炎性肌病的诊断与鉴别诊断

炎性肌病是一类由免疫介导或直接由病原体感染所引起的骨骼肌的炎性病变。广义而言，它包括多发性肌炎（PM）、皮肌炎（DM）、无肌病性皮肌炎（amyopathic dermatomyositis，ADM）、包涵体肌炎（IBM）、嗜酸性筋膜炎、局灶性肌炎、肉芽肿性肌炎和感染性肌病，其中感染性肌病又可分为病毒性肌炎、寄生虫性肌炎、细菌性肌炎、真菌性肌炎和支原体肌炎等；而从狭义上来讲，炎性肌病仅指多发性肌炎、皮肌炎、无肌病性皮肌炎和散发性包涵体肌炎。除了包涵体肌炎外，其他炎性肌病均为可治愈性或可控制性疾病，因此对其早期诊断和及时治疗显得尤为重要。然而，炎性肌病并非l临床常见的神经系统疾病，尤其在不典型的情况下漏诊或误诊时有发生。因此，笔结合自己的l临床体会．就炎性肌病的诊断与鉴别诊断总结概述。[第一段]     

少年特发性炎性肌病的研究进展

少年特发性炎性肌病(JIIMS)主要包括少年皮肌炎(JDM)、少年多发性肌炎(JPM)和少年包涵体肌炎.作为炎性肌病的一类,因少见而对其知之较少,本文将对JIIMS的流行病学、诊断标准、临床特点、治疗、疾病活动的评估和监测以及发病机制等方面最新研究进展进行综述.     

特发性炎性肌病的蛋白组学研究进展

特发性炎性肌病主要包括皮肌炎、多发性肌炎和散发性包涵体肌炎,该类肌病发病机制未明确,用于临床诊断的特异性抗体缺乏。使用蛋白组学研究数据虽然较少,但有所发现。皮肌炎主要与氧化应激相关蛋白有关,多发性肌炎多与炎症、线粒体功能障碍和氧化磷酸化通路异常相关,而散发性包涵体肌炎不仅与氧化应激、线粒体功能障碍、炎症相关,还与变性相关。本文就蛋白质组学在特发性炎性肌病目前的研究做一综述。     

包涵体肌炎的临床研究进展

包涵体肌炎的临床研究进展段宏伟郭玉璞包涵体肌炎（ＩＢＭ）属于特发性炎性肌病（ＩＩＭ）范畴，在ＩＩＭ中以多发性肌炎（ＰＭ）、皮肌炎（ＤＭ）和ＩＢＭ最为常见。关于前两组肌病，国内外研究报道颇多，并为临床医师熟知。而ＩＢＭ目前正引起国外学者的关注，其临床病...     

多发性肌炎15例临床与肌肉病理

多发性肌炎１５例临床与肌肉病理孙东华，高凤琴，李维起多发性肌炎和皮肌炎是累及骨骼肌的非特异性炎性疾病。其诊断标准是：（１）近端肌肉无力伴肌痛或萎缩。（２）肌纤维灶性坏死、再生和单核细胞浸润。（３）血清酶谱ＣＰＫ升高。（４）肌电图有多灶性肌原性改变。病...     

神经肌炎——一种新型的炎性肌病?

多发性肌炎和皮肌炎(polymymitis/dennatomyositis,PM/DM)均属于特发性炎性肌病(idiopathic inflammatory myopathy),该病主要以近端肌无力及骨骼肌非化脓性炎症为特征,如肌炎同时伴有多种形态的皮疹者,称为皮肌炎.     

特发性炎性肌病的免疫病理及诊断

特发性炎性肌病（idiopathic inflammatory myopathy，IIM）是一组获得性的、与自身免疫有关的骨骼肌疾病.临床主要有3个亚型：多发性肌炎（polymyositis，PM）、皮肌炎（dermatomyositis，DM）和包涵体肌炎（inclusion-body myositis，IBM）.由于PM和DM应用皮质醇和免疫抑制剂治疗有效，其诊断和鉴别诊断一直备受临床医生关注.1975年Bohan和Peter提出了PM和DM的诊断标准，在世界范围内得到广泛采用.但这一诊断标准主要是以临床表现和普通组织病理为基础，在临床实践中容易造成误诊和漏诊.例如，根据这一标准不能对PM和IBM进行鉴别;无法将肌活检未发现炎症浸润的PM与其他坏死性肌病进行鉴别;也不能区别一些伴有继发性炎症反应的肌营养不良与PM.近年来，随着组织病理、免疫病理和分子病理方面的研究进展，以免疫病理和免疫组织化学为基础的IIM诊断标准和临床分型逐渐得到了确立。     

炎症性肌病247例临床与病理研究

目的探讨多发性肌炎（PM）、间质性肌炎（IM）与神经肌炎（NM）的临床特点及神经肌肉活检的诊断价值。方法回顾分析247例炎症性肌病的临床表现及神经肌肉活检结果。结果3组临床表现相似,为近端肌无力、肌痛等;均有不同程度的肌酶增高,但PM组增高明显;IM和NM具有PM的病理改变,但炎性程度不及PM,又各有其特异性,IM组为炎性细胞浸润间质,NM组神经活检多有髓鞘脱失、炎性细胞浸润。结论PM、IM、NM炎性肌病的临床表现相似,诊断困难,需结合神经肌肉活检等辅助检查才能作出正确的诊断。     

特发性炎性肌病进展

正特发性炎性肌病(IIM)是一组具有不同临床表现和病理学特点的骨骼肌免疫性疾病,通常包括多发性肌炎(PM)、皮肌炎(DM)、免疫性坏死性肌病(NAM)、包涵体肌炎(IBM)、结缔组织病相关性免疫性坏死性肌病和罕见类型的炎性肌病。炎性肌病不同类型构成比随疾病研究的深入显著改变,其中95%曾诊断的多发性肌炎重新经病理学和免疫学评估而改变诊断。多发性肌炎除名称外可能已不复存在[1-2],更多可能是伴特殊抗体的炎性肌病、重叠     

伴有眼外肌麻痹的多发性肌炎

目的探讨多发性肌炎眼外肌受累的特点。方法收集1例以眼外肌麻痹为突出表现的多发性肌炎叠加综合征患者临床病理资料并结合文献总结在炎性肌病中眼外肌受累的特点。结果（1）实验室检查：肌酸激酶6498U/L,抗核抗体（1：320）阳性（均质型）,肌电图提示肌源性受损,重频刺激试验阴性；（2）肌肉活检：可见明显的肌纤维变性坏死、吞噬现象及局灶性淋巴细胞浸润,MHC-I免疫组化染色可见广泛肌纤维图MHC-I表达阳性以及炎性细胞浸润MHC-I表达阳性的正常肌纤维。结论眼外肌麻痹是炎性肌病的少见表现。在眼外肌麻痹的鉴别诊断时应考虑到炎性肌病的可能性。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of Legislation of 1933 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -