复合外加剂对铬铁渣基复合材料水化机理的影响

采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、差热-热重同步热分析仪(TG-DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析铬铁渣基复合材料的水化产物的物相组成、微观结构和形貌特征,用甲醇法测定了复合材料的孔隙率。研究了复合外加剂对复合材料水化性能的影响及其作用机理。研究表明:掺入外加剂能显著提高复合材料的早期强度,水化初期大量的钙矾石(AFt)和水化硅酸钙凝胶(C-SH)是复合材料早期强度的主要来源,水化后期外加剂能促进铬铁渣、矿渣等的二次水化反应,使其水化速度增长较快。C-S-H凝胶的不断形成和增多及其对体系孔隙的填充使复合材料的结构更加致密。     

化学活化剂对铬铁渣水泥复合材料力学性能及水化的影响

以工业废弃物铬铁渣替代不同比例的水泥,并添加不同含量的KCl作为化学活化剂,成功制备了铬铁渣水泥复合材料。分析了铬铁渣掺量及KCl添加量对铬铁渣水泥复合材料抗压强度的影响,并利用傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、热重-差热分析等方法对不同水泥复合材料的样品进行了测试。结果表明,10%(质量分数)铬铁渣掺杂具有较好的抗压强度,且符合Cr~(6+)排放标准;0.6%(质量分数)的KCl加入到10%(质量分数)铬铁渣含量的水泥复合材料中,抗压强度最高,养护7,28和90 d后抗压强度分别为46.13,67.45和78.98 MPa;化学活化剂KCl的加入加速了钙矾石和C-S-H凝胶的形成,有利于提高水泥复合材料的致密性,同时化学活化剂中的氯离子可与水泥复合材料中粉煤灰提供的活性Al_2O_3反应生成水铝钙石,促进了熟料的水合作用,提高了水泥复合材料的早期强度和耐久性。     

浅析外加剂对混凝土的影响成因

在我国建筑行业不断发展的今天,我国的建筑工程在数量上以及质量上都有了非常大的提升和改进。在我国建筑工程施工建设的过程中,混凝土的用量以及质量直接影响着建筑工程的建筑质量以及使用质量,因此在进行混凝土施工的过程中,我们要对混凝土的施工质量给予格外的重视。作为建筑工程中使用量最大,同时也是用途施工最广的施工材料,混凝土施工材料是建筑工程施工中的一种常用施工材料。我们为了有效地提升混凝土的施工质量以及施工性能,我们要在混凝土的施工过程中添加相应的添加剂来改善混凝土的施工性能。本文主要针对外加剂对于混凝土的影响成因进行详细的阐述以及分析,希望通过本文的阐述以及分析能够有效地提升我国混凝土的施工质量,更加有效合理的提升外加剂的添加比例,同时也为我国的建筑工程施工质量的不断提升贡献力量。     

外加剂对CFRC导电性能的影响

通过对掺不同外加剂的碳纤维增强水泥（CFRC）试件的电阻测试,考察了两种外加剂MKC和CKH的作用效果．结果表明它们有促进纤维分散的功效,配合相应的制备工艺,试块的导电性得到改善,压力作用下电阻变化的敏感性增强．还研究了龄期和纤维含量对试块电阻率的影响．由此可见,通过掺外加剂和选择合理工艺,可研制出导电性和压力敏感性良好的试件．     

外加剂与掺合料对泡沫混凝土性能的影响研究

为明确外加剂与掺合料对泡沫混凝土性能的影响,该文进行相关研究。选择试验所需的原材料,明确试验方法,在此基础上,从保温性能、干缩性能和吸水性能3个方面进行具体分析。根据试验结果可知,加入外加剂与掺合料可以提升泡沫混凝土的保温性、吸水性和耐水性,减少干缩,优化泡沫混凝土结构性能。     

