用陆块旋转解释藏东南渐新世-中新世伸展作用——来自点苍山及邻区变质核杂岩的证据

沿红河断裂带(RRFZ)分布的点苍山变质核杂岩是一个不完整的变质核杂岩,它由两个特征迥异的单元组成,包括被同构造二长花岗岩侵入角闪岩相构造岩组成的下盘和绿片岩相的拆离断层带。下盘岩石包括具有高温构造组合,具有指示左行走滑剪切运动方向的L型糜棱岩或LS型糜棱岩。拆离断层带是一个上盘向E到SE伸展剪切的低温剪切带,由具有剪应变和压应变的典型S-L糜棱岩构成。低温构造岩也包括发育于下盘的几个糜棱岩化似斑状二长花岗岩侵入体。变质核杂岩与西侧覆盖未变质的中生代沉积岩并置,东部受第四纪断层作用影响为沿洱海分布的更新世-全新世沉积盆地。通过对点苍山变质核杂岩的构造研究,结合邻区变质核杂岩的地质年代学及古地磁学分析,我们认为:位于东南亚红河断裂和实皆断裂带之间的扇形区域内出现的变质核杂岩与渐新世-中新世时期区域性伸展作用有关,而伸展作用是由印支地块的差异性旋转产生的,其原因是由于约33Ma开始斜向俯冲的印度板块的顺时针旋转和回退所致。     

变质核杂岩与岩浆作用成因关系综述

对岩浆与伸展作用的关系、伸展作用中岩浆的成因和需加强的工作进行了讨论,并重点论述了变质核杂岩形成机制与侵入作用的关系。在造山带重力势能差和深部作用等各种因素导致的拉伸应力场作用下,岩石圈地幔和地壳通过减压或深部热活动发生部分熔融而形成岩浆,岩浆的上涌强化了地壳伸展,对地壳的弱化作用触发伸展构造的发生。岩浆作用是变质核杂岩形成的主导因素之一,其主要包括对地壳的加热、弱化导致拆离断层的形成及由其浮力和密度产生不均一隆升而形成穹隆。     

呼和浩特变质核杂岩伸展运动学特征及剪切作用类型

叠加于大青山晚侏罗世大型推覆体之上的呼和浩特变质核杂岩具有与经典变质核杂岩相似的几何形态和构造组成。核杂岩表面为多重拆离,南翼主拆离断层系控制了山前坡地地貌,北翼拆离系发生褶皱并呈分叉状。糜棱状岩带中的线理、面理和拆离断层面及其擦痕等构造要素产状协调一致,宏观同向伸展褶劈理（C′）产状与拆离断层一致,少数已扩展为断层;显微C′具有与宏观C′相似的特点,为同向伸展褶劈理扩展为低角断层提供了显微尺度依据。运动学标志,如不对称褶皱、不对称布丁、不对称眼球、S－C组构、石英条带斜交面理以及C′等,指示核杂岩拆离系发生了褶皱并且具有相同的上盘向南东的剪切运动。     

呼和浩特变质核杂岩伸展运动学特征及剪切作用类型

叠加于大青山晚侏罗世大型推覆体之上的呼和浩特变质核杂岩具有与经典变质核杂岩相似的几何形态和构造组成.核杂岩表现为多重拆离,南翼主拆离断层系控制了山前坡地地貌,北翼拆离系发生褶皱并呈分叉状.糜棱状岩带中的线理、面理和拆离断层面及其擦痕等构造要素产状协调一致,宏观同向伸展褶劈理(C‘)产状与拆离断层一致,少数已扩展为断层;显微C‘具有与宏观C‘相似的特点,为同向伸展褶劈理扩展为低角断层提供了显微尺度依据.运动学标志,如不对称褶皱、不对称布丁、不对称眼球、S-C组构、石英条带斜交面理以及C‘等,指示核杂岩拆离系发生了褶皱并且具有相同的上盘向南东的剪切运动.     

