Powassan Virus Lineage I in Field-Collected Dermacentor variabilis Ticks,New York,USA

Powassan virus is a tickborne flavivirus that can cause lethal or debilitating neurologic illness. It is canonically transmitted by Ixodes spp. ticks but might spill over to sympatric Dermacentor species. We detected Powassan virus lineage I from a pool of field-collected D. variabilis ticks in New York, USA.     

珲春地区森林脑炎自然疫源地流行病学调查

１９９２～１９９４年，对吉林省珲春地区森林脑炎自然疫源地进行了流行病学调查。从当地嗜群血蜱中分离出了森林脑炎病毒，从黑线姬鼠、大林姬鼠和当地居民血清中查到持异性抗体。从而认为当地仍存在森林脑炎自然疫源地。随着口岸开放，旅游事业发展，外来人群进入，其森林脑炎的威胁有可能增加，应引引重视。     

Powassan Virus in Mammals,Alaska and New Mexico,USA, and Russia, 2004–2007

Powassan virus is endemic to the United States, Canada, and the Russian Far East. We report serologic evidence of circulation of this virus in Alaska, New Mexico, and Siberia. These data support further studies of viral ecology in rapidly changing Arctic environments.     

浙江省台州地区６０１４例女性宫颈人乳头瘤病毒感染情况及流行病学分析

摘要：目的　了解浙江台州地区女性宫颈人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）感染率以及基因亚型的分布特征。方法　
采用液相芯片技术对浙江省台州医院妇科门诊就诊患者的宫颈脱落细胞共６０１４例进行ＨＰＶ 基因分型检
测,并对该地区女性ＨＰＶ 感染率、基因亚型分布等进行分析。采用ＳＰＳＳ１６．０软件对所得资料进行统计,
组间率的比较用χ
２ 检验,犘＜０．０５ 为差异有统计学意义。结果　浙江台州地区女性ＨＰＶ 总感染率为
２２．１５％（１３３２／６０１４）,单一型感染率为１６．５３％ （９９４／６０１４）,多重感染率为５．６２％ （３３８／６０１４）。ＨＰＶ
阳性患者中高危型ＨＰＶ 感染次数占８６．０１％ （１５３７／１７８７）,感染率从高到低依次为ＨＰＶ５２ （１７．８０％）、
ＨＰＶ１６ （１１．８６％）、ＨＰＶ５８ （１０．２４％）、ＨＰＶ５６ （５．７４％） 和ＨＰＶ１８ （５．５４％）。５１～６０ 岁组感染率
（２９．５８％）与总感染率（２２．１５％）比较差异有统计学意义（犘＜０．０５）,且不同年龄组女性宫颈ＨＰＶ 感染
各亚型分布情况差异有统计学意义。结论　浙江省台州地区女性ＨＰＶ 感染率较高,且以高危型ＨＰＶ５２、
１６、５８感染为主,要重视老年妇女的高危型ＨＰＶ 感染。
关键词：人乳头瘤病毒;基因分型;宫颈;流行病学
中图分类号：Ｒ３７３　　文献标识码：Ａ　　文章编号：１００９ ６６３９ （２０１４）０４ ０３０９ ０５     

Coltiviruses and seadornaviruses in North America, Europe, and Asia

Coltiviruses are tickborne viruses of the genus Coltivirus. The type species, Colorado tick fever virus (from North America), has been isolated from patients with flulike syndromes, meningitis, encephalitis, and other severe complications. Another coltivirus, Eyach virus, has been isolated from ticks in France and Germany and incriminated in febrile illnesses and neurologic syndromes. Seadornaviruses are endemic in Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia and China. The prototype virus of the genus, Banna virus (BAV), has been isolated from many mosquito species, humans with encephalitis, pigs, and cattle. Two other seadornaviruses, Kadipiro and Liao Ning, were isolated only from mosquitoes. The epidemiology of seadornaviruses remains poorly documented. Evidence suggests that BAV is responsible for encephalitis in humans. Infection with BAV may be underreported because it circulates in regions with a high incidence of Japanese encephalitis and could be misdiagnosed as this disease.     