ZnO及填料对磷酸铬铝基复合材料性能的影响

以磷酸铬铝(ACP)为基体,高硅氧纤维布为增强材料,Cr2O3和Al2O3为填料,通过热压成型制得磷酸铬铝基复合材料。采用TG-DSC和XRD等探讨了磷酸铬铝基体的固化特性和耐热性能,并研究了复合填料、纳米填料及热压工艺对材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,ZnO可以降低磷酸铬铝的固化温度并促进其晶型转变;复合填料Cr2O3和Al2O3可以提高材料的耐热性,当Cr2O3和Al2O3之比为7∶3且纳米Cr2O3加入量为5%时,复合材料的力学性能最好,其拉伸强度为95.2MPa,弯曲强度为190.02MPa。     

pH对水热合成法制备铬渣源复合薄膜性能的影响

以铬渣为基本原料, 采用水热合成法制备了复合薄膜, 对样品进行了SEM、ICP、XRD、FT-IR及薄膜厚度表征分析, 以薄膜的折射率和反射率为对比参数, 研究了水热反应初始pH对薄膜的影响。研究结果表明, 当水热反应初始pH达11以上时, 薄膜表面呈现完美的空间三维立体网状结构; 当水热反应的pH为9、10时, 样品中形成了Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、Fe(OH)₃、Cr₂O₃、AlO(OH)和MgO晶体, 且其衍射峰较强; 样品内部纳米颗粒间存在毛细孔水和表面吸附水, 水热体系内的碱性基团促进膜物质与基底间形成化学键力的结合。薄膜越厚, 其折射率越小, 水热反应pH为11时, 薄膜最薄, 折射率最大; 水热反应的初始pH为12时制备的薄膜对紫外光反射率低于玻璃基底, 水热反应的初始pH为11时制备的薄膜对可见光的反射率小于玻璃基底。     

复合硅酸盐水泥与外加剂的适应性研究

为了提高混凝土的性能,目前混凝土施工中经常添加一些外加剂,水泥与外加剂之间的适应性就显得尤为重要。通过实验分析了天业水泥厂生产的32．5复合硅酸盐水泥与三种减水剂NF、FDN以及葡萄糖酸钠的适应性关系,对5min、60min的Marsh时间测定,确定了32．5复合硅酸盐水泥与高效减水剂FDN的相容性较好。     

碳酸化钢渣和矿渣作硅酸盐水泥混合材水化性能研究

通过对钢渣碳酸化前后的硅酸盐相提取及水化放热性能和将碳酸化钢渣和矿渣作为混合材的硅酸盐水泥的胶砂强度和水化产物种类的测定,以及对它们微观形貌的观察,研究了碳酸化钢渣对胶凝体系水化性能的影响.结果表明,碳酸化使钢渣中硅酸盐相的含量由47.06％下降至14.38％;碳酸化促进了钢渣的早期水化,抑制其后期水化;在配比相同的条件下,碳酸化钢渣-矿渣-硅酸盐熟料体系试样的3、28d抗压强度较未碳酸化钢渣-矿渣-硅酸盐熟料体系试样的高;碳酸化生成的CaCO3促进了熟料的水化;碳酸化钢渣促进了胶凝体系中AFt的生成,且生成水合碳铝酸钙.     

钢渣改性硅酸盐水泥-水玻璃双液注浆复合材料的试验研究

研究了钢渣掺量、单浆液水胶比、双浆液体积比对钢渣改性硅酸盐水泥-水玻璃双液注浆复合材料工作性能影响规律。确定了钢渣改性硅酸盐水泥单浆液的最佳水胶比为0.6~0.8,平均粒径为20.4 μm的钢渣在改性硅酸盐水泥单浆液中的最佳质量分数为50%~80%,钢渣改性硅酸盐水泥单浆液与水玻璃单浆液的最佳体积比范围为4：1~6：1。根据以上参数所配制的钢渣改性硅酸盐水泥-水玻璃浆液硬化后在水中养护3天,早期强度均>40 MPa,软化系数也均>0.8。     

Effects of granulated blast furnace slag and superplasticizer type on the fresh properties and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to study the effect of granulated blast furnace slag and two types of superplasticizers on the properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). In control SCC, cement was replaced with 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of blast furnace slag. Two types of superplasticizers: polycarboxylate based superplasticizer and naphthalene sulphonate based superplasticizers were used. Tests were conducted for slump flow, the modified slump test, V-Funnel, J-Ring, U-Box, and compressive strength. The results showed that polycarboxylate based superplasticizer concrete mixes give more workability and higher compressive strength, at all ages, than those with naphthalene sulphonate based superplasticizer. Inclusion of blast furnace slag by substitution to cement was found to be very beneficial to fresh self-compacting concrete. An improvement of workability was observed up to 20% of slag content with an optimum content of 15%. Workability retention of about 45 min with 15% and 20% of slag content was obtained using a polycarboxylate based superplasticizer; compressive strength decreased with the increase in slag content, as occurs for vibrated concrete, although at later ages the differences were small.     