安徽东部南黄变质核杂岩初步研究

南黄变质核杂岩位于扬子地块北东缘滁州-巢湖前陆褶皱冲断带的西侧,地表呈不规则穹形构造,核部出露上元古界张八岭群北将军组,四周为张八岭群西冷组环绕,两者间发育有缓倾斜韧性断层。南黄变质核杂岩以具有三层式结构为特征,变质杂岩核为上太古界南黄片麻岩套,中间韧性流变层由中元古界大理岩段及上元古界张八岭群组成,震旦系沉积盖层零星出露于南东,指向构造反映由北北西往南南东的剪切滑动。同构造期闪长玢岩K-Ar法年龄147±4.4Ma,表明南黄变质核杂岩是燕山运动造山期后伸展作用的产物,属陆内造山型变质核杂岩。     

青藏高原东南缘点苍山-哀牢山杂岩带中片麻岩的变质演化及深熔作用特征

片麻岩是点苍山-哀牢山变质杂岩带最常见的岩石类型,主要由夕线石榴黑云二长片麻岩、石榴黑云斜长片麻岩以及含十字石蓝晶夕线石榴片麻岩所组成,其原岩的化学成分与华北克拉通典型孔兹岩系十分相似.岩相学、成因矿物学和变质反应性质研究以及温压条件估算结果表明,研究区片麻岩类岩石变质峰期的温压条件为T=700～770℃,P=0.5～0.8GPa,已达到或接近麻粒岩相变质,晚期退变质阶段的温压条件为T=600～650℃,P=0.35～0.45GPa.片麻岩变质演化的P-T轨迹具有顺时针型式.在麻粒岩相变质阶段,片麻岩类岩石普遍发生深熔作用,主要表现为含水矿物黑云母的脱水熔融和长英质矿物的部分熔融.该项研究对于进一步揭示青藏高原东南缘点苍山-哀牢山造山带的变质演化深熔作用机理及动力学过程具有重要的科学意义.     

点苍山-哀牢山变质杂岩带变沉积岩的变质演化

点苍山-哀牢山变质杂岩带位于青藏高原东南缘大理-元江-元阳-河口一带,出露规模达数百千米,是扬子板块和印支陆块之间的一条重要构造带.该变质杂岩带主要由各类正片麻岩、副片麻岩、大理岩所组成,夹有斜长角闪岩、石榴辉石岩和超镁铁质岩石的透镜体或团块.其中,变沉积岩如含夕线石和蓝晶石的片麻岩类岩石保存了多阶段的矿物组合及异常复杂的矿物相转变关系.详细的岩相学、成因矿物学以及矿物相转变关系分析表明,变沉积岩系经历了早期进变质阶段(M1)、峰期角闪-麻粒岩相变质阶段(M2)、峰后近等温减压(脱水熔融)阶段(M3)以及晚期退变质阶段(M4)的变质演化.其中,M1阶段的稳定矿物组合为石榴石+斜长石+白云母+石英+十字石±蓝晶石±黑云母±钾长石,M2阶段的稳定矿物组合为石榴石+黑云母+蓝晶石/夕线石+斜长石+石英、石榴石+黑云母+斜长石+石英±钾长石±夕线石,M3阶段的共生矿物组合为石榴石+黑云母+夕线石+斜长石+石英,M4阶段的矿物组合为黑云母+白云母+斜长石+石英±钾长石±石榴石等.通过传统GB-GASP温压计和二云母温度计的估算结果,配合P-T视剖面定量计算,确定早期进变质阶段(M1)的温压条件为T=560 ～ 590℃,P=5.5 ～6.3kb,峰期角闪-麻粒岩相阶段(M2)的温压条件为T=720～ 760℃、P=8.0～9.3kb,峰后近等温减压阶段(M3)的温度压力条件为T=640～760℃,P=5.0～7.3kb,晚期退变阶段(M4)的温压条件为T=521～648℃,P=4.0～5.0kb.上述研究结果表明,点苍山-哀牢山变沉积岩记录了典型碰撞造山带型式的顺时针P-T演化轨迹,表明点苍山-哀牢山变质杂岩带的形成与印度板块和欧亚板块之间的俯冲-碰撞存在密切的成因关系.     

