不同气候区外窗对建筑能耗的影响分析

通过TRNSYS软件模拟不同传热系数的建筑外窗,在严寒地区和夏热冬暖地区,对建筑冷、热负荷的影响。分析得出,节能外窗在严寒地区夏季空调能耗的节能率为8.9%,冬季采暖能耗的节能率为39%,全年总建筑能耗的节能率为31%;在夏热冬暖地区夏季空调能耗的节能率为8.0%,冬季采暖能耗的节能率为22%,全年总建筑能耗的节能率为8.6%。由此可见,外窗在严寒地区的节能效果要明显优于夏热冬暖地区。因此,在新建建筑的节能设计和既有建筑的节能改造中,严寒地区应更加重视外窗部分。     

夏热冬暖地区办公建筑围护结构改造节能经济性分析

对夏热冬暖地区某办公建筑进行能耗测试,利用能耗模拟软件TRNSYS对该建筑空调能耗进行模拟,分析空调冷负荷对于各围护结构的敏感性,对影响能耗显著的外墙、遮阳系数及建筑渗透率进行改造。利用NPV动态经济评价体系,在建筑运行时间内对26种改造方案进行节能经济性分析。结果表明,外墙中度强化、建筑渗透率高度强化及遮阳系数高度强化方案的经济收益值最大,改造成本回收年限较短,为经济性最优改造方案。     

冷墙技术对夏热冬暖地区建筑能耗的影响研究

为了研究冷墙技术的节能效果,首先利用Sketchup软件建立了广州市住宅建筑几何模型,再利用建筑能耗模拟软件Open Studio对建筑利用冷墙技术的情况进行了模拟,最后通过分析模拟结果研究了冷墙技术对夏热冬暖地区建筑能耗的影响。结果表明,随着冷墙太阳能反射率的增加,节能量也增加。研究对于在夏热冬暖地区应用冷墙技术具有重要的指导意义。     

海南省建筑遮阳设计探讨

海南省属于夏热冬暖地区,太阳辐射得热是海南地区导致室内温度升高、空调能耗增加的主要原因之一,建筑遮阳不可或缺。通过研究建筑遮阳类型及设计,进而探讨海南地区的建筑遮阳设计。如何将遮阳技术合理运用至建筑当中,将会是未来建筑设计研究的一个方向。     

不同典型气候区内建筑屋面及外墙使用隔热涂层后节能作用的分析与评价

利用典型气象年逐时数据,讨论寒冷、夏热冬冷和夏热冬暖地区典型城市的建筑在屋顶和外墙上使用低太阳辐射吸收率的隔热涂层后,全年空调和采暖能耗变化的情况。发现在属寒冷地区的北京使用隔热涂层,建筑冬季采暖能耗的增加量超过夏季空调能耗的减少量,这类地区更适合使用降低热损的保温层;在属夏热冬冷地区的上海,隔热涂层对全年能耗的影响与冬季采暖的方式有关:当采暖的能效比(EERh)与空调能效比(EERc)满足EERh/EERc<1.24时,使用隔热层全年没有节能收益;而采用集中暖气供暖方式(EERh=4.3),无保温层的建筑加装隔热涂层后,全年节能收益可达5.54kWh/m2,有保温层的建筑加装隔热涂层,全年节能收益也可达1.28kWh/m2。在属夏热冬暖地区的广州,与使用保温层相比,使用隔热涂层降低建筑空调能耗的效果更显著,全年单位面积节能收益是加装保温层时的2.65倍。     

夏热冬暖地区居住建筑应对气候变化节能适应性

为研究夏热冬暖地区居住建筑应对气候变化的适应性,运用TRNSYS动态能耗模拟软件对该地区典型居住建筑能耗进行仿真,制定了居住建筑节能星级评估体系。以广州市为例,分析预测了广州2020年、2050年及2080年的气候变化,并提出应对气候变化的节能措施。研究表明：气温上升1℃,4.0、5.5及6.5星级建筑能耗将分别增长25%、20%及20%;在2080年,气温上升近3.5℃,4.0星级建筑CO2年排放量达53 t/m2,将4.0星建筑升级到5.5和6.5星级,每年可相应减排19.5 t/m2和23.2 t/m2;若以4.0星级建筑当前的CO2排放量为控制目标,则需把建筑围护结构热工性能提升到6.5星级水平,可以实现未来70年减排45%。     