隐匿性HBV感染的研究

隐匿性HBV感染的存在和临床意义已经被许多研究所证实，且发现在单纯抗-HBc阳性者中发生率最高。此文就各类人群隐匿性HBV感染的若干研究作了综述。     

丙型肝炎病毒感染与糖尿病

近年来,有很多流行病学调查证实了HCV感染与糖尿病的关联,这种关联在年龄大、体重超标的患者身上表现更为明显。HCV编码的蛋白,能干扰胰岛素的信号转导,这就解释了在发生肝纤维化之前,HCV感染者出现胰岛素抵抗的原因,而胰岛素抵抗也促进了肝纤维化的进程。     

隐匿性HBV感染的研究

隐匿性HBV感染的存在和临床意义已经被许多研究所证实,且发现在单纯抗-HBc阳性者中发生率最高.此文就各类人群隐匿性HBV感染的若干研究作了综述.     

A preliminary ecological profile of Kyasanur Forest disease virus hosts among the mammalian wildlife of the Western Ghats,India

Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) virus is one of India’s severe arboviruses capable of causing prolonged debilitating disease. It has been expanding beyond its historical endemic locus at an alarming rate over the last two decades. The natural nidus of this zoonosis is located in the monsoon rainforest of the Western Ghats, India, which is one of the world’s most important biodiversity hotspots. Definitive reservoir hosts for KFD virus (KFDV) have yet to be delineated, and thus much of the infection ecology of this virus, and its consequent transmission dynamics, remains uncertain. Given its unique biogeographical context, identifying ecological parameters of KFDV relevant to the virus’ epidemiology has been complex and challenging. The challenge has been exacerbated by diminished research efforts in wildlife surveillance over the last two decades, coinciding with the expansion of the range of KFD across the region. The current investigation sought to define a preliminary ecological profile of KFDV hosts based on their life history and feeding traits to aid in re-establishing targeted wildlife surveillance and to discern those ecological traits of wildlife hosts that may improve our understanding of KFD epidemiology. The importance of fast-living among KFDV hosts was of special interest with respect to the latter aim. We compared mammalian traits between host and non-host species using general additive models and phylogenetic generalised linear models. This study found that both body mass and forest forage were strongly associated with mammalian host infection status, but that reproductive life history traits were not. These findings will help in structuring ecologically based wildlife surveillance and field investigations, while also helping to parameterise novel epidemiological models of zoonotic infection risk that incorporate species functional traits in a region where biogeography, landscape ecology, and community ecology manifest extraordinary complexity, particularly under growing anthropogenic pressure.     

浙江省蚊媒携带流行性乙型脑炎病毒的分布特点

目的 了解浙江部分地区蚊媒及猪携带流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)病毒情况以及浙江省存在的乙脑病毒基因型别.方法 于2007年5月至10月在浙江省仙居、龙泉和慈溪3个县人房及猪舍采集蚊虫标本和猪血清,共采集10 662只蚊虫和204份猪血清,蚊虫标本中以淡色库蚊和中华按蚊为主.利用病毒分离和荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测蚊虫携带乙脑病毒,应用酶联接免疫吸附剂测定(ELISA)方法对猪血清进行抗体检测.应用荧光定量RT-PCR方法对细胞分离株进行病毒鉴定;利用RT-PCR方法扩增新分离乙脑病毒PrM基因,并对细胞分离到的病毒进行基因分型.结果 在蚊虫标本中检出7批乙脑病毒核酸阳性样本,并分离出3株病毒,经鉴定3株病毒均为乙脑病毒,基因分析表明3株病毒均属于基因Ⅰ型乙脑病毒.猪血清有121份阳性,总阳性率为59.3%.6月份有50%以上的猪血清中乙脑病毒抗体呈阳性.结论 浙江省部分地区存在着乙脑的传播媒介,在蚊媒和猪中携带有乙脑病毒;采集的蚊虫标本中分离到3株病毒,经鉴定为基因Ⅰ型乙脑病毒,是近年来在浙江省首次分离到的基因Ⅰ型乙脑病毒.     