松辽盆地变质核杂岩和伸展断陷的构造特征及成因

文中讨论了松辽盆地北部中央基底隆起变质核杂岩和徐家围子伸展断陷的构造特征、成因和演化 ,重点讨论了下列问题 :( 1)中央基底隆起变质核杂岩具有科迪勒拉变质核杂岩的许多特征 ;( 2 )识别出组成中央基底隆起变质核杂岩的多层次、低角度韧性拆离体系 ,它们是使中地壳的中深变质岩层抽拉至上地壳的主要原因 ;( 3)穹窿状火山岩台地于晚侏罗世 ( 145.7±6.2 )Ma形成 ,受顶部拆离断层控制的伸展断陷于早白垩世 ( 133～ 12 0Ma)形成 ,而邻近顶部拆离断层的糜棱岩年龄为 ( 12 6.7± 1.54)Ma。这表明变质核杂岩的形成始于晚侏罗世。早白垩世递进的伸展构造与变质核杂岩较深部的部分上拱至地表相伴生 ,推测该变质核杂岩的上拱和剥露、火山岩台地和伸展断陷盆地的形成可能是由伊泽奈奇和亚洲板块陆陆碰撞后的地幔拆沉作用、地幔的岩浆底侵作用以及伸展垮塌作用联合造成的。     

庐山变质核杂岩伸展拆离和岩浆作用的年代学约束

庐山变质核杂岩是华南中生代岩石圈减薄事件的浅层响应。研究伸展拆离和岩浆作用在其形成过程中的相互关系,对于认识地壳浅层的伸展减薄过程和变质核杂岩的形成机制具有重要的意义。在宏观和显微构造研究的基础上,分别对基底拆离断层和玉京山岩体进行了40Ar/39Ar年代学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究,为伸展拆离和岩浆作用提供了年代学约束,主要获得了以下认识:(1)变质核杂岩核部玉京山花岗岩体的锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄为(133.0±2.1)Ma,代表了变质核杂岩核部岩浆活动的启动时间。(2)基底拆离断层下盘韧性剪切带内的白云母40Ar/39Ar年龄(140.4±1.7)Ma代表了庐山变质核杂岩的形成时间,也代表了庐山地区岩石圈伸展减薄的时间,即岩石圈伸展减薄始于早白垩世。(3)庐山变质核杂岩是中生代不同尺度的伸展拆离和岩浆活动共同作用的结果,在地壳浅层的具体形成过程中伸展拆离早于岩浆侵位,基底拆离断层的减压效应为深部岩浆的上升侵位创造了条件,岩浆侵位造成山体的隆升,又引发了盖层的重力滑脱。     

拉脊山-化隆变质核杂岩构造及其隆升机制探讨

中祁连拉脊山、化隆地区的变质核杂岩是由韧性变形的太古宙、元古宙化隆群变质岩系组成核; 由脆-韧性变形和经受了低压变质的中、上寒武统和岩体组成中间层; 由脆性变形和未变质的下白垩统组成盖层.变质核杂岩的组成与结构显示了对称伸展和隆升的特征.23~ 32Ma是快速隆升的时期.主剥离断层剪切位移量约25~ 27km, 并根据矿物对计算, 变质核杂岩的伸展变质温度约625~ 630℃, 变质深度约20km, 变质压力约为0.63GPa, 属偏低压型区域热流变质作用.从青藏高原热壳、热幔、厚壳的演化历史及构造隆升活动来看, 认为拉脊山、化隆变质核杂岩是地幔热隆引起地壳伸展的典型实例, 是研究青藏高原岩石圈结构和高原隆升的重要窗口.      

Exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks during crustal extension in the D'Entrecasteaux region, Papua New Guinea