Design problems for the fiber-reinforced composite materials

Design problems for the fiber-reinforced composite materials having the required effective stiffness and strength properties are formulated and solved. The developed method is based on the analytical solution for the effective moduli of the high-stiffness, fiber-reinforced composite material obtained using the asymptotic homogenization techniques. The set of prescribed effective moduli for which the design problem is solvable is described, and the effective method of the design parameters calculation based on convex analysis is developed. The design problem is generalized on account of strength of composite material. The problem of design of a maximum strength composite material is formulated and solved. The effectiveness of the developed approach is illustrated by the numerical examples.     

基于仿生技术的高强度复合材料的研究进展

自然界造物的方式是人们制备高强度复合材料的榜样,自然材料的优异特性可以归结为长期自然进化和自然选择条件下所形成多尺度的多级组装结构。阐述了目前研究较多的仿生技术的特点,挖掘了这几类仿生材料的主要组成成分和多级结构实现高强度的机制,重点论述四大类仿生高强度复合材料:基于植物的仿生复合材料、基于动物的仿生复合材料、基于细菌的仿生复合材料、基于天然矿石的仿生复合材料的制备过程和增强机制的研究;揭示了通过仿生手段实现复合材料高强度的原理,并指出其应用领域和目前研究中存在的问题。     

Effects of thermal treatment on the mechanical properties of poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) fiber reinforced phenolic resin composite materials

Thermal degradation behaviors of the poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fiber and phenolic resin matrix were investigated. The unidirectional PBO fiber reinforced phenolic resin composite material laminates were fabricated and exposed in a muffle furnace of 300 °C, 550 °C, 700 °C, and 800 °C for 5 min, respectively, to study the effects of thermal treatment on mechanical properties of the composites. After undergone thermal treatments at 300 °C, 550 °C and 700 °C for 5 min, the flexural strength was reduced by 17%, 37% and 80%, respectively, the flexural modulus was decreased by 5%, 14% and 48%, respectively, and the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) was lowered by 12%, 48% and 80%, respectively. Thermal treatment at 300 °C, the phenolic resin began to pyrolyze and shrink resulted in the irreversible damage of the composites. After 550 °C thermal treatment, the phenolic resin pyrolyzed mostly but the PBO fiber had no obvious pyrolyze, the interface had sever broken. After 700 °C thermal treatment, the phenolic resin formed amorphous carbonaceous and PBO fiber pyrolyzed mostly so the mechanical properties dropped dramatically. At being heated at 800 °C for 5 min, the fiber was nearly totally pyrolyzed and and kept fibrous carbonaceous although the specimen became too brittle to stand any load thereon.     

Effects of deicers on the performance of concrete pavements containing air-cooled blast furnace slag and supplementary cementitious materials

This study investigates the effects of continuous deicer exposure on the performance of pavement concretes. For this purpose, the differences in the compressive strength, the changes in the dynamic modulus of elasticity (DME) and the depth of chloride ingress were evaluated during and after the exposure period. Eight different concrete mixtures containing two types of coarse aggregates (i.e. air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) and natural dolomite) and four types of binder systems (i.e. plain Type I ordinary portland cement (OPC) and three combinations of OPC with fly ash (FA) and/or slag cement (SC)) were examined. These mixtures were exposed to three types of deicers (i.e. MgCl₂, CaCl₂, and NaCl) combined with two different exposure conditions (i.e. freezing-thawing (FT) and wetting-drying (WD)). In cold climates, these exposure conditions are the primary durability challenges that promote the physical deterioration of concrete pavements. The results indicated that among the studied deicers, CaCl₂ had the most destructive effect on the tested concretes while NaCl was found to promote the deepest level of chloride ingress yet was shown to have the least damaging impact on concretes. The microstructure evaluation revealed that the mechanism of concrete deterioration due to the deicer exposure involved chemical reactions between the deicers and concrete hydration products. The use of FA or SC as partial replacements for OPC can offset the detrimental effects of both deicers and FT/WD cycles.     