The epidemiology of hepatitis a virus infection in children, in Edirne, Turkey

Turkey is a middle endemic area with respect to Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. However, the frequency of this infection varies due to socio-economic differences in various regions. The aim of this study was to detect the most likely age of exposure to HAV and factors affecting infection rates among children living in Edirne. A sample of 645 children between the ages of 0-19 living in Edirne were tested for total anti-HAV levels using ELISA method. A questionnaire on socio-economic status (SES), possible risk factors, and place of residence was completed for each child. Anti-HAV seropositivity was found to be 4.4, 25, 37.3 and 43.2%, in 2-5, 6-10, 11-14 and 15-19 age groups, respectively. Seropositivity was found to be increasing with age (p < 0.05). According to logistic regression analysis results; mother's education, SES of family, history of hepatitis in primary family members and the number of brothers or sisters were determined as factors increasing the seropositivity of HAV. Furthermore, HAV infection risk was found to be a decreasing function of income that is higher the income less likely the infection. These results showed that HAV infection rate in Edirne is in middle endemicity and the most likely way of exposure is transmission from family members. Although it requires further cost-effectiveness studies, our results indicate that applying the HAV vaccination in early childhood would be beneficial to decrease the prevalence of the infection and prevent HAV epidemics.     

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with lichen planus in Gaziantep region of Turkey

The purpose of this case–control study was to investigate the association between lichen planus (LP) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Gaziantep region of Turkey. Seventy-three patients with LP and a control group of patients (n: 73) with a dermatological disorder other than LP were detected for HCV infection using a third generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A serological positivity for HCV was found in five of LP patients (6.84%), whereas it was positive for only one patient of the control group (1.36%). A statistically significant difference was found between LP and control groups (p < 0.05). We conclude that the coexistence of the two diseases is probably more than coincidental.     

检测基因及样本类型对人感染H7N9禽流感病毒实验室检测结果的影响

目的 检测北京市H7N9禽流感病毒感染病例及密切接触者样本中H7N9流感病毒相关基因,分析不同靶基因、不同类型样本对检测结果的影响.方法 收集2013年4月～7月北京市人感染H7N9禽流感病例及密切接触者咽拭子、痰、气管灌洗液、血清样本,提取病毒RNA,检测甲型流感病毒基质蛋白(influenza A matrix protein,Am)基因、血凝素-7(hemagglutinin 7,H7)基因和神经氨酸酶-9(neuraminidase 9,N9)基因,并对结果进行统计分析.结果 H7N9禽流感确诊病例样本中Am基因、H7基因和N9基因的检测阳性率分别为68.3％、66.0％和41.5％,N9基因阳性率低于前两者.在定量检测中,Am基因、H7基因和N9基因的定量限分别为10 copies/ml、10 copies/ml和100 copies/ml.在各类型检测样本中,气管灌洗液样本的病毒核酸检出率较高,未在血清和结膜分泌物样本中检出病毒核酸.结论 在人感染H7N9禽流感检测中,应尽量使用气管灌洗液等下呼吸道样本,综合判定检测结果,为临床治疗提供参考依据.     

Evolution of new genotype of West Nile virus in North America

Previous studies of North American isolates of West Nile virus (WNV) during 1999-2005 suggested that the virus had reached genetic homeostasis in North America. However, genomic sequencing of WNV isolates from Harris County, Texas, during 2002-2009 suggests that this is not the case. Three new genetic groups have been identified in Texas since 2005. Spread of the southwestern US genotype (SW/WN03) from the Arizona/Colorado/northern Mexico region to California, Illinois, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, and the Texas Gulf Coast demonstrates continued evolution of WNV. Thus, WNV continues to evolve in North America, as demonstrated by selection of this new genotype. Continued surveillance of the virus is essential as it continues to evolve in the New World.     