Abstract The D'Entrecasteaux Islands of eastern Papua New Guinea consist of a number of active metamorphic core complexes formed under an extensional tectonic setting related to sea-floor spreading in the west Woodlark Basin. The complexes are defined by mountainous domes (>2500 m high) of fault-bounded, high-grade metamorphic rocks (including eclogite facies) intruded by 2–4-Ma granodiorite plutons. Garnet–clinopyroxene exchange thermometers indicate that the temperature of equilibration of the eclogites was 730–900° C. The jadeite component of omphacite indicates minimum pressure of 21 kbar, suggesting depths of >70 km. The metamorphic rocks have undergone widespread retrogression to amphibolite facies. Retrogression of the metamorphic basement is associated with shearing and formation of the metamorphic core complexes. P–T conditions in the early stages of shear zone activity, determined using the garnet–biotite exchange thermometer and the GASP and GRIPS barometers, were 570–730° C and 7–11 kbar. A second phase of re-equilibration at much lower pressures appears to be related to the widespread intrusion of granodiorite plutons. One re-equilibrated gneiss indicated maximum temperature of 730° C at estimated pressures of approximately 4 kbar. This late, high-temperature metamorphism is also indicated by reactions involving the production of hercynite and corundum in aluminous gneisses and formation of sillimanite at the expense of kyanite. Two major episodes of granodiorite intrusion occurred during uplift and exhumation of the core complexes. Both closely coincide spatially with high-temperature metamorphic rocks, the onset of deformation in extensional shear zones and subsequent uplift of the metamorphic basement. These observations indicate a fundamental link between uplift and granodiorite intrusion during continental extension and the formation of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands metamorphic core complexes.     

The Liaonan metamorphic core complex, Southeastern Liaoning Province, North China: A likely contributor to Cretaceous rotation of Eastern Liaoning, Korea and contiguous areas

The Mesozoic Liaonan metamorphic core complex (mcc) of the southeastern Liaoning province, North China, is an asymmetric Cordilleran-style complex with a west-rooting master detachment fault, the Jinzhou fault. A thick sequence of lower plate, fault-related mylonitic and gneissic rocks derived from Archean and Early Cretaceous crystalline protoliths has been transported ESE-ward from mid-crustal depths. U–Pb ages of lower plate syntectonic plutons (ca. 130–120 Ma), ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar cooling ages in the mylonitic and gneissic sequence (ca. 120–110 Ma), and a Cretaceous supradetachment basin attest to the Early Cretaceous age of this extensional complex. The recent discovery of the coeval and similarly west-rooting Waziyu mcc in western Liaoning [Darby, B.J., Davis, G.A., Zhang, X., Wu, F., Wilde, S., Yang, J., 2004. The newly discovered Waziyu metamorphic core complex, Yiwulushan, western Liaoning Province, North China. Earth Science Frontiers 11, 145–155] indicates that the Gulf of Liaoning, which lies between the two complexes, was the center of a region of major crustal extension.Clockwise crustal rotation of a large region including eastern Liaoning province and the Korean Peninsula with respect to a non-rotated North China block has been conclusively documented by paleomagnetic studies over the past decade. The timing of this rotation and the reasons for it are controversial. Lin et al. [Lin, W., Chen, Y., Faure, M., Wang, Q., 2003. Tectonic implication of new Late Cretaceous paleomagnetic constraints from Eastern Liaoning Peninsula, NE China. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (B-6) (EPM 5-1 to 5-17)] proposed that a clockwise rotation of 22.5° ± 10.2° was largely post-Early Cretaceous in age, and was the consequence of extension within a crustal domain that tapers southwards towards the Bohai Sea (of which the Gulf of Liaoning is the northernmost part). Paleomagnetic studies of Early Cretaceous strata (ca 134–120 Ma) in the Yixian–Fuxin supradetachment basin of the Waziyu mcc indicate the non-rotation of North China and the basin [Zhu, R.X., Shao, J.A., Pan, Y.X., Shi, R.P., Shi, G.H., Li, D.M., 2002. Paleomagnetic data from Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks of West Liaoning: evidence for intracontinental rotation. Chinese Science Bulletin 47, 1832–1837]. Such upper-plate non-rotation supports our conclusion that the lower plates of the Waziyu and Liaonan metamorphic core complexes were displaced ESE-ward in an absolute sense away from the stable North China block, thus contributing to the rotation of Korea and contiguous areas. Rotation is inferred to have affected only the upper crust above mid-crustal levels into which we believe the Jinzhou and Waziyu detachment fault zones flattened. If this is the case, the regional Tan Lu fault that lies between the two core complexes was truncated at mid-crustal depth, since in areas to the south it forms the boundary between the North and South China lithospheric blocks. It is noteworthy that the two extensional complexes lie not far north of the Bohai Bay, the area proposed by Lin et al. [Lin, W., Chen, Y., Faure, M., Wang, Q., 2003. Tectonic implication of new Late Cretaceous paleomagnetic constraints from Eastern Liaoning Peninsula, NE China. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (B-6) (EPM 5-1 to 5-17)] as the site of the pole of rotation for Korea's clockwise displacement.Lin et al. [Lin, W., Chen, Y., Faure, M., Wang, Q., 2003. Tectonic implication of new Late Cretaceous paleomagnetic constraints from Eastern Liaoning Peninsula, NE China. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (B-6) (EPM 5-1 to 5-17)] were unaware of the Liaonan and Waziyu mcc's and argued that most of the regional block rotation was post-Early Cretaceous and, in part, early Cenozoic. However, the ca. 130–120 Ma ages of the two Liaoning mcc's and a Songliao basin mcc (Xujiaweizi), the latter discovered only by recent drilling through its younger stratigraphic cover, support our and some Korean coworkers' conclusions that most of the clockwise rotation was Early Cretaceous.     