海口市某高级酒店全年运行能耗统计与分析

对海口市某高级酒店的全年运行能耗进行统计分析,结果表明:该酒店单位面积总能耗为167.6k Wh/(m~2·a),其中单位面积总用电量为150.9k Wh/(m~2·a),所占比例为90.1%,在该地区处于中等偏高比例水平。酒店月用电量与月平均气温变化趋势基本一致,月用水量与月平均最低气温变化趋势更为接近,而月用气量与月平均入住率变化趋势基本一致。空调系统用电量占总用电量的比例为50.9%,机组经常处于低负荷运行状态,平均负荷率仅68.6%,是造成空调系统用电量偏高的重要原因之一,且在夏热冬暖地区酒店类建筑能耗中具有普遍性,存在较大的节能潜力,为类似气候地区酒店建筑的综合节能改造与优化运行管理提供有益的技术参考。     

室内通风气流组织模拟及评价——以某办公建筑为例

建筑能耗是社会总能耗的主要部分,空调采暖能耗又是建筑能耗大户,因此节约空调采暖的能源消耗是建筑节能的重要手段,而使用被动式自然通风,利用可再生能源,最大限度减少主动式采暖与制冷设备的运行,是减少空调采暖能耗的一种重要方式。选取一栋位于寒冷地区的办公建筑,为优化建筑室内的通风效果,利用软件模拟分析室内通风气流组织,以获得最大的通风节能效果。     

基于围护结构的夏热冬暖地区超高层建筑节能研究

基于对超高层建筑特征的建筑物理分析和工程经验实践,切实做好超高层建筑的节能设计,对我国建筑节能工作有重要意义。结合某个位于夏热冬暖地区的地标类超高层建筑的节能设计实际工程案例,分享部分研究数据、分析结论及提出进一步思考方向,激发建筑节能同行更多思考和在超高层建筑节能设计领域的高质量研究工作。     

通水除热管板应用于屋面结构中的模型实验研究

针对夏热冬暖地区的屋顶在夏季受太阳辐射强度大的问题,开发一种新型通水除热管板,将该通水除热管板应用于屋面结构中,构成新型通水除热屋面,可以有效改善夏热冬暖地区顶层屋面的热工性能,在间歇空调状况下,同时达到节能和舒适的目的。通过搭建模型实验台进行模型实验来研究通水除热屋面的隔热性能,得出主要结论如下:将铝制通水除热管板埋入屋顶找坡层,在17:00左右通水,此工况下对屋顶内表面有一定的降温效果,阻止晚间屋顶内表面温度的升高,降低了晚间空调的冷负荷,对夏热冬暖地区居住建筑有着重要的应用价值。     

Earth-to-Air Versus Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers: A Numerical Study on the Energetic,Economic, and Environmental Performances for Italian Office Buildings

Abstract

Earth-to-air (EAHX) and/or air-to-air (AAHX) heat exchangers can be conveniently inserted in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to obtain relevant energy saving. In this article, the subject is analyzed for an office building located in two Italian localities: Milan (Northern Italy, with cold winters and hot summers) and Palermo (Southern Italy, with mild winters and very hot summers). A dynamic building energy performance simulation software is used to simulate a designed office building. The HVAC system is based on fan-coils and primary air, with or without EAHX and AAHX. The seasonal analysis shows better energy results for AAHX in winter and EAHX in summer, respectively. The yearly analysis shows that the EAHX is preferable in hot or mild climates. Successively, the EAHX and AAHX are combined: based on the previous seasonal results, the first one is activated in summer, while the second in winter. The combination of the two technologies is preferable for Milan (energy saving up to about 75%) compared to Palermo (saving up to about 60%). Finally, the analyses of the equivalent CO₂ emissions and discounted payback are reported.     