2013-2018年南昌市重症肺炎病例中甲型流感病毒感染状况分析

目的  分析南昌市重症肺炎病例的甲型流感病毒分布特征和发病特点,为重症肺炎病例的临床防治提供依据。 方法  收集2013年4月~2018年3月南昌市重症肺炎病例的呼吸道样本和病例资料,进行病原学和流行病学分析。 结果  2013年4月~2018年3月共检测来自南昌市17家医疗机构的261例重症肺炎病例,检出甲型流感病毒核酸阳性77例,总阳性率为29.50%。其中包括39例新甲H1NI病例、13例季节性H3、16例人感染H7N9禽流感、3例人感染H10N8禽流感。甲型流感病毒重症肺炎病例主要发生在冬春季（12月至次年5月）,年龄中位数48岁,其中男性48例,女性31例。2013-2018年南昌市报告21例人感染H7N9/H10N8禽流感病例,90.48%（19/21）的病例通过不明原因肺炎监测发现,病死率33.33%。 结论  南昌市重症肺炎病例中近三成感染甲型流感病毒,其中新甲H1NI流感病毒为主要流行株,死亡病例均为禽流感病毒感染。     

Sealpox virus in marine mammal rehabilitation facilities, North America, 2007-2009

Sealpox, a zoonotic disease affecting pinnipeds (seals and sea lions), can occur among captive and convalescing animals. We surveyed 1 worker each from 11 marine mammal centers and interviewed 31 other marine mammal workers to ascertain their knowledge of and experience with sealpox virus and to identify factors associated with sealpox virus outbreaks among pinnipeds in marine rehabilitation facilities. Demographic and health data were obtained for 1,423 pinnipeds at the 11 facilities. Among the 23 animals in which sealpox was clinically diagnosed, 4 arrived at the facility ill, 11 became ill <5 weeks after arrival, and 2 became ill ≥5 weeks after arrival; the timing of illness onset was unknown for 6 animals. Most infections occurred in pinnipeds <1 year of age. Nine affected animals were malnourished; 4 had additional illnesses. Sealpox had also occurred among workers at 2 facilities. Sealpox is a noteworthy zoonosis of rehabilitating convalescing pinnipeds; workplace education can help to minimize risks for human infection.     

脑钠肽对血液透析患者心功能不全及／或高血容量负荷的诊断价值

目的 观察脑钠肽（BNP）对血液透析患者透析前后血浆浓度的变化并评价其对心功能不全及，或高血容量负荷的诊断价值。方法 检测66例维持性血液透析患者（MHD组）透析前后血浆BNP水平，同时应用彩色多普勒超声心动图测定透析前及透析后的心脏结构，测量下腔静脉宽度，记录当次透析脱水量。与健康对照者32例（健康对照组）进行比较。结果 （1）MHD组透析后及透析前BNP均较健康对照组显著增高，与透析前及透析后左室舒张末期内径、左室收缩期内径呈正相关（P〈0．05）。MHD组透析前与透析后血浆BNP的减少之比与透析前及透析后平均下腔静脉宽度的减少之比呈正相关（P〈0．01），与体重减少之比呈正相关（P〈0．05）。透析前存在慢性心功能不全者及左心扩大者，BNP水平显著增高。结论 血液透析患者血浆BNP水平较对照组显著增高。左室内径的增大、心功能的减退、高血容量负荷可导致血浆BNP的增高，透析后BNP水平下降。血浆BNP水平在一定程度上反映了血液透析患者心功能和／或体内血容量的变化，是一个无创和敏感的指标。     

人感染H7N9禽流感病毒流行特征分析简

目的分析人感染H7N9禽流感病毒患者的发病、诊治和流行情况,自然因素与社会因素对流行3个环节的影响,提出疫情控制措施。方法描述流行病学和分析流行病学方法,收集人感染H7N9禽流感患者三间分布情况及组合等资料,分析流行特点、影响因素和控制措施。结果共收集确诊人感染H7N9禽流感134例病例,死亡43例,分布11个省市,沪皖苏为多,占发病数的79.1%;4月发病108例,占80.6%,3、4月发病占96.3%;收集到年龄、性别、接触史等资料的病例为128例,平均年龄为56.8岁,51岁以上达91例,占71.1%,〉60岁65例,占50.8%;男性发病是女性的2.2倍;入院重症病例占患者的75.6%;收集到86例病例职业信息,农民和退休人员占统计数的61.6%;收集到1737名密切接触者均无发病;气温升高,湿度降低、雨水减少、停止活禽交易等措施,能有效控制疫情。结论人感染H7N9禽流感又是一起新出现的传染病（emerging infectiois diseases;EID）EID的典型案例,传染和流行特征未明,要加强疫情监测,研究自然因素与社会因素的作用,提出防控措施。