中下部地壳拆离断层带演化中的褶皱作用:以辽南变质核杂岩为例

作为变质核杂岩构造的重要组成部分,拆离断层带内广泛发育的褶皱构造与其寄主岩石一样记录了中下地壳拆离作用过程。选取辽南变质核杂岩金州拆离断层带内褶皱构造作为研究对象,基于叶理与褶皱构造关系分析,划分了褶皱期次与阶段性;通过形态组构分析、结晶学组构分析及石英古温度计等技术方法的应用,初步分析了拆离断层内褶皱的形成机制,为辽南地区拆离作用过程提供约束。根据褶皱形成与拆离作用的时间关系,将拆离带内褶皱分为拆离前褶皱、拆离同期褶皱和拆离后褶皱;拆离作用同期的褶皱按时间早晚分为早期(a1)阶段、中期(a2)阶段、晚期(a3)阶段。不同阶段褶皱的野外形态、叶理与褶皱关系等方面的差异,以及形态组构与结晶学组构的特征,为判断和恢复褶皱的形成机制提供了佐证,揭示出拆离断层带褶皱是在纵弯压扁和顺层流变的共同作用下递进剪切变形的产物。在拆离作用过程中, a1阶段和a2阶段褶皱以纵弯、压扁褶皱作用为主,a3阶段褶皱以弯滑作用为主。褶皱作用记录了拆离断层一定温度范围内(主要集中在380~500 ℃)的变形特征,拆离作用从早期到晚期的演化整体处于相对稳定的应变状态下。对金州拆离断层带而言,在区域NW-SE向伸展过程中,还伴随着NE-SW向微弱的收缩。     

藏南萨迦拉轨岗日变质核杂岩的厘定及其成因

藏南拉轨岗日带出露一系列穹状隆起,具有变质核杂岩体典型的3层结构型式。变质核由拉轨岗日岩群变质杂岩及侵入其中的花岗岩组成,围绕变质核发育多层顺层拆离断层,盖层主要为晚古生代和中生代浅变质岩石。拉轨岗日变质核杂岩与高喜马拉雅变质核杂岩之间存在密切的时空联系,是喜马拉雅造山作用及相关隆升作用过程中发生热隆伸展的结果。     