Effects of mineral admixtures on fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concretes: binary,ternary and quaternary systems

The paper presented herein investigates the effects of using supplementary cementitious materials in binary, ternary, and quaternary blends on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concretes (SCCs). A total of 22 concrete mixtures were designed having a constant water/binder ratio of 0.32 and total binder content of 550 kg/m³. The control mixture contained only portland cement (PC) as the binder while the remaining mixtures incorporated binary, ternary, and quaternary cementitious blends of PC, fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and silica fume (SF). After mixing, the fresh properties of the concretes were tested for slump flow time, L-box height ratio, V-funnel flow time, setting time, and viscosity. Moreover, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and electrical resistivity of the hardened concretes were measured. Test results have revealed that incorporating the mineral admixtures improved the fresh properties and rheology of the concrete mixtures. The compressive strength and electrical resistivity of the concretes with SF and GGBFS were much higher than those of the control concrete.     

Investigation into engineering properties and strength mechanism of grouted macadam composite materials

To further understand engineering properties of grouted macadam composite materials (GMCM) used as a surfacing layer in pavement, the mechanical properties and durability characteristics of GMCM were evaluated, and the relevant strength mechanisms were investigated at the micro level. Results indicate that GMCM has better high-temperature stability, fatigue performance and moisture stability than that of conventional asphalt mix, while it shows an acceptable decrease in low-temperature crack resistance due to the relative brittleness of hardened cement paste. The hardened cement paste also generates a spatial network crystalline lattice in asphalt mix skeleton to form a three-dimensional integral coagulation-crystalloid structure. This facilitates the asphalt mix skeleton and hardened cement paste to bear loads in unison and increase durability of the GMCM. Further, the fibre-like hydrated products of fresh cement slurry on the bitumen film surface increase the interfacial strength between bitumen and hardened cement paste due to toughening and bridging effects, which plays an important role to enhance mechanical properties and durability of GMCM. Finally, GMCM strength is from the internal friction of asphalt mix skeleton, the network structure of hardened cement paste and the adhesion between porous asphalt mix and hardened cement paste. It is concluded that GMCM can better meet the requirements of mechanical properties and durability characteristics than the conventional asphalt mix.     

Accelerated carbonation and performance of concrete made with steel slag as binding materials and aggregates

Steel slag has been used as supplementary cementitious materials or aggregates in concrete. However, the substitution levels of steel slag for Portland cement or natural aggregates were limited due to its low hydraulic property or latent volume instability. In this study, 60% of steel slag powders containing high free-CaO content, 20% of Portland cement and up to 20% of reactive magnesia and lime were mixed to prepare the binding blends. The binding blends were then used to cast concrete, in which up to 100% of natural aggregates (limestone and river sands) were replaced with steel slag aggregates. The concrete was exposed to carbonation curing with a concentration of 99.9% CO₂ and a pressure of 0.10 MPa for different durations (1d, 3d, and 14d). The carbonation front, carbonate products, compressive strength, microstructure, and volume stability of the concrete were investigated. Results show that the compressive strength of the steel slag concrete after CO₂ curing was significantly increased. The compressive strengths of concrete subjected to CO₂ curing for 14d were up to five-fold greater than that of the corresponding concrete under conventional moist curing for 28d. This is attributed to the formation of calcium carbonates, leading to a microstructure densification of the concrete. Replacement of limestone and sand aggregates with steel slag aggregates also increased the compressive strengths of the concrete subjected to CO₂ curing. In addition, the concrete pre-exposed to CO₂ curing produced less expansion than the concrete pre-exposed to moist curing during the subsequent accelerated curing in 60 °C water. This study provides a potential approach to prepare concrete with low-carbon emissions via the accelerated carbonation of steel slag.