Using climate classification to evaluate building energy performance

Traditional benchmarking of building energy performance usually starts by considering a wide range of different factors and giving these factors different weights to help reach one general indicator measuring a building’s overall energy performance. For obtaining more specific information in building energy management performance, this paper proposes an adjustment to the traditional approach by using climate classification and data envelopment analysis (DEA). The study first adopts cluster analysis to classify the evaluated buildings into different climate clusters. Secondly, scale factors are identified by regression analysis. DEA is then employed to assess the energy management efficiency of the evaluated buildings. The samples of 122 office buildings in Taiwan in summer are classified into three climate clusters (warm and long rain hour, hot and middle rain hour, and hot and short rain hour). Research results indicate that the average indicators of energy management performance in each of the three climate clusters are 0.5, 0.56, and 0.56 respectively. The lower value indicator of energy management performance, resulted from the comparison between the energy consumption of the evaluated building and the minimum energy consumption among buildings in the same scale and similar climate conditions, indicates a more potential in energy saving.     

窗墙比和体形系数对办公建筑能耗的影响

济南地区某公共办公建筑,其围护结构按照高效节能的设计方法进行设计。运用Dest软件对该建筑进行能耗模拟,模拟该建筑的逐时能耗,分析不同体形系数和窗墙比对建筑物能耗的影响,以及两者共同作用下的影响。通过模拟结果得出:窗墙比对夏季负荷的影响要大于对冬季的影响,冬季窗墙比越大,能耗变化率相对较小;而体形系数的不同对建筑物空调能耗的影响变化较小。     

Comparison and analysis of energy consumption of energy-efficient office buildings in different climate regions in China: case studies

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the energy consumption (EC) and find out the determining factors of energy-efficient office building cases according to specific case studies in typical cities of different climate zones in China. The investigated building cases were located in four cities (Beijing, Ningbo, Nanjing and Shenzhen) of three architecture thermotechnical design zones (cold zone, hot summer and cold winter zone, hot summer and warm winter zone). The analysis indicates that the energy consumption index (ECI) of these four cases ranges from 41.06 to 74.23 kW·h/(m²·a). Besides, the outdoor climate can change the EC of air conditioning/heating systems, and further determine the monthly volatility of the total EC of the whole building.     

基于改进NSGA-II算法的公共建筑江水源热泵系统集成多目标优化研究

以集成江水源热泵供能系统的公共建筑为对象,建立建筑供能成本最低、非舒适性时间最短、热泵用电峰谷比最小的多目标函数,基于动态能耗瞬时模拟技术和改进非支配排序遗传算法联合求解帕累托前沿,引入熵权优劣解距离法评价最优决策解;以夏热冬冷地区办公建筑为例,验证优化方法的可行性和最优设计方案。结果显示：最优方案与基准方案相比,建筑供能成本增加2.6%,非舒适性时间减少3.7%,热泵用电峰谷比降低90.6%;运行成本虽然稍有增加,但舒适性得到了提升,且用电峰谷波动性得到较大改善。     

The energy saving index and the performance evaluation of thermochromic windows in passive buildings

The concepts of the energy saving equivalent (ESE) and energy saving index (ESI) are presented in this paper to evaluate the performance of new materials and components in passive buildings. The ESE represents the hypothetical energy that should be input to maintain a passive room at the same thermal state as that when a particular material or component is adopted. The ESI is the ratio of a particular material or component's energy saving equivalent to the corresponding value of the ideal material or component that can maintain the room at an ideal thermal state in passive mode. The former can be used to estimate the effect of the adoption of a certain building component or material on the building's thermal state from an energy standpoint, while the latter can be used to characterize the performance of the actual building component or material from a common standpoint and be used to evaluate the performance of components or materials in different climatic regions or under different operating situations. In this study, the ESI was used to evaluate the performance of a thermochromic window, represented by a single vanadium dioxide (VO₂) glazing, in passive residential buildings in three climatic regions of China (cold zone, hot summer and cold winter zone, and hot summer and warm winter zone).     

夏热冬冷地区小城镇住宅屋面节能技术措施研究

通过三种不同屋面的构造方式,对夏热冬冷地区小城镇住宅的夏季隔热、冬季保温进行了全面分析研究,为适应小城镇经济特点,利用当地资源条件,改善夏热冬冷地区小城镇住宅室内热环境提供节能措施。