of nitriles to the corresponding primary amines with silanes catalyzed by oxo-rhenium complexes. The catalytic system PhSiH₃/ReIO₂(PPh₃)₂ (10 mol %) reduced efficiently a series of nitriles in the presence of a wide range of functional groups such as -Cl, -F, -Br, -I, -CF₃, -OCH₃, -SCH₃, -SO₂CH₃ and -NHTs.     

Brevibacterium epidermidis催化酮不对称还原胺化合成(S)-手性胺

光学纯手性胺是一类非常重要的手性化学品,作为手性砌块和手性拆分剂广泛用于医药、农业化学品、精细化学品等产品的合成中.据统计,美国FDA近年来批准的约40％药物中都含有一个或多个手性胺结构单元.胺脱氢酶(AmDH)是由氨基酸脱氢酶改造而来的一类催化酮不对称还原胺化的新酶,其在手性胺的合成中展现出较强的潜力,已引起国内外学术界和工业界的广泛关注.这是因为该酶能够利用廉价的无机铵为胺供体,且具有催化效率高、原子经济性好和环境友好等优点.迄今为止已经有数个高效的胺脱氢酶被成功开发和报道,但是这些通过蛋白质工程改造的胺脱氢酶均为(R)-选择性,因此只能合成(R)-选择性的手性胺,遗憾的是还未见有(S)-选择性胺脱氢酶的报道.因此,本文主要目的是期望从自然环境中鉴定能够不对称还原胺化酮合成(S)-手性胺的微生物,进而从中分离得到能够以无机铵作为胺供体合成(S)-手性胺的(S)-选择性酶.本文首先利用苯乙胺作为唯一氮源,从土壤中筛选能够利用苯乙胺生长的菌株,进而利用苯乙酮作为初筛底物对得到的菌株进行胺化能力筛选,再利用(4-氟苯基)丙酮作为模式底物进行进一步的筛选.幸运的是,我们获得了能够利用无机铵作为胺供体催化(4-氟苯基)丙酮不对称还原胺化合成(S)-4-氟-α-甲基苯乙胺的菌株,经过16S RNA鉴定为表皮短杆菌,命名为B.epidermidis ECU1015.接下来,我们对B.epidermidis ECU1015催化的胺化反应中的关键参数如胺基供体及其最适浓度、反应温度、pH值和底物浓度等进行了优化,确定最佳反应条件:胺供体为NH4Cl(1.25 mol/L),反应温度为30°C,KPB缓冲液(200 mmol/L,pH 7.5),底物浓度10 mmol/L.最后,在最适的反应条件下,我们对B.epidermidis ECU1015催化的底物谱进行了研究.结果表明,该微生物不能催化大位阻芳香酮和链状酮的胺化,对位阻较小的苯乙酮及(4-氟苯基)丙酮具有较好的还原胺化能力,而且对苯环上带有吸电子取代基的酮化合物具有更好的转化效果.经手性分析,所有生成的手性胺均为(S)-构型,产品的光学纯度均>99％.B.epidermidis催化酮不对称胺化所形成的产物构型均为(S)-选择性,这不同于已报道的(R)-选择性胺脱氢酶.该菌株的发现为(S)-选择性胺脱氢酶的进一步鉴定奠定了一定的研究基础,相关蛋白的分离纯化工作正在进行.