岩浆核杂岩和变质核杂岩特征对比及控矿实例——南秦岭牛山-凤凰山变质核杂岩和牛山北岩浆核杂岩构造群落及控矿模式

以南秦岭牛山-凤凰山变质核杂岩和牛山北岩浆核杂岩为例, 通过核杂岩的构造群落、变质程度、岩浆侵位与变形时代、构造层次与演化、控矿特征与控矿构造-蚀变岩相填图及测年研究, 对比2类核杂岩的特征及其控矿作用。结果表明, 2类核杂岩有相似的结构样式, 但构造群落和演化差别较大。牛山-凤凰山变质核杂岩核部为新元古代武当岩群和耀岭河岩组中深变质岩, 其中可见新元古代石英闪长岩和加里东期辉石岩-辉绿岩株, 说明是在新元古代或加里东期形成的。核杂岩与外围震旦系—泥盆系浅变质岩间由剥离断层及韧性剪切带分割。志留系梅子垭岩组为浅变质强变形的岩片组合, 发育多层次韧性剪切、固态流变、滑脱-逆冲-走滑变形3期新生面理及其置换。而牛山北岩浆核杂岩核部和外围是浅变质岩, 在核部和外围填图、测试时发现新元古代、早古生代、三叠纪、侏罗纪4期侵入岩, 与岩浆核杂岩相关的有三叠纪—早侏罗世二长花岗岩株和晚侏罗世花岗岩脉2期侵入岩。研究发现, 与岩浆核杂岩伴随的岩浆侵位、韧性剪切变形与热变质增温-变斑晶加大-自然金沿S2面理分布-金矿化热液蚀变等的时代均集中在晚三叠世—侏罗纪, 指示了时代较新的陆内造山期岩浆核杂岩的脆-韧性剪切变形-立交桥式岩浆-热力垂向增生-热液蚀变成矿时空关联特点及深部找矿方向。     

The role of partial melting and extensional strain rates in the development of metamorphic core complexes

Orogenic collapse involves extension and thinning of thick and hot (partially molten) crust, leading to the formation of metamorphic core complexes (MCC) that are commonly cored by migmatite domes. Two-dimensional thermo-mechanical Ellipsis models evaluate the parameters that likely control the formation and evolution of MCC: the nature and geometry of the heterogeneity that localizes MCC, the presence/absence of a partially molten layer in the lower crust, and the rate of extension. When the localizing heterogeneity is a normal fault in the upper crust, the migmatite core remains in the footwall of the fault, resulting in an asymmetric MCC; if the localizing heterogeneity is point like region within the upper crust, the MCC remains symmetric throughout its development. Therefore, asymmetrically located migmatite domes likely reflect the dip of the original normal fault system that generated the MCC. Modeling of a severe viscosity drop owing to the presence of a partially molten layer, compared to a crust with no melt, demonstrates that the presence of melt slightly enhances upward advection of material and heat. Our experiments show that, when associated with boundary-driven extension, far-field horizontal extension provides space for the domes. Therefore, the buoyancy of migmatite cores contributes little to the outer envelope of metamorphic core complexes, although it may play a significant role in the internal dynamics of the partially molten layer. The presence of melt also favors heterogeneous bulk pure shear of the dome as opposed to the bulk simple shear, which dominates in melt-absent experiments. Melt presence affects the shape of P-T-t paths only slightly for material located near the top of the low-viscosity layer but leads to more complex flow paths for material inside the layer. The effect of extension rate is significant: at high extension rate (cm yr^− 1 in the core complex region), partially molten crust crystallizes and cools along a high geothermal gradient (35 to 65 °C km^− 1); material remains partially molten in the dome during ascent. At low strain rate (mm yr^− 1 in the core complex region), the partially molten crust crystallizes at high pressure; this material is subsequently deformed in the solid-state along a cooler geothermal gradient (20 to 35 °C km^− 1) during ascent. Therefore, the models predict distinct crystallization versus exhumation histories of migmatite cores as a function of extensional strain rates. The Shuswap metamorphic core complex (British Columbia, Canada) exemplifies a metamorphic core complex in which an asymmetric, detachment-controlled migmatite dome records rapid exhumation and cooling likely related to faster rates of extension. In contrast the Ruby Mountain-East Humboldt Ranges (Nevada, U.S.A.) exhibits characteristics associated with slower metamorphic core complexes.     

滇西北弥渡地区主要断裂晚新生代发育特征及其动力学机制

弥渡地区位于滇西北断陷带东南缘,红河断裂带尾端与程海断裂交汇部位,是揭示滇西北断陷带形成机制及其与红河断裂带间运动学关系的关键区域。综合利用遥感解译及野外调查发现,区内主要发育有北东向的毛栗坡断裂,北西—北北西向的凤仪-定西岭断裂、弥渡断裂、密祉断裂、寅街断裂。对断裂错动地质、地貌体及擦痕的统计分析结果表明,毛栗坡断裂第四纪以左旋走滑活动为主兼具有正断分量;弧形的弥渡断裂及北西向的寅街断裂第四纪期间均以正断活动为主;上新世期间凤仪-定西岭断裂以右旋走滑为主,密祉断裂主要为伸展正断,二者第四纪期间均无明显活动。据弥渡地区主要断裂的几何形态、运动学特征及红河断裂带晚新生代活动性变化过程推测,控制弥渡盆地展布的弥渡断裂、寅街断裂等主要第四纪活动断裂是在继承和改造红河断裂带原有断层行迹的基础上形成的。上新世或更早,弥渡地区及滇西北断陷带的断裂活动与地壳张扭变形可能与红河断裂带尾端伸展变形作用有关,但第四纪期间,程海断裂基本上完全控制了弥渡地区主要活动断裂的发育,这一时期区内张扭变形的动力可能来自于川滇内弧带的顺时针旋转以及周缘南汀河断裂、畹町断裂与理塘断裂等左旋走滑断裂引起的区域性走滑拉分的共同作用。     

Coupled basin evolution and late-stage metamorphic core complex exhumation in the southern Basin and Range Province, southeastern Arizona

Records of lithospheric extension and mountain-range uplift are most continuously contained within syntectonic sedimentary rocks in basins adjacent to large structural culminations. In southeastern Arizona, metamorphic core complexes form mountain ranges with the highest elevations in the region, and supposedly much less extended terranes lie at lower elevations. Adjacent to the Santa Catalina-Rincon metamorphic core complex, within the Tucson Basin, stratigraphic-sequence geometries evident in a large suite of 2-D seismic reflection data suggest a two-phase basin-evolution model controlled by the emplacement and subsequent uplift of the core complex. In its earliest stage, Phase I of basin formation was characterized by extensive faults forming relatively small-scale proto-basins, which coalesced with the larger basin-bounding detachment fault system. Synextensional sedimentation within the enlarging basin is evidenced by sediment-growth packages, derived from adjacent footwall material, fanning into brittle hanging-wall faults. During this phase, volcanism was widespread, and growth packages contain interbedded sediments and volcanic products but, paradoxically, no mylonitic clasts from the adjacent metamorphic core complex. Phase II of basin evolution begins after a significant tectonic hiatus and consists of a symmetric deepening of the central basin with the introduction of mylonitic clasts in the basin fill. This is coupled with the activation of a series of high-angle normal faults ringing the core complex. These observations suggest a two-phase model for metamorphic core complex evolution, with an initial stage of isostatic core complex emplacement during detachment faulting that resulted in little topographic expression. This was followed, after a significant tectonic hiatus, by late-stage exhumation and flexural uplift of the Santa Catalina-Rincon metamorphic core complex through younger high-angle faulting. Moreover, the geometry of upper basin fill units suggests an extremely low effective elastic thickness in the region and that flexural uplift of the core complex induced asymmetric transfer of ductile mid-crustal rocks from beneath the subsiding Tucson Basin to the uplifting mountain range.     

云蒙山变质核杂岩抬升过程中伸展拆离和岩浆底辟联合作用的证据

北京地区云蒙山变质核杂岩在白垩纪阶段抬升的早期,伴随着沿四合堂剪切带由北向南的拆离滑脱和大型花岗闪长岩的垂向侵位,晚期变形发生在花岗闪长岩岩基周边及其邻近围岩中,形成云蒙山剪切带,并伴随大量同构造的花岗岩和伟晶岩岩脉灌入。剪切带中所有的岩脉都随时间发生了不同程度的变形,较老的岩脉形成紧闭的圆柱状褶皱,枢纽与剪切带的线理和面理接近平行。岩脉与剪切带中L-S组构的平行化作用主要是由于这种转动的结果。岩脉的成分和长英指数随它们的变形程度发生变化,说明持续的岩浆分异作用与韧性剪切变形是同时发生的。云蒙山剪切带由岩浆底辟引起的上盘岩石重力所驱动,并不断得到同构造侵位岩脉的补充,起到存储和不断改造侵位岩脉的作用。早期伸展体制下形成的四合堂剪切带局部遭受云蒙山剪切带的改造或复合。该地区的岩石、构造和同构造岩脉的变形几何学和运动学证据表明,太古宙结晶基底的抬升是下部岩浆底辟与上部地壳伸展拆离共同作用的结果。